Part 16

WHANKET—A rough piece. He’d a gurt whanket o’ cheese i’ yah nief, an’ a lump o’ broon Geordie i’ tudder, ’at he was trying ta fettle.

WHAKLY—An’ oily insinuating manner. Ah mak nowt o’ yer whakly, greasy fooak. Gie me yan ’at says what he thinks an’ neea mair on’t.

WHEEZE, WHEEZLY—Breathe. He can hardly wheeze an’ blow. Ah’s varra wheezly.

WHIDDEREN—Big; somewhat awkward. A gurt whidderen fellow.

WHIDDUR—Tremble. It maks yan’s skin whiddur to think on ’t.

WHIRLERS—Leather heels fer stockings ta keep t’ clogs, frae weearen them through.

WHISHT—Keep quiet. Whisht a bit an’ see if we can hear owt. Quietly. He was gaan on his tippy teeas as whisht as he could.

WHITE—Cut. White thi’ stick. Give up makin’ seea many whitins.

WHITTLE—Carving knife. I’ yah parish they’d nobbut yan an’ it stuck in a tree tell it was wanted. Fooak used ta shoot “Carls whittle ta t’ tree,” an’ that used ta mak them crazy.

WHUFT—T’ reek whuft doon t’ chimla. He whuft a chow o’ bacca oot. Summat diun gayley sharp wi’ a puff o’ wind.

WHYTE—Quite. He’s gon whyte away.

WHAMP—Wasp. A whamp nest.

WHARREL—Stone quarry; to quarry stone. Gang ta t’ wharrel fer a liad o’ stians.

WHATN—Whatn does thoo whistle i’ t’ hoose for?

WHAT-FOR—Why. What for does ta allus be seea unmannerly when fooak er in?

WHEEAM—Full thi wheeam, it’s last thoo’ll see fer a bit—its yan’s poddish pooak.

WHEEM—Smooth, soft-spoken, oily-tongued. He’s a gay wheem carl.

WHELLOCK, WHELLOCKER, WHELLOCKEN—A whellock ower t’ lug; a gurt whellocker. He got a whellocken. A rough lot these is fer owt ’ats awk’ard.

WHEMMLE—Overturn. Whemmle a swill ower that auld hen ’at’s clocken.

WHEN—Say when. That’s when they’re gaan ta lift owt ’at’s heavy. Yan says, “Say when.” Tudder ’ll say, “when,” then up it gahs.

WHENT—Quaint, old-fashioned, funny. He’s a whent ’un.

WHET—Ah’ll hev neea mair this whet. Whet stands for many things, such as turn, occasion, at present, and so on.

WHAMBLY—A bit shakky efter a badly roond.

WHUP-CRACKEN—A lump o’ coord ta mak a whup crack; o’ lads wants a bit.

WHUPPERSNAPPER—An upstart; yan ’at’s kilt wi’ wit; a bit of a fop; a silly clown. Efter we hed bin on wi’ these words a gay canny bit Ah gat a letter ta say ’at t’ first conclusion ’at yan o’ mi readers hed come tull was ’at Ah was a whuppersnapper, macken gam o’ fooak, an’ ther auld farrant twang; seea ye’ll know noo what ta say when ye want to plague somebody a bit.

WHUP-STREEA—Thrash. Thee gang an’ whup streea, an’ Ah’ll gah oot wi’ t’ nags.

WHUZ—A lad’s laiken miad oot ov a roond bit o’ leed, an’ spun aroond wi’ twisted string. It gangs like a circular saw, an’ fair whuzes.

WHY—A coo calf’s a why calf.

WHYA-NEEA—“Whya-neea” means “Well no,” wi’ a bit o’ foorce behint it. “Whya neea!” sez Ah, “Ah’ll deea nowt at mack nowder fer thee ner thi betters sista.”

WHYA-well; yes. Whya an’ hoo er ye o’ gaan on? Whya what wer o’ amacka middlin. Will ta hev me? Whya what Ah’s be like as thoo asses seea nicely.

WHY-LAIKENS—Beestens.

WHEWED—To throw in a temper. He whewed t’ door teea wi’ seck a leddur.

WHEWTEN—Snowing slightly.

WHEWTLE—Whistle. Whewtle us an air on ’t.

WHICHN—Whichn will thoo hev?

WHICK—Living; growing. A whick dike; _i.e._, a growing whick-set hedge, as distinct from a dry dike.

WHICKS—Watch a sheep ’at hez them—they’re lal mawks.

WHICK-SET—Growing hawthorn in a hedge.

WHICKENIN—A risin o’ yast.

WHICKIN-RAKE—A iron riak fer cleanen aboot t’ dike boddum.

WHIGS—Laal conny ciaks, wi’ seeds in.

WHILES—Occasionally. Whiles he’s as reet as anybody.

WHILK—Whether, which. Whilk on ye’s gaan wi’ me?

WHILLY-LILLY—Greasy whakly daubment. Ther’s neea whilly-lilly wark aboot huz, neea marry.

WHINGE—Cry. Thoo’ll git summat ta whinge for, if Ah cu ta thi.

WHINNY, WHINNYEN—The neighing of horses.

WHIMWHAM—A whuz. A lad’s laiken, like a waiter wheel in a beck.

WHIRL-PUFF—A whirlwind on a laal scale.

WHIPLETREE—A swingletree. He was a genuine type of the Lakeland character who so used this word on more than one occasion. [I do not vouch for its existence now in the above sense.]

WHIPS—Lots. We’ve whips o’ streea.

WHITLOW—A poisoned finger; gathering about the nail.

WHITTLE-GIAT—Ah telt ye what a saw giat is. This is whar t’ carvin’ knife gahs, an’ years sen it was t’ tommy ’at t’ skiul-maister hed frae them wheeas barns he was larnen ta shoot. It maks yan laff noo ta see what ways they hed a few o’ years sen.

WICKS—Twitch.

WIRE IN—To buckle teea wi’ a good will. Wire in an’ git thi niam up.

WHITCHWOOD, MICKANWOOD—Nowt nobbut t’ auld burtree ’at witches was flayed on formerly. Witches bi gom! Ah say witches an’ mowin machines! Eh! What?

WIND-IN-A-DYKE—Summat ’ats sharp he’s gian doon t’ toon like wind in a dyke, what is ther up? It went like wind in a dyke at they war gaan ta be wedded.

WIDDIES—Willy-wands at yah time used fer door jimmers.

WILLY-WAND—A willow.

WISP—A handfull of straw put in shoes or clogs to keep the feet warm. A bit of twisted straw stuck in a hole of a sack—otherwise, a miller’s cloot. To clean a horse; whisp it doon. An’ amair forbye these.

WIAS—A roond streea ring fer a pan ta stand on.

WIASTRY—Waistfulness. Seck waistry as yan niver dud see barn; it’s fair shocken.

WID—With.

WID’NT, WAD’NT—Will not; would not.

WILL-CAN—Be able and willing. Ah deea wish ’at ye will-can come as ye said, it’ll be seea grand ta gang on t’ fells an’ lait ferns.

WILLY-WI’-T’-WISP—Leets i’ dike breeasts at dark o’ neet. Varra flaysome things is willy-wi’-t’-wisp.

WIND—Scent. Wind ’em noo.

WIND—Breath. Ah’s short o’ wind. Ah’s aboot winded.

WINDED—Bacon not properly cured. It’s winded aboot t’ shooder.

WIND-FO—A rich relative’s leavings.

WIND-EGG—A egg withoot a skell. Thoo’ll run them hens tell we’ll hev nin but wind-eggs.

WIND-ROW—Hay raked up in rows.

WINE-BERRIES—Red currants.

WINNAK—A sort of leddur bottle ta carry drink er owt in.

WINNLE-STREEA—Dried stalks o’ gurse. His leg is neea thicker ner winnle streeas.

WIRE-WORMS—Milleped.

WIZZEN—Wrinkled and ill-favoured. Thoo laal wizzened imp, thoo.

WON—Secured. A stack of well-won meadow hay.

WOODY—Radishes ’at’s gitten sticky; er owt else o’ that mack.

WO’-PLATE—Atween t’ sliates an’ t’ wo. Many a bit ov a thing gits fielded up theer an’ lost.

WO’-WHOL—Whar laal rabbits skug in.

WOO-GARN—Wool-yarn.

“A rock, a reel, a woo-garn wheel, An’ a besom meayde o ling.”—_Whitehead._

WORK, WROUGHT—Aye, fer sewer; that’s it t’ belly wark wi’ physic.

WOTE, WOTIN—T’ edge of a clog sole whar t’ top’s fassened on. Thoo’s worn t’ doon ta t’ wote fer want of a calker. T’ wotins a bit o’ leddur at gahs aroond ta keep t’ top fast at t’ sooal.

WOTS, WOTTINS—Siam as Orts. Bits o’ fodder left at t’ biws.

WOW—Waf an’ bark like a silly dog. Shut up wi’ tha; what’s ta keep wow’en aboot?

WOWY—Oot o’ fettle.

WOTS—Oats. A gay canny crop o’ wots yon.

WRECKLING—T’ least pig i’ t’ litter; a reckless member of a family.

WRIGLED—Ass t’ veterinary fer full particulars.

WRINE—Rind. This bacon wrine’s as tiuf as ledder.

WULF, WULFEN—Eating voraciously. Thoo’s neea casion to wulf thi dinner doon like that.

WUMMEL—Augur.

WYKE—Hollow. It slipt through t’ wyke o’ mi hand. Grease was runnen frae t’ wyke ov his mooth.

YAMMER, YAMMEREN—Grumbling in an undertone. What’s ta keep yammeren aboot?

YAP, YAPPY, YAP-STICK—A chap ’at’s a bit ov o gomeril.

YARK—Beat. To snatch roughly. Yark it oot.

YARKER—A greedy person. He’s a yarker.

YAUP—Shouting. Thoo may yaup an’ shoot as thoo’s a mind, Ah’ll hev mi awn way about it.

YEDWAND—Aboot t’ siam as Yedder.

YEWE—Wild rhubarb, burbleck, an’ what nut, t’ Latin for ’t wad cap yan ta mak oot.

YEARTH—The earth.

YEARTH-UP—To soil up growing vegetables.

YEARTH-FAST—A stone deeply buried in the ground.

YEDDER—What we bind top o’ t’ dykes tagidder wi’ Gurt hazel stick—that’s a yedder.

YERBS—Herbs.

YEDDEREN—What a lad gits fer bein ower bain, an’ diun iv’rything ’at he wants an’ nowt ’at he sud. A gurt lowse bianed chap at sledders aboot i’ rayder rough pickle is said ta be a gurt yedderen fellow.

YEDDLE, YEDDLEN—Always nattering and grumbling. He’s always yeddlen aboot summat, but nea body taks nea nooatice on him. Let him yeddle, sez Ah.

YERB-PUDDING—Easter-man-giants, brocoli, chives, nettles, chopped fine, mixed wi’ barley, an’ boiled in a pooak. That’s a dinner of herbs. They gev a Cockney some yance, an’ he brast oot yewlen, an’ sez he, Ah izzant gaan ta be a coo, is Ah?

YERD-WAND—A measuring stick.

YERLS, EARLES, ARLES, ARLE-PENNY—The money with which the farm servant is bound to carry out his agreement with a master.

YEWER—Cow’s udder.

YOD—Galliwa. Gang an’ fetch t’ auld yod, an’ t’ coddy, an’ t’ tweea grey stags off t’ fell, an’ put them inta t’ yack intack.

YOOL, YOOLEN—Cry. What’s ta yoolen for?

YOUNGERMER—Younger. T’ youngermer end o’ them hed gian ta bed.

YONDERLY—Slack set up. Ah’s a bit yonderly.

YOWE-YONUTS—Earth nuts; pig nuts. They’re like laal taties. We used ta howk them up an’ eat them, but they’re nut up ta mich.

YOWLEN—Howling. Give ower yowlen.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST.

BAILLIFS, BYDELAW-MEN, FRESHMEN—Parish officers _vide Morland Parish Church papers_, A.D. 1609.

BENK—What they crush’d crabs on e’ former days, ta mak vargus on, its gaily oft used noo fer t’ knop ta stand on when fooaks weshen.

BIDE—Endure. Thoo mun gurn an’ bide it; stay—yan may bide aboot hiam tell yan hardly likes ta gah oot o’ t’ fauld yat.

BIDER—Yan ’at can stand a bit o’ punishment withoot making any fuss aboot it.

BIDEN-ON—Remaining at a situation for another term.

BIND-WEED—A trailen mack o’ ket.

BODY’S SEL’—Oneself. When yan’s nowt but a body’s sel’ ta deea ivvry hand’s stir, yan cart git ower sa mich grund as yan wad like. Its varra whiat an’ dowly bi a body’s sel’.

CHOPPEN AN’ CHANGEN—Yan ’at whuffles aboot a lot, he’s allus choppen an’ changen frae yah shop ta t’ tudder.

CRABS—Wild soor apples.

CRAB-VARGUS—Juice o’ crabs. T’ grandest thing oot fer t’ scurvy yan can hev, an anudder er tweea ailments. Talk aboot soor grapes edgen t’ teeth, its nowt bairn ta them ’ats gian soor wi’ suppen vargus, an’ nivver gitten ower ’t neea mair, an’ nivver will, sairy soor things.

DEVIL’S-BIRTHDAY—T’ weshin-day.

DUMB-BANNOCK—Ta tell yan’s fortune e love matters wi’. Its owt o’ fashun noo an’ they deea ’t wi’ tee leeves an’ t’ tee cup. Seck silly ways sez Ah.

EEN, EE-WHOL—The eyes.

EE’EN—Viewing.

FALLUS—A fallow field. Trailen aboot amang t’ fallus tires yan ta deeth.

HAND—District. He co’s off o’ Kendal hand bi’ t’ twang on him.

HERE-AWAY—In oor nebburhood. We’ve neea bodder hereaway.

HES-BEEN—Its a good auld hes-been, nin seck a bad auld sowl yut.

HURD-MEAT—“Ord the hurde to take his meate at Rd. Kirkbride’s.”—Extract from _Morland Parish Church papers_, furnished by Capt. Markham. From this it would seem that “Afooar t’ moor went up” there were others than the schoolmaster for whom a whittlegate, or, run o’ t’ teeth was provided.[A]

[A] It is often arranged that the shepherd, in a Russian village, should get his board and lodging at the houses of those whose cattle he watches, passing from one to another in turn.—_vide Ivan the Fool_—Tolstoy, p. 28.

KNAP-HAND—Cunning, skilful, handy. He’s a knap-hand wi’ a scythe, ’at is he.

LADDEREN—Hanging down.

MEN’S-DAUGHTER-DAY—Laal Whissun Tuesday a gurt day fer lasses aboot Peerith when t’ Cavalry’s up an’ ther’s a bit o’ stirrin gaan on. It’s a gay thrang day fer chaps ’at’s on t’ liuk oot fer a man’s dowter ’at he wants ta keep. Ye cooarters ’ll know withoot a doot.

MY-SANG—An expletive. My Sang! but thoo’ll cop it when thi fadder cu’s hiam fer that’n.

NETTLED—Irritated (hem!) Ah was seea nettled when he co’d me a leer, sista Ah dud’nt know if Ah was on mi heed er mi heels ’at dud’nt Ah.

NOOASEN—Shoven yan’s nooase in whar it’s nut wanted, he was nooasen hissel in wi’ tellen lees aboot udder fooak.

PEAT-BROON—T’ colour of a dried peat, er a bit of undyed woo’.

PEPPER-AN’-SAUT—A mixture colour.

PEEKEN AN’ PINKEN—Peering into other people’s affairs. Peeken an’ pinken she wad hev her nooase in if ther was owt gaan on.

ROOP—T’ broontitus. Oor barns o’ hes t’ roop.

SCRAWBY—Varra nar an’ shabby. Nay sista Ah wad’nt be seea scrawby as ta split a taty.

SILVER-TAILS—Moths ’at breeds t’ worms ’at eats yan’s things through an’ through like riddles.

SIGNEN-CAKE—A rich good cake wi’ honey in ’t. Made on Valentine’s day for lasses ta catch a sweet heart wi’ as if lasses wasn’t sweet enieuf for that trick any day o’ t’ week. It’s aboot ower, wi’ ’t awur, an’ sweethearts er nut “handfassened” wi’ a bit ov a fat ciak, noo, but they’re “engaged,” an’ fer a “sign” they tak a gurt howken ring er tweea.

SLAP-DASH—Whitewash put on wi’ slappen ont on asteed o’ brushen ont in.

SHIFT—A chemise. T’ auld woman wiar hers a month an’ than turned it, becos she sed clean things was seea nice an’ comfortable fer yan’s skin.

SARK—A man’s shirt. Thoo’ll nivver git t’ sark off a fellow’s back ’ats stian-niakt.

STYME—Its as dark as pick an’ Ah cart see a styme.

TANTWIVVY—At a gurt speed. He was gaan efter t’ hoonds at seck a tantwivvy.

THUNJE, THUNJEN—A heavy fall or thump. It fell wi’ seck a thunje on t’ loft fleear. An awkward manner. Thoo’s thunjen aboot gayly rough, but Ah’ll pare thi doon, thoo gurt lungious brute.

THERE-AWAY—Theer er theer aboots, e’ that direction. He was gaan tull a sial at Kendal er theer-away.

TEDDERINGE—Yan’s teddered bi t’ teeth, anudder bi t’ tongue, an’ some bi t’ snoot. Some hev far ower mich tedder, an’ udders nut half eniuf. They gah a gay lang way back when dikes wasn’t as common an ther was belly mezzur fer t’ lot. Ah gat thisn frae oot amang some auld kirk papers at Moorlan’.

TIAD-AN’-BATTLIN-STIAN—A laal chap on a gurt nag—like a tiad on a battlin stian, and these e former days war tweea stians ta bray line inta fettle fer spinnin. Noo-a-days they’re mainly used fer brayin sand fer t’ kitchen fleear.

TAIL-ENDER—Yan ’at’s a bit back wi’ owt they hev in hand.

WALK-MILL—A mill where fulling, dyeing, and shrinking (walking-up) was done. Most of the walk-mills would seem to have changed their functions and been provided with grinding machinery.

WIDN’T—Will not. Ah widn’t gah anudder stride seea noo than.

YAH, YAN—One. When yan’s deun what yan can, what mair can yan deea?

APPENDIX OF CONTRIBUTED WORDS.

ANSERDALE—Field name.

BINK—Bench like crags; ledges in the rock’s face.

BON—T’ nag niam.

BREED—Breadth, width. Aye an’ sista thers a breed reet across t’ taty plat frozen as black ’s mi hat. Its cappin.

CANDLESTICKS—Garden cowslips.

COCKS AND HENS—Sycamore bloom.

DAALE—A section of a meadow divided by a natural boundary. Ye can maw that daale aback o’ t’ gurt rian this foreneun.

DAPPER, DEPPER, DAPPLE—T’ nag niams.

DIAMOND—T’ nag.

DOCKIN—Cure for nettle stings.

Dockin gah in Nettle come oot.

DOGSTINKS—Dandelion.

DOWKER-FLATT—Field name.

ELLER-KNOPS—Elder berries.

FARMER—T’ nag.

GARBUTTS—Field name.

GOLDILOCKS—Marsh butter cups.

GOOD-LUCK—Club moss.

HENPENNY—Hen bane.

KELSYKE—Field name.

KILCROFT—Field name.

LONDON BOB—Sweet William.

OXCLOSE—Field name.

PANCAKED—Caught in a shower with a lot of hay newly strewn for drying purposes. Neea body likes ta be pancaikt it liuks seea. We’d just gitten t’ lal parrack abreed when that scufter com on an’ panciakt us gaily nicely.

RYE SALLY RYE—A counting out rhyme.

Rye Sally, Rye Sally, tinklin a can, Rye Sally, Rye Sally, for a young man, Come choose the east, come choose the west, Come choose the one that you love best.

Lucky Sally sez Ah.

SPOUT, SCOUT—A waterfall.

TRANMER—Field name.

WHACK—Share, proportion. Ah’ve diun my whack an’ thoo mun deea thine.

SCORING NUMERALS.

CUMBERLAND—From the Rev. Canon Thornley and the Rev. J. Sharp-Ostle in _Penrith Observer_, November 30th, 1897, who give interesting references.

1—Yan. 2—Tyan. 3—Tethera. 4—Methera. 5—Pimp. 6—Sethera. 7—Lethera. 8—Hovera. 9—Dovera. 10—Dick. 11—Yan-a-dick. 12—Tyan-a-dick. 13—Tethera-a-dick. 14—Methera-a-dick. 15—Bumfit. 16—Yan-a-bumfit. 17—Tyan-a-bumfit. 18—Tether-a-bumfit. 19—Mether-a-bumfit. 20—Giggot.

WESTMORLAND—From “A.C.” in _Penrith Observer_, April 19th, 1898. The present writer remembers trying to learn the list _viva voce_ from a more advanced Lakeland lad.

1—Yan. 2—Tahn. 3—Teddera. 4—Meddera. 5—Pimp. 6—Settera. 7—Littera. 8—Hovera. 9—Dovera. 10—Dick. 11—Yan-dick. 12—Tahn-dick. 13—Teddera-dick. 14—Medder-dick. 15—Bumfit. 16—Yan-a-bumfit. 17—Tahn-a-bumfit. 18—Tedder-a-bumfit. 19—Medder-a-bumfit. 20—Jiggot.

NIDDERDALE—From Mr. Thos. Wilkinson, of Matterdale, with interesting comments.

1—Yain. 2—Tain. 3—Eddero. 4—Peddero. 5—Pitts. 6—Tayter. 7—Layter. 8—Overo. 9—Covero. 10—Dix. 11—Yain-dix. 12—Tain-dix. 13—Eddero-dix. 14—Peddero-dix. 15—Bumfit. 16—Yain-o-bumfit. 17—Tain-o-bumfit. 18—Eddero-o-bumfit. 19—Peddero-o-bumfit. 20—Jiggit.

CONISTON AND DISTRICT—Quoted from the writings of the late Rev. T. Ellwood, M.A.

1—Yan. 2—Taen. 3—Tedderte. 4—Medderte. 5—Pimp. 6—Sethera. 7—Lethera. 8—Hovera. 9—Dovera. 10—Dik. 11—Yan-a-dik. 12—Taen-a-dik. 13—Tedder-a-dik. 14—Medder-a-dik. 15—Mimph. 16—Yan-a-mimph. 17—Taen-a-mimph. 18—Tedder-a-mimph. 19—Medder-a-mimph. 20—Gigget.

THE END.

[Illustration]

“It is always worth while to note down the erratic words or phrases which one meets with in any dialect.”

NOTES.

“They may throw light on the meaning of other words, of the relationship of languages, or even on history itself.” _James Russell Lowell._

NOTE 1.—ALLAY.

The contention of several competent critics that this is but a form of “Ah’lay,” or “Ah’ll lay,” was met by another from those intimately associated with the dialect, and who only recognise one word in actual use, and that with more of the sense of assurance or support, than of defiance or daring conveyed in it. The vernacular form of the sporting phrase “Ah’ll lay” is “Ah’ll lig.”

NOTE 2.—APODE.

Said to be only a form of _uphold_, _uphod_, _uphoad_, and as such should be so spelt. On the other hand it is held by dialect speakers that _apode_ is nearer the true pronunciation. A native of North Westmorland would say of a contentious person, “he can uphod his awn,” another would reply “Aye, Ah’ll apode it.” Of a great eater it would be remarked, “he’s at a ter’ble gurt uphod,” and for answer would get “Ah’ll apode it he is.” The _uphod_ of one may be his parish; of an institution or establishment it is said to be great or small; and one may be the _uphod_ of many things, in this sense _apode_ can be claimed to have a distinct use.

NOTE 3.—CANTLAX.

Many words in this collection are said by eminent authorities to be mere fabrications—that is, they are made up words by those using them and have no derivation, history, or standing. This may be of that class. It is included, because to the compiler it appears to be one of a numerous family that carry with them the impression they are intended to, directly and in the tone in which they are used. No information has been obtainable beyond the fact that the word was used in one or two instances by genuine Lakelanders, of whose dialect no question could be raised.

NOTE 4.—CART, DURT, MURT, WURT.

_Cart_ (cannot), _Durt_ (do-not), _Murt_ (must-not), _Wurt_ (will-not), like “garn,” met with strong objections from various writers qualified to speak of the dialect in their districts. On the other hand a number of persons supported their inclusion as being genuine forms in common use. It may be the safer course to give them, and say they are in the dialect in a restricted sense so far as radius and usage go.

NOTE 5.—CROWFOOT.

Apart from the use of Crowfoot as a botanical term for the genus _Ranunculus_, it is also used to signify the bloom of the purple Orchis in North Westmorland. As a term for Ranunculus or butter-cup, it is seldom, if ever, used in that district.

NOTE 6.—DEAL.

(_i.e._ _Dale_) in the vernacular would be pronounced in all cases, as if it were _di-yal_ with emphasis on the last syllable. Such a form, however, would be sufficient to terrify even the most hardened reader unless prepared by a previous study of phonetics.

NOTE 7.—DOGBERRY.

Given originally as the mountain ash and objected to. From the correspondence it would seem to be safe to conclude that the berry of the rowan or mountain ash, is in some districts termed “dogberry,” and in the same locality the word is used for another shrub, the water elder and its berries. Perhaps the use of “dogberry” for the former may be due to carelessness in the matters pertaining to berries that have small culinary value.

NOTE 8.—FAMISH.

On the ground that a mere local peculiarity of pronunciation does not constitute a dialect word, forms like _famish_ were objected to. They are included to demonstrate a feature in the dialect where adjectives of a wholly inappropriate character are regularly used, _e.g._ “A bonny auld shindy,” “A cruel fast trotter,” “A stinken good mind,” “A famish gurt leer,” “A glorious good spree,” “Henious good roads,”—_vide Combriana_, “A ter’ble romantic way o’ throwin’ oot his feet,” “Sanctimonious as a ho’perth o’ treacle in a three quart jug,” “Ah’s ter’ble fain ye’ve come,” “A tremendus habit o’ winkin at yan,” “Parlish dear,” are common enough and seem to indicate a peculiarity worthy of noting.

NOTE 9.—GARN, GOING.

This form met with strong objection. It appears in a Dialect Essay in the West Cumberland Times, Christmas No. 1897, and several correspondents vouched for its presence in the West Ward of Westmorland. It will be safest to regard it as an extreme form and one well illustrating the difficulty of rendering the dialect phonetically with ordinary type.

NOTE 10.

In many words involving technical details, and others bordering on what some readers might regard as coarseness, no attempt has been made at defining or illustrating, but in dealing with them it has been the aim to do it in the same colloquialism a native would affect. In a work of the present character this latter purpose cannot fail to be as interesting as details which would require many sciences to confirm.

PRINTED BY T. WILSON, KENDAL.