Part 60

_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS; Chancery at 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4212 or 4213;

US--Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY; Embassy at Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome (mailing address is B. P. 852, Lome); telephone [228] 21-29-91 through 94 and 21-77-17

_#_Flag: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

_*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government actively encourages foreign investment.

_#_GDP: $1.4 billion, per capita $395; real growth rate 3.6% (1989 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.2% (1989)

_#_Unemployment rate: 2.0% (1987)

_#_Budget: revenues $330 million; expenditures $363 million, including capital expenditures of $101 million (1990 est.)

_#_Exports: $331 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);

commodities--phosphates, cocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm kernels;

partners--EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985)

_#_Imports: $344 million (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities--food, fuels, durable consumer goods, other intermediate goods, capital goods;

partners--EC 61%, US 6%, Africa 4%, Japan 4%, other 25% (1989)

_#_External debt: $1.3 billion (1990 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1987 est.); 6% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages

_#_Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops--yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not significant; annual fish catch, 10,000-14,000 tons

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $132 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51 million

_#_Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

_#_Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 515 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track

_#_Highways: 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads

_#_Inland waterways: none

_#_Ports: Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)

_#_Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 38,906 GRT/70,483 DWT; includes 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction large-load carrier

_#_Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 9 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m none with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: fair system based on network of open-wire lines supplemented by radio relay routes; 12,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 799,597; 420,092 fit for military service; no conscription

_#_Defense expenditures: $44 million, 3.7% of GDP (1987) _%_ _@_Tokelau (territory of New Zealand) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 10 km2; land area: 10 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 101 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)

_#_Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoons

_#_Natural resources: negligible

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%

_#_Environment: lies in Pacific typhoon belt

_#_Note: located 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand

_*_People _#_Population: 1,700 (July 1991), growth rate 0.0% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Tokelauan(s); adjective--Tokelauan

_#_Ethnic divisions: all Polynesian, with cultural ties to Western Samoa

_#_Religion: Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%; on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational Christian Church predominant

_#_Language: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language) and English

_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)

_#_Labor force: NA

_#_Organized labor: NA

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: territory of New Zealand

_#_Capital: none, each atoll has its own administrative center

_#_Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand)

_#_Independence: none (territory of New Zealand)

_#_Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970

_#_Legal system: British and local statutes

_#_National holiday: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)

_#_Executive branch: administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in New Zealand), official secretary

_#_Legislative branch: Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll

_#_Judicial branch: High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);

Head of Government--Administrator Neil WALTER; Official Secretary M. NORRISH, Office of Tokelau Affairs

_#_Suffrage: NA

_#_Elections: NA

_#_Communists: probably none

_#_Member of: SPC

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (territory of New Zealand)

_#_Flag: the flag of New Zealand is used

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.

_#_GDP: $1.4 million, per capita $800; real growth rate NA% (1988 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of $37,300 (FY87)

_#_Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983);

commodities--stamps, copra, handicrafts;

partners--NZ

_#_Imports: $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983);

commodities--foodstuffs, building materials, fuel;

partners--NZ

_#_External debt: none

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: 200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing

_#_Agriculture: coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops--breadfruit, papaya, bananas; pigs, poultry, goats

_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $24 million

_#_Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural--dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.6798 (January 1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

_*_Communications _#_Ports: none; offshore anchorage only

_#_Airports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa

_#_Telecommunications: telephone service between islands and to Western Samoa

_*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand _%_ _@_Tonga _*_Geography _#_Total area: 748 km2; land area: 718 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 419 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: no specific limits;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)

_#_Terrain: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base

_#_Natural resources: fish, fertile soil

_#_Land use: arable land 25%; permanent crops 55%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and woodland 12%; other 2%

_#_Environment: archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October to April); deforestation

_#_Note: located about 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and New Zealand

_*_People _#_Population: 102,272 (July 1991), growth rate 0.9% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 70 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Tongan(s); adjective--Tongan

_#_Ethnic divisions: Polynesian; about 300 Europeans

_#_Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents

_#_Language: Tongan, English

_#_Literacy: 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write a simple message in Tongan or English (1976)

_#_Labor force: NA; 70% agriculture; 600 engaged in mining

_#_Organized labor: none

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Kingdom of Tonga

_#_Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy

_#_Capital: Nukualofa

_#_Administrative divisions: three island groups; Haapai, Tongatapu, Vavau

_#_Independence: 4 June 1970 (from UK; formerly Friendly Islands)

_#_Constitution: 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967

_#_Legal system: based on English law

_#_National holiday: Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)

_#_Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965);

Head of Government--Prime Minister Prince Fatafehi TU'IPELEHAKE (since 16 December 1965)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akolisi POHIVA

_#_Suffrage: all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21

_#_Elections:

Legislative Assembly--last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held NA February 1993); results--percent of vote NA; seats--(29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3 traditionalist

_#_Communists: none known

_#_Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Siosaia a'Ulupekotofa TUITA resides in London;

US--the US has no offices in Tonga; the Ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga and makes periodic visits

_#_Flag: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner

_*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the labor force and contributes 50% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturing sector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on sizable external aid and remittances to sustain its trade deficit.

_#_GDP: $86 million, per capita $850; real growth rate 3.6% (FY89 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (FY89)

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues $30.6 million; expenditures $48.9 million, including capital expenditures of $22.5 million (FY89 est.)

_#_Exports: $9.6 million (f.o.b., FY90 est.);

commodities--coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans, fruits, vegetables, fish;

partners--NZ 54%, Australia 30%, US 8%, Fiji 5% (FY87)

_#_Imports: $59.9 million (c.i.f., FY90 est.);

commodities--food products, beverages and tobacco, fuels, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, building materials;

partners--NZ 39%, Australia 25%, Japan 9%, US 6%, EC 5% (FY87)

_#_External debt: $42.0 million (FY89)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 15% (FY86); accounts for 11% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 6,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: tourism, fishing

_#_Agriculture: dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production; vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $240 million

_#_Currency: pa'anga (plural--pa'anga); 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti

_#_Exchange rates: pa'anga (T$) per US$1--1.2832 (January 1991), 1.2809 (1990), 1.2637 (1989), 1.2799 (1988), 1.4282 (1987), 1.4960 (1986), 1.4319 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

_*_Communications _#_Highways: 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vavau); 94 km unsealed roads usable only in dry weather

_#_Ports: Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai

_#_Merchant marine: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 35,857 GRT/480,726 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas

_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: 3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Land Force, Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines, Royal Tongan Guard, Police

_#_Manpower availability: NA

_#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Trinidad and Tobago _*_Geography _#_Total area: 5,130 km2; land area: 5,130 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Delaware

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 362 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; rainy season (June to December)

_#_Terrain: mostly plains with some hills and low mountains

_#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, asphalt

_#_Land use: arable land 14%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and woodland 44%; other 23%; includes irrigated 4%

_#_Environment: outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms

_#_Note: located 11 km from Venezuela

_*_People _#_Population: 1,285,297 (July 1991), growth rate 1.1% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 73 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s); adjective--Trinidadian, Tobagonian

_#_Ethnic divisions: black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant 14%, Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1%

_#_Language: English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish

_#_Literacy: 95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

_#_Labor force: 463,900; construction and utilities 18.1%; manufacturing, mining, and quarrying 14.8%; agriculture 10.9%; other 56.2% (1985 est.)

_#_Organized labor: 22% of labor force (1988)

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

_#_Type: parliamentary democracy

_#_Capital: Port-of-Spain

_#_Administrative divisions: 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva, Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria

_#_Independence: 31 August 1962 (from UK)

_#_Constitution: 31 August 1976

_#_Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 31 August (1962)

_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives

_#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987);

Head of Government--Prime Minister Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON (since 18 December 1986)

_#_Political parties and leaders: National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), A. N. R. ROBINSON; People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United National Congress (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

House of Representatives--last held 15 December 1986 (next to be held by December 1991); results--NAR 66%, PNM 32%, other 2%; seats--(36 total) NAR 33, PNM 3; note--in 1989 six members were expelled from the NAR and formed the UNC, while retaining their parliamentary seats; as a result seats held are NAR 27, UNC 6, PNM 3

_#_Communists: Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, James MILLETTE

_#_Other political pressure groups: National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), radical antigovernment black-identity organization; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, leftist organization affiliated with the World Peace Council; Trinidad and Tobago Chamber of Industry and Commerce; Trinidad and Tobago Labor Congress, moderate labor federation; Council of Progressive Trade Unions, radical labor federation

_#_Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Angus Albert KHAN; Chancery at 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 467-6490; Trinidad and Tobago has a Consulate General in New York;

US--Ambassador Charles A. GARGANO; Embassy at 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain (mailing address is P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain); telephone (809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176

_#_Flag: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy began to emerge from a lengthy depression in 1990. The economy fell sharply through most of the 1980s, largely because of the decline in oil prices. This sector accounts for 80% of export earnings and more than 25% of GDP. The government, in response to the oil revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures that pushed the unemployment rate as high as 22% in 1988. The economy showed signs of recovery in 1990, however, helped along by rising oil prices. Agriculture employs only about 11% of the labor force and produces about 3% of GDP. Since this sector is small, it has been unable to absorb the large numbers of the unemployed. The government currently seeks to diversify its export base.

_#_GDP: $4.05 billion, per capita $3,363; real growth rate - 3.7% (1989)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.4% (1989)

_#_Unemployment rate: 20% (1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)

_#_Exports: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities--includes reexports--petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products 9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988);

partners--US 53%, CARICOM 16%, EC 10%, Latin America 3% (1989)

_#_Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.);

commodities--raw materials and intermediate goods 47%, capital goods 26%, consumer goods 26% (1988);

partners--US 51%, Latin America 10%, UK 8%, Canada 5%, CARICOM 6% (1989)

_#_External debt: $2.5 billion (1989)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 5.2%, excluding oil refining (1986); accounts for 30% of GDP, including petroleum

_#_Electricity: 1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,468 million kWh produced, 2,730 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cotton textiles

_#_Agriculture: highly subsidized sector; major crops--cocoa and sugarcane; sugarcane acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultry sector most important source of animal protein; must import large share of food needs

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $443 million

_#_Currency: Trinidad and Tobago dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1--4.2500 (January 1991), 4.2500 (1990), 4.2500 (1989), 3.8438 (1988), 3.6000 (1987), 3.6000 (1986), 2.4500 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: minimal agricultural system near San Fernando

_#_Highways: 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unimproved earth

_#_Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil; 19 km refined products; 904 km natural gas

_#_Ports: Port-of-Spain, Point Lisas, Pointe-a-Pierre

_#_Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 6 total, 5 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (Army), Coast Guard, Air Wing, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 339,260; 245,086 fit for military service

_#_Defense expenditures: $59 million, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.) _%_ _@_Tromelin Island (French possession) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 1 km2; land area: 1 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 3.7 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 12 nm;

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles

_#_Climate: tropical

_#_Terrain: sandy

_#_Natural resources: fish

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other--scattered bushes 100%

_#_Environment: wildlife sanctuary

_#_Note: located 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of Reunion in the Indian Ocean; climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones

_*_People _#_Population: uninhabited

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion

_*_Economy _#_Overview: no economic activity

_*_Communications _#_Airports: 1 with runway less than 1,220 m

_#_Ports: none; offshore anchorage only

_#_Telecommunications: important meteorological station

_*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of France _%_ _@_Tunisia _*_Geography _#_Total area: 163,610 km2; land area: 155,360 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Georgia

_#_Land boundaries: 1,424 km total; Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km

_#_Coastline: 1,148 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Libya

_#_Climate: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south

_#_Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara

_#_Natural resources: crude oil, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt

_#_Land use: arable land 20%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and woodland 4%; other 47%; includes irrigated 1%

_#_Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

_#_Note: strategic location in central Mediterranean; only 144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily; borders Libya on east

_*_People _#_Population: 8,276,096 (July 1991), growth rate 2.1% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 74 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Tunisian(s); adjective--Tunisian

_#_Ethnic divisions: Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1%

_#_Religion: Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish less than 1%

_#_Language: Arabic (official); Arabic and French (commerce)

_#_Literacy: 65% (male 74%, female 56%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 2,250,000; agriculture 32%; shortage of skilled labor

_#_Organized labor: about 360,000 members claimed, roughly 20% of labor force; General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of Constitutional Democratic Party

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Tunisia; note--may be changed to Tunisian Republic

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Tunis

_#_Administrative divisions: 23 governorates (wilayat, singular--wilayah); Al Kaf, Al Mahdiyah, Al Munastir, Al Qasrayn, Al Qayrawan, Aryanah, Bajah, Banzart, Bin Arus, Jundubah, Madanin, Nabul, Qabis, Qafsah, Qibili, Safaqis, Sidi Bu Zayd, Silyanah, Susah, Tatawin, Tawzar, Tunis, Zaghwan

_#_Independence: 20 March 1956 (from France)

_#_Constitution: 1 June 1959

_#_Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session

_#_National holiday: National Day, 20 March (1956)

_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab)

_#_Judicial branch: Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987);

Head of Government--Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Ahmed Mestiri; five other political parties are legal, including the Communist Party

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 20

_#_Elections:

President--last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held April 1994); results--Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition;

Chamber of Deputies--last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held April 1994); results--RCD 80.7%, independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other 2.4%; seats--(141 total) RCD 141

_#_Communists: a small number of nominal Communists, mostly students

_#_Member of: ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate Habib LAZREG; Chancery at 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20005; telephone (202) 862-1850;

US--Ambassador Robert H. PELLETREAU, Jr.; Embassy at 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere; telephone [216] (1) 782-566

_#_Flag: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam