Book IV

. p. 107, therefore Siguné is cousin to Kondwiramur as well as to Parzival.

APPENDIX B

THE PROPER NAMES IN 'PARZIVAL'

One of the marked peculiarities of Wolfram's poem is the number of proper names with which it abounds, there being scarcely a character, however insignificant the rôle assigned, that is left unnamed. In the other versions of the Perceval legend this is not the case, consequently there are a vast number of names occurring in the _Parzival_ to which no parallel can be found elsewhere, and which are no unimportant factor in determining the problem of the source from which Wolfram drew his poem. It would be impossible in a short Appendix to discuss the question in all its bearings, but the following classification, based on Herr Bartsch's article on _Die Eigen-namen in Wolfram's Parzival_, will give some idea of the wide ground they cover:--

I. Names belonging to the original legend, and met with, with but little variation, in all versions. To this class belong the names of Pendragon, Arthur, Guinivere, Perceval, Gawain, Kay, Segramor; and the names of such places as Karidöl=Carduel=Carlisle, Cumberland, Waleis, Norgals, Dianasdron.

II. Names derived from a French version of the story, which may be divided into two classes:

(_a_) Names of which we find an equivalent in existing French sources, notably Chrêtien, whose poem offers so close a parallel to the _Parzival_; examples of this class are Gurnemanz=French, _Gornemant_; Peirapär=_Beau-repaire_; Klamidé=_Clamadex_; Kingron=_Aguigrenon_; Trebuchet; Meljanz de Lys; Lippaut=_Tiebaut_; Gramoflanz=_Guiromelans_ or _Guiremelanz_.

(b) Names formed by a misunderstanding of a French original: such are Soltane, from forest _soutaine_=solitary; Orilus de Lalande, from _Li orgueillous de la lande_; and similarly, Orgeluse of Logrois, from _La orguelleuse de Logres_; Gringuljet, the name of Gawain's horse, from _Li gringalet_, which is explained as meaning _cheval maigre et alerte_. Ligweiz-prelljus, is _Li guez perellous_, the Ford Perilous; and a notable instance of this class is the curious name Schionatulander, which is either '_Li joenet de la lande_,' 'The youth of the meadow,' or '_Li joenet à l'alant_,' 'The youth with the dog,' in allusion to the cause of the knight's death. Whence Wolfram took this name is unknown.

III. Names borrowed or quoted from other romances of the time, of those to which Wolfram alludes most frequently we know the _Erec_ and _Iwein_ of Hartmann von Aue; Eilhart's _Tristan_; Heinrich von Veldeck's _Æneid_, Chrêtien de Troye's _Cligès_, and _Le Chevalier de la Charrette_; and the _Niebelungenlied_ and _Dietrich Sage_. He also refers to other romances which have not come down to us, such are the allusions to adventures connected with Gawain in Book VI .; and to the death of Ilinot, son of King Arthur, of whom we know nothing. (The names derived from these romances are all noted, and their source given as they occur in the text.)