Part 46

=Samient=, the female ambassador of Queen Mercilla to Queen Adicia (wife of the soldan). Adicia treated her with great contumely, thrust her out of doors, and induced two knights to insult her; but Sir Artegal, coming up, drove at one of the unmannerly knights with such fury as to knock him from his horse and break his neck.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. (1596).

(This refers to the treatment of the deputies sent by the states of Holland to Spain for the redress of grievances. Philip (“the soldan”) detained the deputies as prisoners, disregarding the sacred rights of their office as ambassadors).

=Sam´ma=, the demoniac that John “the Beloved,” could not exorcise. Jesus, coming from the Mount of Olives, rebuked Satan, who quitted “the possessed,” and left him in his right mind.--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, ii. (1748).

=Sammy Craddock=, oracle of the Riggan coal-pits. Crabbed, wrinkled, sarcastic old fellow, whose self-conceit is immeasurable. “The biggest trouble I ha’ is settlin’ i’ my moind what the world’ll do when I turn up my toes to th’ daisies, an’ how the government’ll mak’ up their moinds who shall ha’ th’ honer o’ payin’ fer th’ moniment.”--Frances Hodgson Burnett, _That Lass o’ Lowrie’s_ (1877).

=Sampson=, one of Capulet’s servants.--Shakespeare, _Romeo and Juliet_ (1597).

_Sampson_, a foolish advocate, kinsman of Judge Vertaigne (2 _syl._).--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Little French Lawyer_ (1647).

_Sampson_ (_Mrs. Amanda Welsh_), well-born Bohemian, financial adventurer and lobbyist. “She was still accustomed to at least a fair semblance of respect from the men who came to see her; women, it is to be noted, being not often seen within her walls.”--Arlo Bates, _The Philistines_ (1888).

_Sampson_ (_Dominie_), or Abel Sampson, tutor to Harry Bertram, son of the laird of Ellangowan. One of the best creations of romance. His favorite exclamation is “Prodigious!” Dominie Sampson is very learned, simple and green. Sir Walter describes him as “a poor, modest, humble scholar, who had won his way through the classics, but fallen to the leeward in the voyage of life.”--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

His appearance puritanical. Ragged black clothes, blue worsted stockings, pewter-headed long cane.--_Guy Mannering_ (dramatized), i. 2.

_Sampson_ (_Dr._), eccentric Irish physician; inventor of _Chronothermalism_.--Charles Reade, _Very Hard Cash_.

_Sampson_ (_George_), a friend of the Wilfer family. He adored Bella Wilfer, but married her youngest sister, Lavinia.--C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_ (1864).

_Sampson_ (_Nurse_), dry-visaged, soft-hearted sick-nurse, whose adage is, “Somebody must eat drumsticks,” and whose practice is based upon the formula.--A. D. T. Whitney, _Faith Gartney’s Girlhood_ (1863).

=Samson= (_The British_), Thomas Topham (1710-1749).

=Samson Agonistes= (4 _syl._), “Samson, the Combatant,” a sacred drama by Milton, showing Samson blinded and bound, but triumphant over his enemies, who sent for him to make sport by feats of strength on the feast of Dagon. Having amused the multitude for a time, he was allowed to rest awhile against the “grand stand,” and, twining his arms round two of the supporting pillars, he pulled the whole edifice down, and died himself in the general devastation (1632).

=Samson’s Crown=, an achievement of great renown, which costs the life of the doer thereof. Samson’s greatest exploit was pulling down the “grand stand” occupied by the chief magnates of Philistia at the feast of Dagon. By this deed “he slew at his death more than [_all_] they which he slew in his life.”--_Judges_ xvi. 30.

And by self-ruin seek a Samson’s crown.

Lord Brooke, _Inquisition upon Fame, etc._ (1554-1628).

=San Bris= (_Conte di_), father of Valenti´na. During the Bartholomew slaughter his daughter and her husband (Raoul) were both shot by a party of musketeers, under the count’s command.--Meyerbeer, _Les Huguenots_ (opera, 1836).

=Sancha=, daughter of Garcias, king of Navarre, and wife of Fernan Gonsalez, of Castile. Sancha twice saved the life of her husband: when he was cast into a dungeon by some personal enemies who waylaid him, she liberated him by bribing the jailer; and when he was incarcerated at Leon she effected his escape by changing clothes with him.

The countess of Nithsdale effected the escape of her husband from the Tower, in 1715, by changing clothes with him.

The Countess de Lavalette, in 1815, liberated her husband, under sentence of death, in the same way; but the terror she suffered so affected her nervous system that she lost her senses, and never afterwards recovered them.

=San´chez II.= of Castile, was killed at the battle of Zamo´ra, 1065.

It was when brave King Sanchez Was before Zamora slain.

Longfellow, _The Challenge_.

=Sanchi´ca=, eldest daughter of Sancho and Teresa Panza.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_ (1605-15)[TN-159]

=Sancho= (_Don_), a rich old beau, uncle to Victoria. “He affects the misdemeanors of a youth, hides his baldness with amber locks, and complains of toothache, to make people believe that his teeth are not false ones.” Don Sancho “loves in the style of Roderigo I.”--Mrs. Cowley, _A Bold Stroke for a Husband_ (1782).

=Sancho Panza=, the squire of Don Quixote. A short, pot-bellied peasant, with plenty of shrewdness and good common sense. He rode upon an ass which he dearly loved, and was noted for his proverbs.

_Sancho Panza’s Ass_, Dapple.

_Sancho Panza’s Island-City_, Barataria, where he was for a time governor.

_Sancho Panza’s Wife_, Teresa [Cascajo] (pt. II. i. 5); Maria or Mary [Gutierez] (pt. II. iv. 7); Dame Juana [Gutierez] (pt. I. i. 7); and Joan (pt. I. iv. 21).--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_ (1605-15).

⁂ The model painting of Sancho Panza is by Leslie; it is called “Sancho and the Duchess.”

=Sanchoni´athon= or SANCHONIATHO. Nine books ascribed to this author are published at Bremen in 1838. The original was said to have been discovered in the convent of St. Maria de Merinhâo, by Colonel Pereira, a Portuguese; but it was soon ascertained that no such convent existed, that there was no colonel of the name Pereira in the Portuguese service, and that the paper bore the water-mark of the Osnabrück paper-mills. (See IMPOSTORS, LITERARY.)

=Sanct-Cyr= (_Hugh de_), the seneschal of King René, at Aix.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Sancy Diamond= (_The_) weighs 53-1/2 carats, and belonged to Charles “the Bold” of Burgundy. It was bought, in 1495, by Emmanuel of Portugal, and was sold, in 1580, by Don Antonio to the Sieur de Sancy, in whose family it remained for a century. The sieur deposited it with Henri IV. as a security for a loan of money. The servant entrusted with it, being attacked by robbers, swallowed it, and being murdered, the diamond was recovered by Nicholas de Harlay. We next hear of it in the possession of James II. of England, who carried it with him in his flight, in 1688. Louis XIV. bought it of him for £25,000. It was sold in the Revolution; Napoleon I. rebought it; in 1825 it was sold to Paul Demidoff for £80,000. The prince sold it, in 1830, to M. Levrat, administrator of the Mining Society; but as Levrat failed in his engagement, the diamond became, in 1832, the subject of a lawsuit, which was given in favor of the prince. We next hear of it in Bombay; in 1867 it was transmitted to England by the firm of Forbes and Co.; in 1873 it formed part of “the crown necklace,” worn by Mary of Sachsen Altenburg, on her marriage with Albert of Prussia; 1876, in the investiture of the Star of India by the Prince of Wales, in Calcutta, Dr. W. H. Russel tells us it was worn as a pendant by the maharajah of Puttiala.

⁂ Streeter, in his book of _Precious Stones and Gems_, 120 (1877), tells us it belongs to the Czar of Russia, but if Dr. Russel is correct, it must have been sold to the maharajah.

=Sand= (_George_). Her birth name was Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, afterwards Dudevant (1803-1877).

=San´dabar=, an Arabian writer, about a century before the Christian era, famous for his _parables_.

It was rumored he could say The _parables_ of Sandabar.

Longfellow, _The Wayside Inn_ (prelude 1863).

=Sanford= (_Marion_). Truth-loving, sincere, and simple-hearted woman, loyal in deed and thought to her traduced lover until time establishes his innocence.

A marked woman in general society; a woman who reigned, queen-like, over every heart, but among the circle of her relatives ... she was held to be little less than the angels.--Charles King, _Marion’s Faith_ (1886).

=Sandford= (_Harry_), the companion of Tommy Merton.--Thomas Day, _History of Sandford and Merton_ (1783-9).

=Sandpiper= (_The_).

“Comrade, where wilt thou be to-night? When the loosed storm breaks furiously? My driftwood fire will burn so bright! To what warm shelter can’st thou fly? I do not fear for thee, ’though wroth The tempest rushes through the sky. For are we not GOD’S children both, Thou little sandpiper and I?”

Celia Thaxter, _Drift-weed_ (1878).

=San´glamore= (3 _syl._), the sword of Braggadochio.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. (1590).

=Sanglier= (_Sir_), a knight who insisted on changing wives with a squire, and when the lady objected, he cut off her head, and rode off with the squire’s wife. Being brought before Sir Artegal, Sir Sanglier insisted that the living lady was his wife, and that the dead woman was the squire’s wife. Sir Artegal commanded that the living and dead women should both be cut in twain, and half of each be given to the two litigants. To this Sir Sanglier gladly assented; but the squire objected, declaring it would be far better to give the lady to the knight than that she should suffer death. On this, Sir Artegal pronounced the living woman to be the squire’s wife, and the dead one to be the knight’s.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 1 (1596).

(“Sir Sanglier” is meant for Shan O’Neil, leader of the Irish insurgents in 1567. Of course this judgment is borrowed from that of Solomon, 1 _Kings_ iii. 16-27.)

=Sanglier des Ardennes=, Guillaume de la Marck (1446-1485).

=Sangraal=, =Sancgreal=, etc., generally said to be the holy plate from which Christ ate at the Last Supper, brought to England by Joseph of Arimathy. Whatever it was, it appeared to King Arthur and his 150 knights of the Round Table, but suddenly vanished, and all the knights vowed they would go in quest thereof. Only three, Sir Bors, Sir Percivale and Sir Galahad, found it, and only Sir Galahad had touched it, but he soon died, and was borne by angels up into heaven. The Sangraal of Arthurian romance is “the dish” containing Christ transubstantiated by the sacrament of the Mass, and made visible to the bodily eye of man. This will appear quite obvious to the reader by the following extracts:--

Then anon they heard cracking and crying of thunder.... In the midst of the blast entered a sunbeam more clear by seven times than the day, and all they were alighted of the grace of the Holy Ghost.... Then there entered into the hall the Holy Grale covered with white samite, but there was none that could see it, nor who bare it, but the whole hall was full filled with good odors, and every knight had such meat and drink as he best loved in the world, and when the Holy Grale had been borne through the hall, then the holy vessel departed suddenly, and they wist not where it became.--Ch. 35.

Then looked they and saw a man come out of the holy vessel, that had all the signs of the passion of Christ, and he said ... “This is the holy dish wherein I ate the lamb on Sher-Thursday, and now hast thou seen it ... yet hast thou not seen it so openly as thou shalt see it in the city of Sarras ... therefore thou must go hence and bear with thee this holy vessel, for this night it shall depart from the realm of Logris ... and take with thee ... Sir Percivale and Sir Bors.”--Ch. 101.

So departed Sir Galahad, and Sir Percivale and Sir Bors with him. And so they rode three days, and came to a river, and found a ship ... and when on board, they found in the midst the table of silver and the Sancgreall covered with red samite.... Then Sir Galahad laid him down and slept ... and when he woke ... he saw the city of Sarras (ch. 103).... At the year’s end ... he saw before him the holy vessel, and a man kneeling upon his knees in the likeness of the bishop, which had about him a great fellowship of angels, as it had been Christ Himself ... and when he came to the sakering of the Mass, and had done, anon he called Sir Galahad, and said unto him, “Come forth ... and thou shalt see that which thou hast much desired to see” ... and he beheld spiritual things ... (ch. 104).--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii. 35, 101, 104 (1470).

The earliest story of the Holy Graal was in verse (A.D. 1100), author unknown.

Chrétien de Troyes has a romance in eight-syllable verse on the same subject (1170).

Guiot’s tale of _Titurel_, founder of Graalburg, and _Parzival_, prince thereof, belongs to the twelfth century.

Wolfram von Eschenbach, a minnesinger, took Guiot’s tale as the foundation of his poem (thirteenth century).

In _Titurel the Younger_ the subject is very fully treated.

Sir T. Malory (in pt. iii. of the _History of Prince Arthur_, translated in 1470 from the French) treats the subject in prose very fully.

R. S. Hawker has a poem on the _Sangraal_, but it was never completed.

Tennyson has an idyll called _The Holy Grail_ (1858).

Boisserée published, in 1834, at Munich, a work _On the Description of the Temple of the Holy Graal_.

=Sangra´do= (_Doctor_), of Valladolid. This is the “Sagredo” of Espinel’s romance called _Marcos de Obregon_. “The doctor was a tall, meagre, pale man, who had kept the shears of Clotho employed for forty years at least. He had a very solemn appearance, weighed his discourse, and used ‘great pomp of words.’ His reasonings were geometrical, and his opinions his own.” Dr. Sangrado considered that blood was not needful for life, and that hot water could not be administered too plentifully into the system. Gil Blas became his servant and pupil, and was allowed to drink any quantity of water, but to eat only sparingly of beans, peas and stewed apples.

Dr. Hancock prescribed cold water and stewed prunes.

Dr. Rezio, of Barataria, allowed Sancho Panza to eat “a few wafers and a thin slice or two of quince.”--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. iii. 10 (1615).

=Sansculottes= (3 _syl._), a low, riff-raff party in the great French Revolution, so shabby in dress that they were termed “the trouser-less.” The _culotte_ is the breeches, called _bræck_ by the ancient Gauls, and _hauts-de-chausses_ in the reign of Charles IX.

=Sansculottism=, red republicanism, or the revolutionary platform of the Sansculottes.

The duke of Brunswick, at the head of a large army, invaded France to restore Louis XVI. to the throne, and save legitimacy from the sacrilegious hands of sansculottism.--G. H. Lewes, _Story of Goethe’s Life_.

_Literary Sansculottism_, literature of a low character, like that of the “Minerva Press,” the “Leipsic Fair,” “Hollywell Street,” “Grub Street,” and so on.

=Sansfoy=, a “faithless Saracen,” who attacked the Red Cross Knight, but was slain by him. “He cared for neither God nor man.” Sansfoy personifies infidelity.

Sansfoy, full large of limb and every joint He was, and carëd not for God or man a point.

Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 2 (1590).

=Sansjoy=, brother of Sansfoy. When he came to the court of Lucifĕra, he noticed the shield of Sansfoy on the arm of the Red Cross Knight, and his rage was so great that he was with difficulty restrained from running on the champion there and then, but Lucifera bade him defer the combat to the following day. Next day, the fight began, but just as the Red Cross Knight was about to deal his adversary a death-blow, Sansjoy was enveloped in a thick cloud, and carried off in the chariot of Night to the infernal regions, where Æsculapius healed him of his wounds.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 4, 5 (1590).

(The reader will doubtless call to mind the combat of Menalāos and Paris, and remember how the Trojan was invested in a cloud and carried off by Venus under similar circumstances.--Homer, _Iliad_, iii.)

=Sansloy= (“_superstition_”), the brother of Sansfoy and Sansjoy. He carried off Una to the wilderness, but when the fauns and satyrs came to her rescue, he saved himself by flight.

⁂ The meaning of this allegory is this; Una (_truth_), separated from St. George (_holiness_), is deceived by Hypocrisy; and immediately Truth joins Hypocrisy it is carried away by Superstition. Spenser says the “simplicity of truth” abides with the common people, especially of the rural districts, it is lost to towns and the luxurious great. The historical reference is to Queen Mary, in whose reign Una (_the Re__formation_) was carried captive, and religion, being mixed up with hypocrisy, degenerated into superstition, but the rural population adhered to the simplicity of the Protestant faith.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 2 (1590).

=Sansonetto=, a Christian regent of Mecca, vicegerent of Charlemagne.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Santa Klaus= (1 _syl._), the Dutch name of St. Nicholas, the patron saint of youth.

=Santiago= [_Sent.yah´.go_], the war-cry of Spain; adopted because St. James (_Sant Iago_) rendered, according to tradition, signal service to a Christian king of Spain in a battle against the Moors.

=Santiago for Spain.= This saint was James, son of Zebedee, brother of John. He was beheaded, and caught his head in his hands as it fell. The Jews were astonished, but when they touched the body they found it so cold that their hands and arms were paralyzed.--Francisco Xavier, _Añales de Galicia_ (1733).

_Santiago’s Head._ When Santiago went to Spain in his marble ship, he had no head on his body. The passage took seven days, and the ship was steered by the “presiding hand of Providence.”--_España Sagrada_, xx. 6.

_Santiago had two heads._ One of his heads is at Braga, and one at Compostella.

_Santiago lead the armies of Spain._ Thirty-eight instances of the interference of this saint are gravely set down as facts in the _Chronicles of Galicia_, and this is super-added: “These instances are well known, but I hold it for certain that the appearances of Santiago in our victorious armies have been much more numerous, and in fact that every victory obtained by the Spaniards has been really achieved by this great captain.” Once when the rider on the white horse was asked in battle who he was, he distinctly made answer, “I am the soldier of the King of kings, and my name is James.”--Don Miguel Erce Gimenez, _Armas i Triunfos del Reino de Galicia_, 648-9.

The true name of this saint was Jacobo.... We have first shortened Santo Jacobo into _Santo Jac’o_. We clipped it again into _Sant’ Jaco_, and by changing the _J_ into _I_ and the _c_ into _g_, we get _Sant-Iago_. In household names we convert Iago into _D’iago_ or _Diago_, which we soften into _Diego_.--Ambrosio de Morales, _Coronica General de España_, ix. 7 sect. 2 (1586).

=Santons=, a body of religionists, also called _Abdals_, who pretended to be inspired with the most enthusiastic raptures of divine love. They were regarded by the vulgar as saints. Olearius, _Reisebeschreibung_, i. 971 (1647).

=Sapphi´ra=, a female liar.--_Acts_ v. 1.

She is called the village Sapphira.--Crabbe.

=Sappho=, Greek poetess of the sixth century B.C., called “The Tenth Muse.” Fragments of her verse remain which are very beautiful. She was the victim of unrequited love, and leaped to her death from the Leucadian Rock into the sea.

_Sappho_ (_The English_), Mrs. Mary D. Robinson (1758-1800).

_Sappho_ (_The French_), Mdlle. Scudéri (1607-1704).

_Sappho_ (_The Scotch_), Catherine Cockburn (1679-1749).

=Sappho of Toulouse=, Clémence Isaure (2 _syl._), who instituted, in 1490, _Les Jeux Floraux_. She is the authoress of a beautiful _Ode to Spring_ (1463-1513).

=Sapskull=, a raw Yorkshire tike, son of Squire Sapskull, of Sapskull Hall. Sir Penurious Muckworm wishes him to marry his niece and ward, Arbella, but as Arbella loves Gaylove, a young barrister, the tike is played upon thus: Gaylove assumes to be Muckworm, and his lad, Slango, dresses up as a woman to pass for Arbella; and while Sapskull “marries” Slango, Gaylove, who assumes the dress and manners of the Yorkshire tike, marries Arbella. Of course, the trick is then discovered, and Sapskull returns to the home of his father, befooled but not married.--Carey, _The Honest Yorkshireman_ (1736).

=Saracen= (_A_), in Arthurian romance, means any unbaptized person, regardless of nationality. Thus, Priamus, of Tuscany, is called a Saracen (pt. i. 96, 97); so is Sir Palomides, simply because he refused to be baptized till he had done some noble deed (pt. ii.).--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ (1470).

=Sara Carroll.= Devoted daughter of Major Carroll and firm ally of her dainty stepmother, Madame Carroll, in the latter’s renewal of intercourse with her eldest son and concealment of his existence from her husband. Sara contrives that the mother shall be with the young man when he dies, and by becoming the go-between for the two, incurs the suspicions of her lover.--Constance Fenimore Woolson, _For the Major_.

=Saragossa= (_The Maid of_), Augustina Saragossa or Zaragoza, who, in 1808, when the city was invested by the French, mounted the battery in the place of her lover who had been shot. Lord Byron says, when he was at Seville, “the maid” used to walk daily on the prado, decorated with medals and orders, by command of the junta. Southey, _History of the Peninsular War_ (1832).

Her lover sinks--she sheds no ill timed tear; Her chief is slain--she fills his fatal post; Her fellows flee--she checks their base career; The foe retires--she heads the sallying host. ... the flying Gaul, Foiled by a woman’s hand before a battered wall.

Byron, _Childe Harold_, i. 56 (1809).

=Sardanapa´lus=, king of Nineveh and Assyria, noted for his luxury and voluptuousness. Arbācês, the Mede, conspired against him, and defeated him; whereupon his favorite slave, Myrra, induced him to immolate himself on a funeral pile. The beautiful slave, having set fire to the pile, leaped into the blazing mass, and was burnt to death with the king, her master (B.C. 817).--Byron, _Sardanapalus_ (1619).

=Sardanapa´lus of China= (_The_), Cheo-tsin, who shut himself up in his palace with his queen, and then set fire to the building, that he might not fall into the hands of Woo-wong (B.C. 1154-1122).

(Cheo-tsin invented the chopsticks, and Woo-wong founded the Tchow dynasty.)

=Sardanapa´lus of Germany= (_The_), Wenceslas VI. or (IV.), king of Bohemia and emperor of Germany (1359, 1378-1419).

=Sarell Gately.= Shrewd, “capable” girl who “lives out” on the Heybrook farm.

“She was a young woman to take up responsibilities as she went along. She liked them. She became naturally a part of whatever was happening in her Troy; and wherever her temporary Troy might be, there was pretty sure to be something happening.”--A. D. T. Whitney, _Odd or Even?_ (1880).

=Sassenach=, a Saxon, an Englishman. (Welsh, _saesonig_ adj. and _saesoniad_ noun.)

I would, if I thought I’d be able to catch some of the Sassenachs in London.--_Very Far West Indeed._

=Satan=, according to the _Talmud_, was once an archangel, but was cast out of heaven with one-third of the celestial host for refusing to do reverence to Adam.

In mediæval mythology, Satan holds the fifth rank of the nine demoniacal orders.

Johan Wier, in his _Præstigiis Dæmonum_ (1564), makes Beëlzebub the sovereign of hell, and Satan leader of the opposition.

In legendary lore, Satan is drawn with horns and tail, saucer eyes, and claws; but Milton makes him a proud, selfish, ambitious chief, of gigantic size, beautiful, daring, and commanding. He declares his opinion that it is “better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.” Defoe has written a _Political History of the Devil_ (1726).