Part 50
_*_Economy _#_Overview: During the past four years, the economy has made a sustained recovery from the severe recession of 1983-85. The economy grew by 14% during the 1987-89 period, largely because of strong domestic consumption and investment spending. Unemployment has declined for the third consecutive year, but inflation continues to be about three times the European Community average. The government is pushing economic restructuring and privatization measures in anticipation of the 1992 European Community timetable to form a single large market in Europe.
_#_GDP: $57.8 billion, per capita $5,580; real growth rate 3.5% (1990)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13.4% (1990)
_#_Unemployment rate: 5.5% (1990 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $21.6 billion; expenditures $23.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.9 billion (1990)
_#_Exports: $16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
commodities--cotton textiles, cork and cork products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber products, resin, machinery, appliances;
partners--EC 72%, other developed countries 13%, US 5%
_#_Imports: $24.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990);
commodities--petroleum, cotton, foodgrains, industrial machinery, iron and steel, chemicals;
partners--EC 69%, other developed countries 11%, less developed countries 13%, US 4%
_#_External debt: $18.4 billion (1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1989); accounts for 40% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 6,729,000 kW capacity; 16,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 9% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small inefficient farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops--grain, potatoes, olives, grapes; livestock sector--sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, dairy products
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.13 billion
_#_Currency: Portuguese escudo (plural--escudos); 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos
_#_Exchange rates: Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1--134.46 (January 1991), 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988), 140.88 (1987), 149.59 (1986), 170.39 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 3,613 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track, privately owned
_#_Highways: 73,661 km total; 61,599 km paved (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks)
_#_Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity
_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 11 km; refined products, 58 km
_#_Ports: Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal, Sines
_#_Merchant marine: 52 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 684,350 GRT/1,190,454 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 20 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 12 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 10 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note--Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is known to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majority of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few years
_#_Civil air: 29 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 69 total, 63 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: facilities are generally adequate; 2,690,000 telephones; stations--57 AM, 66 (22 relays) FM, 25 (23 relays) TV; 7 submarine cables; communication satellite ground stations operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, and domestic systems (mainland and Azores)
_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, Fiscal Guard, Public Security Police
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,621,116; 2,131,628 fit for military service; 88,718 reach military age (20) annually
_#_Defense expenditures: $1.6 billion, 3% of GDP (1990) _%_ _@_Puerto Rico (commonwealth associated with the US) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 9,104 km2; land area: 8,959 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 501 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth);
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation
_#_Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to sea on west coast
_#_Natural resources: some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore crude oil
_#_Land use: arable land 8%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 41%; forest and woodland 20%; other 22%
_#_Environment: many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north
_#_Note: important location between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islands group along the Mona Passage--a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean
_*_People _#_Population: 3,294,997 (July 1991), growth rate 0.1% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 19 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 16 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 76 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Puerto Rican(s); adjective--Puerto Rican
_#_Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Hispanic
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15%
_#_Language: Spanish (official); English is widely understood
_#_Literacy: 89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
_#_Labor force: 1,068,000; government 28%, manufacturing 15%, trade 14%, agriculture 3%, other 40% (1990)
_#_Organized labor: 115,000 members in 4 unions; the largest is the General Confederation of Puerto Rican Workers with 35,000 members (1983)
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
_#_Type: commonwealth associated with the US
_#_Capital: San Juan
_#_Administrative divisions: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
_#_Independence: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
_#_Constitution: ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952
_#_National holiday: Constitution Day, 25 July (1952)
_#_Legal system: based on Spanish civil code
_#_Executive branch: US president, US vice president, governor
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);
Head of Government Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2 January 1989)
_#_Political parties and leaders: Popular Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP), Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras and Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections
_#_Elections:
Governor--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (PPD) 48.7%, Baltasar CORRADA Del Rio (PNP) 45.8%, Ruben BERRIOS Martinez (PIP) 5.5%;
Senate--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(27 total) PPD 18, PNP 8, PIP 1;
House of Representatives--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(53 total) PPD 36, PNP 15, PIP 2;
US House of Representatives--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--Puerto Rico elects one nonvoting representative
_#_Other political or pressure groups: all have engaged in terrorist
## activities--Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN), Volunteers of
the Puerto Rican Revolution, Boricua Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros), Armed Forces of Popular Resistance
_#_Member of: ECLAC, ICFTU, IOC, WCL, WFTU, WTO (associate)
_#_Diplomatic representation: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
_#_Flag: five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag
_*_Economy _#_Overview: Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region. Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economic activity and income. Encouraged by duty-free access to the US and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. Important new industries include pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income for the island. The economy is slowly recovering from the disruptions caused by Hurricane Hugo in September 1989. The tourism infrastructure was especially hard hit.
_#_GNP: $20.1 billion, per capita $6,100; real growth rate 3.6% (FY89)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.3% (October 1989-90)
_#_Unemployment rate: 14.9% (October 1990)
_#_Budget: revenues $5.5 billion; expenditures $5.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.5 billion (FY89)
_#_Exports: $16.4 billion (f.o.b., FY89);
commodities--pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage concentrates, medical equipment, instruments;
partners--US 87%
_#_Imports: $14.0 billion (c.i.f., FY89);
commodities--chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products;
partners--US 60%
_#_External debt: $NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.6% (FY89)
_#_Electricity: 4,149,000 kW capacity; 14,844 million kWh produced, 4,510 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, instruments; tourism
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 3% of labor force; crops--sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; livestock--cattle, chickens; imports a large share of food needs
_#_Economic aid: none
_#_Currency: US currency is used
_#_Exchange rates: US currency is used
_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 100 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger railroads
_#_Highways: 13,762 km paved
_#_Ports: San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo
_#_Airports: 33 total; 23 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: 900,000 or 99% of total households with TV; 1,067,787 telephones (1988); stations--50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV (1990)
_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: paramilitary National Guard, Police Force
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 830,133; NA fit for military service
_#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the US _%_ _@_Qatar _*_Geography _#_Total area: 11,000 km2; land area: 11,000 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut
_#_Land boundaries: 60 km total; Saudi Arabia 40 km, UAE 20 km
_#_Coastline: 563 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: not specific;
Territorial sea: 3 nm
_#_Disputes: boundary with UAE is in dispute; territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands
_#_Climate: desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer
_#_Terrain: mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel
_#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, fish
_#_Land use: arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and woodland 0%; other 95%
_#_Environment: haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources mean increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities
_#_Note: strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major crude oil sources
_*_People _#_Population: 518,478 (July 1991), growth rate 5.3% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 3 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 35 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 4.0 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Qatari(s); adjective--Qatari
_#_Ethnic divisions: Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%
_#_Religion: Muslim 95%
_#_Language: Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language
_#_Literacy: 76% (male 77%, female 72%) age 15 and over can read and write (1986)
_#_Labor force: 104,000; 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983)
_#_Organized labor: trade unions are illegal
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: State of Qatar
_#_Type: traditional monarchy
_#_Capital: Doha
_#_Administrative divisions: none
_#_Independence: 3 September 1971 (from UK)
_#_Constitution: provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970
_#_Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 3 September (1971)
_#_Executive branch: amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)
_#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government--Amir and Prime Minister Khalifa bin Hamad Al THANI (since 22 February 1972); Heir Apparent Hamad bin Khalifa AL THANI (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir)
_#_Political parties and leaders: none
_#_Suffrage: none
_#_Elections:
Advisory Council--constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no elections have been held; seats--(30 total)
_#_Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Hamad Abd al-Aziz AL-KAWARI, Chancery at Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-0111;
US--Ambassador Mark G. HAMBLEY; Embassy at 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin Omran (opposite the television station), Doha (mailing address is P. O. Box 2399, Doha); telephone [0974] 864701 through 864703
_#_Flag: maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side
_*_Economy _#_Overview: Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of export earnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3 billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $12,500, among the highest in the world outside the OECD countries.
_#_GDP: $6.6 billion, per capita $12,500 (1989 est.); real growth rate 5.0% (1988)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.9% (1988 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $3.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $400 million (FY89 est.)
_#_Exports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities--petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers;
partners--Japan, Italy, Thailand, Singapore
_#_Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.), excluding military equipment;
commodities--foodstuffs, beverages, animal and vegetable oils, chemicals, machinery and equipment;
partners--Japan, UK, US, Italy
_#_External debt: $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oil
_#_Electricity: 1,514,000 kW capacity; 4,000 million kWh produced, 8,540 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel, cement
_#_Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; commercial fishing increasing in importance; most food imported
_#_Economic aid: donor--pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88)
_#_Currency: Qatari riyal (plural--riyals); 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams
_#_Exchange rates: Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1--3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)
_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
_*_Communications _#_Highways: 1,500 km total; 1,000 km bituminous, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.)
_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 235 km; natural gas, 400 km
_#_Ports: Doha, Umm Said, Halul Island
_#_Merchant marine: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 465,371 GRT/707,089 DWT; includes 12 cargo, 5 container, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker
_#_Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Bahrain and UAE; stations--2 AM, 1 FM, 3 TV; earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT
_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Department
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 235,516; 125,591 fit for military service; 4,243 reach military age (18) annually
_#_Defense expenditures: $500 million, 8% of GDP (1989) _%_ _@_Reunion (overseas department of France) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 2,510 km2; land area: 2,500 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 201 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April
_#_Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast
_#_Natural resources: fish, arable land
_#_Land use: arable land 20%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 35%; other 39%; includes irrigated 2%
_#_Environment: periodic devastating cyclones
_#_Note: located 750 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean
_*_People _#_Population: 607,086 (July 1991), growth rate 1.9% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Reunionese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Reunionese
_#_Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of intermixed French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, and Indian ancestry
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 94%
_#_Language: French (official); Creole widely used
_#_Literacy: 69% (male 67%, female 74%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982)
_#_Labor force: NA; agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981); 63% of population of working age (1983)
_#_Organized labor: General Confederation of Workers of Reunion (CGTR)
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Department of Reunion
_#_Type: overseas department of France
_#_Capital: Saint-Denis
_#_Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)
_#_Independence: none (overseas department of France)
_#_Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
_#_Legal system: French law
_#_National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
_#_Executive branch: French president, commissioner of the Republic
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral General Council, unicameral Regional Council
_#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeals (Cour d'appel)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
Head of Government--Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN (since September 1989)
_#_Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS; Union for French Democracy (UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES; France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS), Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social Democrats (CDS), other small parties
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections: General Council--last held March 1986 (next to be held 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(36 total) number of seats by party NA;
Regional Council--last held 16 March 1986 (next to be held March 1991); results--RPR/UDF 36.8%, PCR 28.2%, FRA and other right wing 17.3%, PS 14.1%, other 3.6%; seats--(45 total) RPR/UDF 18, PCR 13, FRA and other right wing 8, PS 6;
French Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent 1;
French National Assembly--last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA 1
_#_Communists: Communist party small but has support among sugarcane cutters, the minuscule Popular Movement for the Liberation of Reunion (MPLR), and in the district of Le Port
_#_Member of: FZ, WFTU
_#_Diplomatic representation: as an overseas department of France, Reunionese interests are represented in the US by France
_#_Flag: the flag of France is used
_*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist industry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third of the labor force. The white and Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the population, adding to the social tensions generated by poverty and unemployment. The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from France.
_#_GDP: $3.37 billion, per capita $6,000 (1987 est.); real growth rate 9% (1987 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.3% (1988)
_#_Unemployment rate: 35% (February 1991)
_#_Budget: revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1986)
_#_Exports: $166 million (f.o.b., 1988);
commodities--sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla and tea 1%;
partners--France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy
_#_Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
commodities--manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products;
partners--France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy
_#_External debt: NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 245,000 kW capacity; 546 million kWh produced, 965 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft items
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops--sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops--tropical fruits, vegetables, corn; imports large share of food needs
_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $14.1 billion
_#_Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
_#_Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.1307 (January 1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications _#_Highways: 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized earth
_#_Ports: Pointe des Galets
_#_Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: adequate system for needs; modern open-wire line and radio relay network; principal center Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new radio relay route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; stations--3 AM, 13 FM, 1 (18 relays) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
_*_Defense Forces _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 162,017; 83,959 fit for military service; 5,979 reach military age (18) annually
_#_Note: defense is the responsibility of France _%_ _@_Romania _*_Geography _#_Total area: 237,500 km2; land area: 230,340 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
_#_Land boundaries: 2,904 km total; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, USSR 1,307 km, Yugoslavia 546 km
_#_Coastline: 225 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
_#_Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
_#_Natural resources: crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt
_#_Land use: arable land 43%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and woodland 28%; other 7%; includes irrigated 11%
_#_Environment: frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides, air pollution in south
_#_Note: controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans and western USSR
_*_People _#_Population: 23,397,054 (July 1991), growth rate 0.5% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 75 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Romanian(s); adjective--Romanian
_#_Ethnic divisions: Romanian 89.1%; Hungarian 8.9%; German 0.4%; Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%
_#_Religion: Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6%, Greek Catholic (Uniate) 3%, Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 15%
_#_Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
_#_Literacy: 96% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)
_#_Labor force: 10,690,000; industry 34%, agriculture 28%, other 38% (1987)
_#_Organized labor: until December 1989, a single trade union system organized by the General Confederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR) under control of the Communist Party; since Ceausescu's overthrow, newly-created trade and professional trade unions are joining three umbrella organizations--Organization of Free Trade Unions, Fratia (Brotherhood), and the Alfa Cortel; many other trade unions have been formed
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: in transition from Communist state to republic
_#_Capital: Bucharest
_#_Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular--judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
_#_Independence: 1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December 1947
_#_Constitution: 21 August 1965; new constitution being drafted
_#_Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revised
_#_National holiday: National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)
_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor)