Part 3
_#_Note: Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral mountains from high winds; strategic location about 3,700 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand
_*_People _#_Population: 43,052 (July 1991), growth rate 2.9% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 41 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 8 immigrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 5.4 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--American Samoan(s); adjective--American Samoan
_#_Ethnic divisions: Samoan (Polynesian) 90%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 2%, other 6%
_#_Religion: Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%, Protestant denominations and other 30%
_#_Language: Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages) and English; most people are bilingual
_#_Literacy: 97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
_#_Labor force: 11,145; government 48%, tuna canneries 33%, other 19% (1986 est.)
_#_Organized labor: NA
_#_Note: about 65,000 American Samoans live in the States of California and Washington and 20,000 in Hawaii
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Territory of American Samoa
_#_Type: unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US
_#_Capital: Pago Pago
_#_Administrative divisions: none (territory of the US)
_#_Independence: none (territory of the US)
_#_Constitution: ratified 1966, in effect 1967
_#_National holiday: Flag Day, 17 April (1900)
_#_Executive branch: President of the US, governor, lieutenant governor
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
_#_Judicial branch: High Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);
Head of Government--Governor Peter Tali COLEMAN (since 20 January 1989); Lieutenant Governor Galea'i POUMELE (since NA 1989)
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US nationals, not US citizens
_#_Elections:
Governor--last held 7 November 1988 (next to be held November 1992); results--Peter T. COLEMAN was elected (percent of vote NA);
Senate--last held 7 November 1988 (next to be held November 1992); results--senators elected by county councils from 12 senate districts; seats--(18 total) number of seats by party NA;
House of Representatives--last held NA November 1990 (next to be held November 1992); results--representatives popularly elected from 17 house districts; seats--(21 total, 20 elected and 1 nonvoting delegate from Swain's Island);
US House of Representatives--last held 19 November 1990 (next to be held November 1992); results--Eni R. F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA reelected as a nonvoting delegate
_#_Communists: none
_#_Member of: IOC, SPC
_#_Diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US)
_#_Flag: blue with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a staff and a war club
_#_Note: administered by the US Department of Interior, Office of Territorial and International Affairs; indigenous inhabitants are US nationals, not citizens of the US
_*_Economy _#_Overview: Economic development is strongly linked to the US, with which American Samoa does 90% of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna processing plants are the backbone of the private-sector economy, with canned tuna the primary export. The tuna canneries are the second-largest employer, exceeded only by the government. Other economic activities include meat canning, handicrafts, dairy farming, and a slowly developing tourist industry.
_#_GNP: $190 million, per capita $5,210; real growth rate NA% (1985)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.3% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: 13.4% (1986)
_#_Budget: revenues $51.2 million; expenditures $59.9 million, including capital expenditures of $NA million (1990)
_#_Exports: $288 million (f.o.b., 1987);
commodities--canned tuna 93%;
partners--US 99.6%
_#_Imports: $346 million (c.i.f., 1987);
commodities--building materials 18%, food 17%, petroleum products 14%;
partners--US 72%, Japan 7%, NZ 7%, Australia 5%, other 9%
_#_External debt: $NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 42,000 kW capacity; 85 million kWh produced, 2,020 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign supplies of raw tuna)
_#_Agriculture: bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams, copra, pineapples, papayas
_#_Economic aid: $21,042,650 million in operational funds and $5,948,931 million in construction funds for capital improvement projects from the US Department of Interior (1991)
_#_Currency: US currency is used
_#_Exchange rates: US currency is used
_#_Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
_*_Communications _#_Railroads: none
_#_Highways: 350 km total; 150 km paved, 200 km unpaved
_#_Ports: Pago Pago, Ta'u
_#_Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m (international airport at Tafuna, near Pago Pago); small airstrips on Ta'u and Ofu
_#_Telecommunications: 6,500 telephones; stations--1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; good telex, telegraph, and facsimile services; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station, 1 COMSAT earth station
_*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the US _%_ _@_Andorra _*_Geography _#_Total area: 450 km2; land area: 450 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: 125 km total; France 60 km, Spain 65 km
_#_Coastline: none--landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked
_#_Climate: temperate; snowy, cold winters and cool, dry summers
_#_Terrain: rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys
_#_Natural resources: hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead
_#_Land use: arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 56%; forest and woodland 22%; other 20%
_#_Environment: deforestation, overgrazing
_#_Note: landlocked
_*_People _#_Population: 53,197 (July 1991), growth rate 2.4% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 16 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 81 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.3 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Andorran(s); adjective--Andorran
_#_Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3%
_#_Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic
_#_Language: Catalan (official); many also speak some French and Castilian
_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
_#_Labor force: NA
_#_Organized labor: none
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Principality of Andorra
_#_Type: unique coprincipality under formal sovereignty of president of France and Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials called verguers
_#_Capital: Andorra la Vella
_#_Administrative divisions: 7 parishes (parroquies, singular--parroquia); Andorra, Canillo, Encamp, La Massana, Les Escaldes, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria
_#_Independence: 1278
_#_Constitution: none; some pareatges and decrees, mostly custom and usage
_#_Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 September
_#_Executive branch: two co-princes (president of France, bishop of Seo de Urgel in Spain), two designated representatives (French veguer, Episcopal veguer), two permanent delegates (French prefect for the department of Pyrenees-Orientales, Spanish vicar general for the Seo de Urgel diocese), president of government, Executive Council
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral General Council of the Valleys (Consell General de las Valls)
_#_Judicial branch: civil cases--Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France) or the Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain); criminal cases--Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes)
_#_Leaders:
Chiefs of State--French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981), represented by Veguer de Franca Jean Pierre COURTOIS; Spanish Episcopal Co-Prince Mgr. Joan MARTI y Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by Veguer Episcopal Francesc BADIA Batalla;
Head of Government--Oscar RIBAS Reig (since NA January 1990)
_#_Political parties and leaders: political parties not yet legally recognized; traditionally no political parties but partisans for
## particular independent candidates for the General Council on the basis of
competence, personality, and orientation toward Spain or France; various small pressure groups developed in 1972; first formal political party, Andorran Democratic Association, was formed in 1976 and reorganized in 1979 as Andorran Democratic Party
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
General Council of the Valleys--last held 11 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results--percent of vote NA; seats--(28 total) number of seats by party NA
_#_Communists: negligible
_#_Member of: CSCE, INTERPOL, IOC
_#_Diplomatic representation: Andorra has no mission in the US;
US--includes Andorra within the Barcelona (Spain) Consular District and the US Consul General visits Andorra periodically; Consul General Ruth A. DAVIS; Consulate General at Via Layetana 33, Barcelona 3, Spain (mailing address APO NY 09286); telephone [34] (3) 319-9550
_#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms features a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and Romania which do not have a national coat of arms in the center lar to the
_*_Economy _#_Overview: The mainstay of Andorra's economy is tourism. An estimated 12 million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its summer and winter resorts. Agricultural production is limited by a scarcity of arable land, and most food has to be imported. The principal livestock activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. The rapid pace of European economic integration is a potential threat to Andorra's advantages from its duty-free status.
_#_GDP: $727 million, per capita $14,000; real growth rate NA% (1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
_#_Unemployment rate: none
_#_Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
_#_Exports: $0.017 million (f.o.b., 1986);
commodities--electricity;
partners--France, Spain
_#_Imports: $531 million (f.o.b., 1986);
commodities--consumer goods, food;
partners--France, Spain
_#_External debt: $NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 35,000 kW capacity; 140 million kWh produced, 2,800 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: tourism (particularly skiing), sheep, timber, tobacco, smuggling, banking
_#_Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and some vegetables
_#_Economic aid: none
_#_Currency: French franc (plural--francs) and Spanish peseta (plural--pesetas); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes and 1 Spanish peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos
_#_Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.1307 (January 1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985); Spanish pesetas (Ptas) per US$1--95.20 (January 1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987), 140.05 (1986), 170.04 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications _#_Highways: 96 km
_#_Telecommunications: international digital microwave network; international landline circuits to France and Spain; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 17,700 telephones
_*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of France and Spain _%_ _@_Angola _*_Geography _#_Total area: 1,246,700 km2; land area: 1,246,700 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
_#_Land boundaries: 5,198 km total; Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110 km
_#_Coastline: 1,600 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 20 nm
_#_Disputes: civil war since independence on 11 November 1975; on 31 May 1991 Angolan President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS and Jonas SAVIMBI, leader of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), signed a peace treaty that calls for multiparty elections between September and November 1992, an internationally monitored cease-fire, and termination of outside military assistance
_#_Climate: semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
_#_Terrain: narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau
_#_Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium
_#_Land use: arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and woodland 43%; other 32%
_#_Environment: locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on plateau; desertification
_#_Note: Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire
_*_People _#_Population: 8,668,281 (July 1991), growth rate 2.7% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 20 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 151 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 42 years male, 46 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Angolan(s); adjective--Angolan
_#_Ethnic divisions: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico 2%, European 1%, other 22%
_#_Religion: indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (est.)
_#_Language: Portuguese (official); various Bantu dialects
_#_Literacy: 42% (male 56%, female 28%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 2,783,000 economically active; agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.)
_#_Organized labor: about 450,695 (1980)
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: People's Republic of Angola
_#_Type: in transition from a one-party Marxist state to a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system
_#_Capital: Luanda
_#_Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (provincias, singular--provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire
_#_Independence: 11 November 1975 (from Portugal)
_#_Constitution: 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, and 6 March 1991
_#_Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to accommodate multipartyism and increased use of free markets
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November (1975)
_#_Executive branch: president, chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Assembleia do Povo)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacao)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS (since 21 September 1979)
_#_Political parties and leaders: only one party exists--the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola-Labor Party (MPLA), Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS--although others are expected to form as legalization of a multiparty system proceeds; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) lost to the MPLA and Cuban military support forces in the immediate postindependence struggle, but is to receive recognition as a legal party
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections: first nationwide, multiparty elections to be held between September and November 1992
_#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: none
_#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)
_*_Economy _#_Overview: Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80 to 90% of the population, but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is the most lucrative sector of the economy, contributing about 50% to GDP. In recent years, however, the impact of fighting an internal war has severely affected the nonoil economy, and food has to be imported. For the long run, Angola has the advantage of rich natural resources, notably gold, diamonds, and arable land. To realize its economic potential Angola not only must secure domestic peace but also must reform government policies that have led to distortions and imbalances throughout the economy.
_#_GDP: $7.9 billion, per capita $925; real growth rate 2.0% (1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 23.2% (1988)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $2.6 billion; expenditures $4.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $963 million (1990 est.)
_#_Exports: $3.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities--oil,liquified petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton;
partners--US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil, France
_#_Imports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities--capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial military deliveries;
partners--US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil
_#_External debt: $7.0 billion (1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum output
_#_Electricity: 506,000 kW capacity; 770 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: petroleum, diamonds, mining, fish processing, food processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cement, basic metal products
_#_Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, tobacco; food crops--cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas; livestock production accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of total agricultural output; disruptions caused by civil war and marketing deficiencies require food imports
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1,005 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion
_#_Currency: kwanza (plural--kwanza); 1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 lwei
_#_Exchange rates: kwanza (Kz) per US$1--29.62 (fixed rate since 1976)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge; limited trackage in use because of insurgent attacks; sections of the Benguela Railroad closed because of insurgency
_#_Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth
_#_Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable
_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km
_#_Ports: Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda
_#_Merchant marine: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker
_#_Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 315 total, 183 usable; 28 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 58 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: fair system of wire, radio relay, and troposcatter routes; high frequency used extensively for military/Cuban links; 40,300 telephones; stations--17 AM, 13 FM, 2 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense Organization and Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,080,837; 1,047,500 fit for military service; 92,430 reach military age (18) annually
_#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Anguilla (dependent territory of the UK) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 91 km2; land area: 91 km2
_#_Comparative area: about half the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 61 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 3 nm
_#_Climate: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
_#_Terrain: flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone
_#_Natural resources: negligible; salt, fish, lobster
_#_Land use: arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and woodland NA%; other NA%; mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some commercial salt ponds
_#_Environment: frequent hurricanes, other tropical storms (July to October)
_#_Note: located 270 km east of Puerto Rico
_*_People _#_Population: 6,922 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 77 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Anguillan(s); adjective--Anguillan
_#_Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent
_#_Religion: Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%, Baptist 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, other 12%
_#_Language: English (official)
_#_Literacy: 95% (male 95%, female 95%) age 12 and over can read and write (1984)
_#_Labor force: 2,780 (1984)
_#_Organized labor: NA
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: dependent territory of the UK
_#_Capital: The Valley
_#_Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
_#_Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
_#_Constitution: 1 April 1982
_#_Legal system: based on English common law
_#_National holiday: Anguilla Day, 30 May
_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly
_#_Judicial branch: High Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Brian G. J. CANTY (since NA 1989);
Head of Government--Chief Minister Emile GUMBS (since NA March 1984, served previously from February 1977 to May 1980)
_#_Political parties and leaders: Anguilla National Alliance (ANA), Emile GUMBS; Anguilla United Party (AUP), Ronald WEBSTER; Anguilla Democratic Party (ADP), Victor BANKS
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
House of Assembly--last held 27 February 1989 (next to be held February 1994); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(11 total, 7 elected) ANA 3, AUP 2, ADP 1, independent 1
_#_Communists: none
_#_Member of: CARICOM (observer), CDB
_#_Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
_#_Flag: two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light blue with three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design centered in the white band; a new flag may have been in use since 30 May 1990
_*_Economy _#_Overview: Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on lobster fishing, offshore banking, tourism, and remittances from emigrants. In recent years the economy has benefited from a boom in tourism. Development is planned to improve the infrastructure, particularly transport and tourist facilities, and also light industry. Improvement in the economy has reduced unemployment from 40% in 1984 to about 5% in 1988.
_#_GDP: $23 million, per capita $3,300; real growth rate 8.2% (1988 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (1988 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: 5.0% (1988 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $10.4 million; expenditures $11.0 million, including capital expenditures of $1.1 million (1989 est.)
_#_Exports: $NA;
commodities--lobster and salt;
partners--NA
_#_Imports: $NA;
commodities--NA;
partners --NA
_#_External debt: $NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 2,000 kW capacity; 6 million kWh produced, 870 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: tourism, boat building, salt, fishing (including lobster)
_#_Agriculture: pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry
_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $38 million
_#_Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
_#_Fiscal year: NA
_*_Communications _#_Highways: 60 km surfaced
_#_Ports: Road Bay, Blowing Point
_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways of 1,100 m (Wallblake Airport)
_#_Telecommunications: modern internal telephone system; 890 telephones; stations--3 AM, 1 FM, no TV; radio relay link to island of Saint Martin
_*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK _%_ _@_Antarctica _*_Geography _#_Total area: about 14,000,000 km2; land area: about 14,000,000 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US; second-smallest continent (after Australia)
_#_Land boundaries: see entry on _#_Disputes
_#_Coastline: 17,968 km
_#_Maritime claims: see entry on _#_Disputes
_#_Disputes: Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary below); sections (some overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France (Adelie Land), New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and UK; Brazil has noted possible Latin claims; the US and USSR do not recognize the territorial claims of other nations and have made no claims themselves (but reserve the right to do so); no formal claims have been made in the sector between 90o west and 150o west
_#_Climate: severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has most moderate climate; warmest temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing
_#_Terrain: about 98% thick continental ice sheet, with average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 4,897 meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of coastline and floating ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent
_#_Natural resources: none presently exploited; coal and iron ore; chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum, and hydrocarbons have been found in small uncommercial quantities
_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; pastures 0%; meadows and forest and woodland 0%; other 100% (ice 98%, barren rock 2%)
_#_Environment: mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise around the coast, as does a circumpolar ocean current; during summer more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; in April 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had dwindled to its lowest level ever over Antarctica; subject to active volcanism (Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica); other seismic activity rare and weak
_#_Note: the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent
_*_People _#_Population: no indigenous inhabitants; staffing of research stations varies seasonally;
Summer (January) population--4,120; Argentina 207, Australia 268, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Chile 256, China NA, Ecuador NA, Finland 16, France 78, Germany 32, Greenpeace 12, India 60, Italy 210, Japan 59, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, NZ 264, Norway 23, Peru 39, Poland NA, South Africa 79, Spain 43, Sweden 10, UK 116, Uruguay NA, US 1,666, USSR 565 (1989-90);