Book IV

. we have the Arabic names of the seven planets, a curious coincidence, in view of the alleged Arabic source of the Grail-myth as given in Books VIII. and IX. Names of cities such as Alexandria, Bagdad, Askalon. This latter is of course equivalent to _Escavalon_ in the French versions, and the real name is doubtless Avalon, but it is by no means improbable that the change was made not by a misunderstanding, but by one who knew the Eastern city, and it falls in with the various other indications of crusading influence to be traced throughout the poem. We may add to these the names of Oriental materials such as Pfellel and Sendal. But when all these have been classified, there still remains a vast number of names undoubtedly French in origin, yet which cannot be referred to any known source, and many of which bear distinct traces of Romance or Provençal influence. Such names are Anfortas, French, _enfertez_=the sick man, with Prov. ending _as_; Trevrezent, Prov. _Treu_=peace, _rezems_=redeemed. Schoysiane, Prov. _Jauziana_, her husband is Kiot of Katelangen, _Guiot_=_Guy_ of _Catalonia_. The son of Gurnemanz, Schenteflur, is Prov. _gente-flors_, fair flower. The name of Parzival's wife, Kondwiramur, Bartsch derives from _Coin de voire amour_, Ideal of true love; an interpretation which admirably expresses the union between the two. Itonjè, Gawain's sister, is the French _Idonie_, in Chrêtien she is Clarissant. The knight slain by Lähelein at Brimbane is Libbèals of Prienlaskors, Libbèals being simply the old French _Li-beals_--_le bel_, and probably no more a proper name than Orilus, whilst his country seems derived from Prov. _priendre las cortz_, to seek the court. The long lists of conquered kings given in