Chapter XVIII

., have been found in this district, and specimens are preserved in the museums at Bari, Lecce, and elsewhere. Lastly we have to speak of the finds made at _Locri_ on the east side of the “toe” of Italy, the only important site in that district which has yielded Greek vases. Many of these are white lekythi with figures in outline and polychrome, resembling the well-known Athenian fabrics. They were originally (like those of Gela) thought to be local products, but it is more likely that they were made at Athens and imported, the Locrians having a particular preference for these vases, as the people of Nola had for the slim amphorae. Some of the B.F. and R.F. vases found here are of a very fair order of merit.[281]

=Sicily=, so celebrated for its magnificent works of art, has yielded a considerable number of painted vases of all periods. The cities of the southern coast have produced the greatest number, especially Syracuse, Gela (Terranuova), and Agrigentum (Girgenti). Many have also come from the cemeteries of Acrae, Leontini, and Megara Hyblaea. Palermo, Messina, and Catania have produced isolated examples. The richest finds have been in the recently excavated cemeteries of _Syracuse_. The discoveries of early vases and fragments made here by Dr. Orsi are of the utmost importance, and include quantities of specimens of Mycenaean and “Proto-Corinthian” wares.[282]

At _Terranuova_ or Gela, one of the earliest settlements of the island, vases with black and with red figures were found as long ago as the eighteenth century,[283] and in 1792 a pottery with furnaces and vases was discovered in the neighbourhood.[284] Of late years vases with black and red figures, some of the latter being of the finest style, have been discovered in large numbers, as well as white lekythi, probably imported from Athens. Of these finds we have already given some description (p. 37). In 1862 Mr. George Dennis found a series of fine R.F. lekythi of the “severe” period, together with B.F. vases and archaic terracottas, now in the British Museum; and these have been fully rivalled by Mr. Arthur Evans’ discoveries in later years. The site has also yielded vases of a primitive character, imitating early Greek wares. Gela was always noted for its potteries, as the ceramic decorations of the Geloan Treasury at Olympia show (p. 100); many of the vases have characteristic Sicilian subjects, and there was undoubtedly a considerable local fabric.

Of the vases found at _Girgenti_ (Agrigentum) the most noteworthy is the beautiful lebes now in the British Museum,[285] of the finest R.F. style, described as “one of the finest specimens of Greek ceramography that has come down to us, absolutely unsurpassed in its combination of artistic merit and mythological interest.” It was found in 1830, and belonged to the poet Samuel Rogers; the subject is the combat of Theseus with the Amazons. Other B.F. and R.F. vases of fine style have come from this site,[286] as well as a series of moulds for vases with reliefs, of the Hellenistic period.[287] Fine vases are said to have been found at _Kamarina_,[288] a few with red figures at _Himera_, and some archaic lekythi at _Selinus_.[289] From _Lentini_ Jahn records polychrome and R.F. vases, the latter of the “strong” and later periods.[290] At _Palazzolo_ (Acrae) B.F. and R.F. vases have been found, including a B.F. kotyle in the British Museum (B 79), representing Dionysos in a car formed like a ship. At _Centorbi_ (Centuripae) almost the only find of note was a conical cover of a large bowl ornamented with encaustic paintings, the colours having been prepared with wax; parts of two bowls were also found decorated with designs in relief and gilt, of scrolls, small Cupids, and heads of Medusa.[291] Other sites that may be mentioned are: Hybla Heraea (Ragusa),[292] Catania, Alicata,[293] Aderno[294] at the foot of Etna, and Monte Saraceno.[295]

At Tharros, in _Sardinia_, extensive excavations were made in 1856, and a long series of tombs found containing Phoenician objects in porcelain, engraved scarabs, terracotta figures, and other objects, but little painted Greek pottery of any importance.[296] An interesting krater of late date, with the head of the Satyr Akratos, from the island of _Lipari_ is now in the collection of Mr. J. Stevenson at Glasgow[297]; and in _Ischia_ was found a krater with the subject of the infant Dionysos confided to the Nymphs.[298] In the public museum of _Malta_ some Greek vases are to be seen,[299] but it is not known whether they were actually found there.

We have now completed the circuit of the ancient world, so far as finds of Greek pottery are concerned, as with the exception of Marseilles, already alluded to none can be traced in Spain or Central Europe.

-----

Footnote 48:

Curiously enough, the relative proportions of Greek and Oriental civilisation in Asia Minor are almost exactly the same at the present day as in the sixth century B.C. The Greeks are mostly to be found in towns like Smyrna, and the adjoining islands, while the central part of the country is almost entirely Turkish.

Footnote 49:

See for references to descriptions of tombs Hermann, _Lehrbuch d. Antiq._ iv. (1882), p. 377.

Footnote 50:

Room K, Cases 69–72.

Footnote 51:

For specimens of typical Athenian tombs see Stackelberg, _Gräber der Hellenen_, pl. 7. Fig. 1. gives a reproduction of a cist full of vases from _ibid._ pl. 8. For an admirable description of the tombs of the Dipylon, see _Ath. Mitth._ 1893, p. 74 ff.

Footnote 52:

_Compte-Rendu_, Atlas, 1859, pls. 5–6; Macpherson, _Antiqs. of Kertch_, _passim_.

Footnote 53:

_Arch. Zeit._ 1850, p. 209, pl. 19.

Footnote 54:

_Journ. Hell. Stud._ vi. p. 237.

Footnote 55:

See for illustrations of tombs at Agia Paraskevi, near Nicosia, _Ath. Mitth._ 1886, xi. p. 209 ff., and Suppl. pl. 2, from which Fig. 2. is taken.

Footnote 56:

For specimens of Cypriote tombs of all periods the reader is referred to Cesnola’s _Cyprus; Brit. Mus. Excavations in Cyprus_, 1893–96; _Journ. Hell. Stud._ ix. p. 264 (Paphos) and xi. p.19 ff. (Poli).

Footnote 57:

_Trans. Roy. Soc. Lit._ 2nd Ser. ix. (1870), p. 162.

Footnote 58:

Gardner, _Cat. of Vases in Ashmol. Mus._ p. vii.

Footnote 59:

Cavallari in _Bull. della Comm. di Antich. in Sicil._ 1872, v. p. 10, pl. 3.

Footnote 60:

Vol. ii. p. 57, vignette. Models of this tomb exist in cork, and specimens may be seen in the Winchester College Museum and Eton School Library.

Footnote 61:

_Scavi di Certosa_, 1875, text and plates.

Footnote 62:

For tombs at Ruvo see Jatta, _Cat. del Museo_, p. 53 ff.

Footnote 63:

Reference may also be made to Martha, _L'Art Étrusque_, p. 183 ff.

Footnote 64:

For an example in the B.M. see E 811 in the Fourth Vase Room, Cases 6–7. A plain jar of late date, from Halikarnassos, full of calcined bones, is in the Terracotta Room of the B.M., Case 20.

Footnote 65:

See also Rathgen, _Konservirung von Altertumsfunden_, p. 67.

Footnote 66:

Westropp, _Epochs of Painted Vases_, p. 17.

Footnote 67:

Inghirami, _Vasi Fittili_, i. pl. 13; a false vase is also published in Passeri, 300, and others in D'Hancarville, ii. 71, 84. The worst specimen is perhaps that engraved by Millin, _Peintures_, ii, pls. 54–5 (reproduced in Reinach’s edition), which yet for a long time found general acceptance. As a curiosity and a warning it deserves perpetuation.

Footnote 68:

Eng. transl. p. 180 ff.

Footnote 69:

Curiously enough there was in M. Tyszkiewicz’s own collection a white-ground cup with the subject of Phrixos (_Sale Cat._ pl. 35), which is certainly open to suspicion·

Footnote 70:

_Gaz. Arch._ 1875, pl. 14.

Footnote 71:

Reinach, ii. 62 (in Louvre).

Footnote 72:

B.M. E 458.

Footnote 73:

Munich 404.

Footnote 74:

B.M. E 468.

Footnote 75:

B.M. F 331.

Footnote 76:

B.M. B 130.

Footnote 77:

See Reinach, _Répertoire_, ii. p. 277.

Footnote 78:

Millin-Reinach, i. pl. 49; now at Deepdene (?).

Footnote 79:

This has been especially the case of late years, as in the sale of M. van Branteghem’s collection in 1892, when a small kylix signed by Sotades cost as much as £400, and two others slightly less.

Footnote 80:

Some account of the prices paid for vases will be found in De Witte’s _Description des Antiquités et Objets d’Art qui composent le cabinet de feu M. le Chev. E. Durand_, Paris, 1836; and in the same author’s _Description d’une collection de vases peints et bronzes antiques provenant des fouilles de l’Étrurie_, Paris, 1837.

Footnote 81:

His Introduction to the Munich Vase Catalogue gives a good account of finds of vases in Greece up to that time (1854); see p. xxi. ff.

Footnote 82:

Cf. Athenaeus, i. 28 C; xi. 484 F, and 480 C.

Footnote 83:

B 130. See _Cat._ vol. ii. for list of publications of this vase.

Footnote 84:

_Gräber der Hellenen._ He also gives some description of the tombs in which they were found, and the nature of their contents (see above, p. 33).

Footnote 85:

Good summaries of these discoveries will be found in the _Arch. Anzeiger_, 1893, p. 13 ff., and _Berliner Philol. Wochenschr._ 1895, p. 59.

Footnote 86:

_E.g._ Bibl. Nat. 865 _bis_; Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1885, pls. 8–9; 1888, pl. 12; 1898, pls. 2–5; 1901, pl. 1.

Footnote 87:

_Ath. Mitth._ 1893, p. 46 ff.: see also Bibl. Nat. 496 _bis_, 506.

Footnote 88:

Bibl. Nat. 417 is from the neighbouring Munychia.

Footnote 89:

_Ath. Mitth._ 1896, p. 385 ff.; and see below, p. 278.

Footnote 90:

Berlin 56 = _Jahrbuch_, 1887, pl. 5.

Footnote 91:

A fine R.F. and polychrome kylix = _Mon. dell’ Inst._ x. 37 _a_ = Reinach, _Répertoire_, i. p. 207; also Athens 688 = Reinach, i. 164.

Footnote 92:

Berlin 2030; Athens 1167.

Footnote 93:

Berlin 2493, 2690; _Arch. Zeit._ 1880, pl. 16 = Reinach, i. p. 428.

Footnote 94:

Berlin 2373.

Footnote 95:

Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1895, pl. 11 (Mycenaean).

Footnote 96:

Berlin 1887–89.

Footnote 97:

Athens 1241; _Amer. Journ. of Arch._ 1903, p. 320.

Footnote 98:

See for the Vourva vases Athens 592 ff.; _Ath. Mitth._ 1890, p. 318 ff.; _Jahrbuch_, 1903, p. 124 ff.; and p. 299 below.

Footnote 99:

See Dodwell, _Tour_, ii. p. 180. Stephanus of Byzantium speaks of the pottery of Megara (_s.v._) See also Athens 1858; Petersburg 1563 _a_.

Footnote 100:

viii. p. 381: cf. p. 134.

Footnote 101:

Ross, _Arch. Aufs._ ii. p. 344; Bibl. Nat. 101: see also Jahn’s _Einleitung_, p. xxv.

Footnote 102:

_Ibid._ i. p. 57.

Footnote 103:

See p. 316.

Footnote 104:

_E.g._ Bibl. Nat. 94, 313, 1179.

Footnote 105:

See generally Furtwaengler and Loeschcke, _Myken. Vasen_, p. 50; for notices of Mycenaean fragments by early travellers, Dodwell, _Tour_, ii. p. 237, and Burgon in _Trans. Roy. Soc. Lit._ 2nd Ser. ii. (1847), p. 258 ff., with plate opposite p. 296.

Footnote 106:

Fig. 88, p. 297.

Footnote 107:

_Ibid._ pls. 15, 21, p. 45; Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1895, pl. 11.

Footnote 108:

Furtwaengler and Loeschcke, p. 47.

Footnote 109:

_Arch. Zeit._ 1859, pl. 125 = Reinach, i. 389: see also _Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1832, p. 62; _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1847, p. 250.

Footnote 110:

_Cat._ 1615, 1901, 1931–32: see also _Branteghem Sale Cat._ 94.

Footnote 111:

_Cat._ 1974.

Footnote 112:

Bibl. Nat. 166; _Class. Review_, 1891, p. 73; Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1892, pl. 4.

Footnote 113:

See _Ergebnisse_, iv. p. 198 ff.

Footnote 114:

See p. 391.

Footnote 115:

See p. 451.

Footnote 116:

See Kekulé, _Thonfiguren aus Tanagra_, p. 13.

Footnote 117:

Isolated vase-finds from Tanagra are the early B.F. tripod, Berlin 1727, and the fine R.F. krater, Athens 1259.

Footnote 118:

_Bull. de Corr. Hell._ xix. p. 177.

Footnote 119:

Cf. Athens 678, 809, 1156, 1158.

Footnote 120:

Vases from Lamia are Nos. 1621 and 1984; from Lokris, 1354, 1434; from Phokis, 1177, 1181.

Footnote 121:

_Branteghem Sale Cat._ No. 96.

Footnote 122:

_Ibid._ No. 43; Berlin 2938.

Footnote 123:

B.M. E 719, an alabastron formerly in the Branteghem collection.

Footnote 124:

_Ath. Mitth._ 1889, p. 151: see below, p. 217. A late B.F. vase of “Kabeirion” style.

Footnote 125:

Fragments from Delphi are recorded in _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1841, p. 10; Jahn, _Vasens. zu München_, p. xxv; _Morgenblatt_, 1835, p. 698.

Footnote 126:

Furtwaengler and Loeschcke, p. 43.

Footnote 127:

_Ath. Mitth._ 1901, p. 237.

Footnote 128:

For Kephallenia see _J.H.S._ xxiv. p. 126.

Footnote 129:

_Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1847, p. 247, note 5; Mustoxidi, _Delle cose Corciresi_, i. p. 271; B.M. A 1670.

Footnote 130:

A beautiful polychrome lekythos in the B.M. (D 70 = Plate LV.) is from this island, on the authority of Raoul-Rochette (_Peint. Antiq._ p. 415); but see Benndorf, _Gr. u. Sic. Vasenb._ p. 42, where it is attributed to Aegina.

Footnote 131:

Perrot, _Hist. de l’Art_, vii. pp. 51, 208.

Footnote 132:

_Ath. Mitth._ 1897, p. 259.

Footnote 133:

Stackelberg, pl. 48; _Magazin Encycl._ 1811, ii. p. 140; and see note 130.

Footnote 134:

See also Brongniart, _Mus. Céram._ pl. 13, 11, and _Traité_, i. p. 576; _Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1829, p. 113, 1830, p. 129; _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1837, p. 135, 1842, p. 103, 1847, p. 250; and numerous vases in the Bibl. Nat. (see p. 689 of Catalogue).

Footnote 135:

_J.H.S._ xvii. p. 77; xviii. p. 281 ff.

Footnote 136:

B.M. B 8; Berlin 1682 = Reinach, i. 441; Reinach, i. 118, 2; B.M. E 508; Gerhard, _A.V.B._ iii. 238 = Reinach, ii. 120 (in Berlin), signed by Ergotimos.

Footnote 137:

Pallat in _Ath. Mitth._ 1897, p. 265.

Footnote 138:

_Berl. Phil. Woch._ 1901, pp. 1001, 1436.

Footnote 139:

See Hesychius, _s.v._ Ἠχώ; he adds, λέγει δὲ Αἴγιναν, ἐπειδὴ ἐκεῖ ὄστρακα πολλά ἐστι.

Footnote 140:

_Jahrbuch_, 1903, p. 124 ff.; Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1901, pls. 9–12, p. 173 ff.

Footnote 141:

Athens 618 = Baumeister, iii. p. 1963, fig. 2098.

Footnote 142:

_Ath. Mitth._ 1886, p. 16.

Footnote 143:

Furtwaengler and Loeschcke, p. 33.

Footnote 144:

Ross, _Reisen_, iii. p. 25.

Footnote 145:

Athens 1861.

Footnote 146:

_Class. Review_, 1899, p. 468.

Footnote 147:

E 732: see p. 357 and Fig. III.

Footnote 148:

Furtwaengler and Reichhold, _Gr. Vasenmalerei_, p. 220.

Footnote 149:

Furtwaengler and Loeschcke, p. 21. For Geometrical, see Brongniart and Riocreux, _Mus. de Sèvres_, pl. 13, figs. 4, 13, 15, 16.

Footnote 150:

_Reisen_, i. p. 66; iii. p. 27. See also Berlin 3901, 4088; Brongniart, _Traité_, i. p. 577; Bibl. Nat. 19, 21, 22. The Sèvres vases mentioned by Brongniart were found about thirty feet below the volcanic deposits.

Footnote 151:

See _Ath. Mitth._ 1903, p. 1 ff.; H. von Gaertringen, _Thera_, vol. ii.

Footnote 152:

See Jahn, _Vasens. zu München_, p. xxvi; Berlin 1886; _Rhein. Mus._ 1843, p. 435; Boettiger, _Vasengem._ i. p. 29.

Footnote 153:

These are fully described and illustrated in a volume issued by the Hellenic Society (1904).

Footnote 154:

_Op. cit._ iii. p. 15 ff.

Footnote 155:

_J.H.S._ xxii. p. 46 ff.

Footnote 156:

_Mon. Grecs_, 1875, pls. 1–2.

Footnote 157:

_Rhein. Mus._ 1843. p. 435; Bibl. Nat. 873 (Chios); for Tenedos as a pottery centre see Dio Chrys. _Orat._ 42, 5; Plutarch, _Vit. aer. alien._ 2.

Footnote 158:

For ancient references to Samian ware see