Part 67
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 99 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 56 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 6.2 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Zairian(s); adjective--Zairian
_#_Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes--Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10%
_#_Language: French (official), Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba
_#_Literacy: 72% (male 84%, female 61%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 15,000,000; agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12%; wage earners 13% (1981); population of working age 51% (1985)
_#_Organized labor: National Union of Zairian Workers (UNTZA) was the only officially recognized trade union until April 1990; other unions are now in process of seeking official recognition
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Zaire
_#_Type: republic with a strong presidential system
_#_Capital: Kinshasa
_#_Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular--region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu, Bas-Zaire, Equateur, Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-Kivu
_#_Independence: 30 June 1960 (from Belgium; formerly Belgian Congo, then Congo/Leopoldville, then Congo/Kinshasa)
_#_Constitution: 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended 1990; new constitution to be promulgated in 1991
_#_Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965)
_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council (Conseil Legislatif)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24 November 1965);
Head of Government--Prime Minister Bernadin MUNGUL DIAKA (since 23 October 1991)
_#_Political parties and leaders: sole legal party until January 1991--Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC), Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI); and Congolese National Movement-Lumumba (MNC-L)
_#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
_#_Elections:
President--last held 29 July 1984 (next to be held before December 1991); results--President MOBUTU was reelected without opposition;
Legislative Council--last held 6 September 1987 (next to be held in 1991, probably on a multiparty basis); results--MPR was the only party; seats--(210 total) MPR 210; note--MPR still holds majority of seats but some deputies have joined other parties
_#_Communists: no Communist party
_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, CIPEC, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador TATANENE Manata; Chancery at 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-7690 or 7691;
US--Ambassador Melissa F. WELLS; Embassy at 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa (mailing address is APO New York 09662); telephone [243] (12) 21532; there is a US Consulate General in Lubumbashi
_#_Flag: light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding a red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
_*_Economy _#_Overview: In 1990, in spite of large mineral resources and one of the most developed and diversified economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, Zaire had a GDP per capita of only about $200, one of the lowest on the continent. The country's chronic economic problems worsened in 1990, with copper production down 20% to a 20-year low, inflation near 250% compared with 100% in 1987-89, and IMF and most World Bank support suspended until the institution of agreed-on changes. Agriculture, a key sector of the economy, employs 75% of the population but generates under 25% of GDP. The main potential for economic development has been the extractive industries. Mining and mineral processing account for about one-third of GDP and two-thirds of total export earnings. Zaire is the world's largest producer of diamonds.
_#_GDP: $6.6 billion, per capita $180; real growth rate - 2% (1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 242% (1990)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $685 million; expenditures $1.1 billion, does not include capital expenditures mostly financed by donors (1990)
_#_Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities--copper 37%, coffee 24%, diamonds 12%, cobalt, crude oil;
partners--US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa
_#_Imports: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities--consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels;
partners--South Africa, US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, Japan, UK
_#_External debt: $7.9 billion (December 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 3.1%; accounts for 30% of GDP (1988)
_#_Electricity: 2,575,000 kW capacity; 5,550 million kWh produced, 150 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement, diamonds
_#_Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops--cassava, bananas, root crops, corn
_#_Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $6.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263 million
_#_Currency: zaire (plural--zaire); 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta
_#_Exchange rates: zaire (Z) per US$1--2,113.55 (January 1991), 718.58 (1990), 381.445 (1989), 187.070 (1988), 112.403 (1987), 59.625 (1986), 49.873 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km 1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge
_#_Highways: 146,500 km total; 2,550 km bituminous, 46,450 km gravel and improved earth; remainder unimproved earth
_#_Inland waterways: 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes
_#_Pipelines: refined products 390 km
_#_Ports: Matadi, Boma, Banana
_#_Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 41,802 GRT/60,496 DWT; includes 1 passenger cargo, 3 cargo
_#_Civil air: 38 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 308 total, 255 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 71 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: barely adequate wire and radio relay service; 31,200 telephones; stations--10 AM, 4 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic
_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, paramilitary Civil Guard
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 8,240,412; 4,192,991 fit for military service
_#_Defense expenditures: $49 million, 0.8% of GDP (1988) _%_ _@_Zambia _*_Geography _#_Total area: 752,610 km2; land area: 740,720 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Texas
_#_Land boundaries: 5,664 km total; Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 km
_#_Coastline: none--landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked
_#_Disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled
_#_Climate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)
_#_Terrain: mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains
_#_Natural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower potential
_#_Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 47%; forest and woodland 27%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: deforestation; soil erosion; desertification
_#_Note: landlocked
_*_People _#_Population: 8,445,724 (July 1991), growth rate 3.5% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 49 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 79 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 55 years male, 58 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 6.9 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Zambian(s); adjective--Zambian
_#_Ethnic divisions: African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%
_#_Religion: Christian 50-75%, Muslim and Hindu, remainder indigenous beliefs 1%
_#_Language: English (official); about 70 indigenous languages
_#_Literacy: 73% (male 81%, female 65%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 2,455,000; 85% agriculture; 6% mining, manufacturing, and construction; 9% transport and services
_#_Organized labor: about 238,000 wage earners are unionized
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Zambia
_#_Type: multiparty system; on 17 December 1990, President Kenneth KAUNDA signed into law the constitutional amendment that officially reintroduced the multiparty system in Zambia and ending 17 years of one-party rule
_#_Capital: Lusaka
_#_Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western
_#_Independence: 24 October 1964 (from UK; formerly Northern Rhodesia)
_#_Constitution: 25 August 1973
_#_Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 24 October (1964)
_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--President Dr. Kenneth David KAUNDA (since 24 October 1964);
Head of Government--Prime Minister Gen. Malimba MASHEKE (since 15 March 1989)
_#_Political parties and leaders: United National Independence Party (UNIP), Kenneth KAUNDA; Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; National Democratic Alliance (NADA), leader NA; Democratic Party, leader NA; note--the first Extraordinary Congress of UNIP began on 6 August 1991
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
President--last held 26 October 1988 (next to be held mid-1991); results--President Kenneth KAUNDA was reelected without opposition;
National Assembly--last held 26 October 1988 (next to be held mid-1991); results--UNIP was the only party; seats--(136 total, 125 elected) UNIP 125
_#_Communists: no Communist party
_#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Paul J. F. LUSAKA; Chancery at 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-9717 through 9721;
US--Ambassador Gordon L. STREET; Embassy at corner of Independence Avenue and United Nations Avenue, Lusaka (mailing address is P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka); telephone [2601] 228-595, 228-596, 228-598, 228-601, 228-602, 228-603, 251-419
_#_Flag: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag
_*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a sustained drop in copper production and ineffective economic policies. In 1990 real GDP stood only slightly higher than that of 10 years before, while an annual population growth of more than 3% has brought a decline in per capita GDP of 25% during the same period. A high inflation rate has also added to Zambia's economic woes in recent years.
_#_GDP: $4.7 billion, per capita $580; real growth rate - 2% (1990)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 80% (1990)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.)
_#_Exports: $1.1 million (f.o.b., 1990);
commodities--copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco;
partners--EC, Japan, South Africa, US
_#_Imports: $1.1 million (c.i.f., 1990);
commodities--machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures;
partners--EC, Japan, South Africa, US
_#_External debt: $7.2 billion (December 1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 2.9% (1990); accounts for one-third of GDP
_#_Electricity: 1,900,000 kW capacity; 8,245 million kWh produced, 1,050 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: copper mining and processing, transport, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops--corn (food staple), sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava; cattle, goats, beef, eggs; marginally self-sufficient in corn
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $484 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $4.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533 million
_#_Currency: Zambian kwacha (plural--kwacha); 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee
_#_Exchange rates: Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1--43.2900 (January 1991), 28.9855 (1990), 12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987), 7.3046 (1986), 2.7137 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track
_#_Highways: 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth
_#_Inland waterways: 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake Tanganyika
_#_Pipelines: 1,724 km crude oil
_#_Ports: Mpulungu (lake port)
_#_Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 121 total, 106 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity radio relay connects most larger towns and cities; 71,700 telephones; stations--11 AM, 3 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Air Force, Police, paramilitary
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,755,585; 920,878 fit for military service
_#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Zimbabwe _*_Geography _#_Total area: 390,580 km2; land area: 386,670 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Montana
_#_Land boundaries: 3,066 km total; Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km
_#_Coastline: none--landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked
_#_Disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement
_#_Climate: tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)
_#_Terrain: mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east
_#_Natural resources: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals
_#_Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and woodland 62%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare; deforestation; soil erosion; air and water pollution
_#_Note: landlocked
_*_People _#_Population: 10,720,459 (July 1991), growth rate 2.9% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 41 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 61 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 64 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 5.6 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Zimbabwean(s); adjective--Zimbabwean
_#_Ethnic divisions: African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%); white 1%, mixed and Asian 1%
_#_Religion: syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, a few Muslim
_#_Language: English (official); Shona, Sindebele
_#_Literacy: 67% (male 74%, female 60%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 3,100,000; agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, manufacturing, construction 10% (1987)
_#_Organized labor: 17% of wage and salary earners have union membership
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Zimbabwe
_#_Type: parliamentary democracy
_#_Capital: Harare
_#_Administrative divisions: 8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands
_#_Independence: 18 April 1980 (from UK; formerly Southern Rhodesia)
_#_Constitution: 21 December 1979
_#_Legal system: mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 18 April (1980)
_#_Executive branch: executive president, 2 vice presidents, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government--Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990)
_#_Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
Executive President--last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results--Robert MUGABE 78.3%; Edgar TEKERE 21.7%;
Parliament--last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(150 total, 120 elected) ZANU 117, ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1
_#_Communists: no Communist party
_#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador Stanislaus Garikai CHIGWEDERE; Chancery at 2852 McGill Terrace NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-7100;
US--Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at 172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue, Harare (mailing address is P. O. Box 3340, Harare); telephone [263] (4) 794-521
_#_Flag: seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle
_*_Economy _#_Overview: Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals account for about 40% of exports. Wide year-to-year fluctuations in agricultural production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven growth rate, one that on average matched the 3% annual increase in population.
_#_GDP: $5.6 billion, per capita $540; real growth rate 4.2% (1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: at least 20% (1990 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $330 million (FY91)
_#_Exports: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities--agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%, ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5%;
partners--Europe 55% (EC 40%, Netherlands 5%, other 10%), Africa 20% (South Africa 10%, other 10%), US 5%
_#_Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1989);
commodities--machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%, chemicals 16%, fuels 15%;
partners--EC 31%, Africa 29% (South Africa 21%, other 8%), US 8%, Japan 4%
_#_External debt: $2.96 billion (December 1989 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1988 est.); accounts for 35% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 2,036,000 kW capacity; 5,460 million kWh produced, 540 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood products
_#_Agriculture: accounts for about 15% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops--corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; livestock--cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $2.3 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134 million
_#_Currency: Zimbabwean dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1--2.6724 (January 1991), 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988), 1.6611 (1987), 1.6650 (1986), 1.6119 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42 km double track; 355 km electrified
_#_Highways: 85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel, stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth
_#_Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication
_#_Pipelines: 8 km, refined products
_#_Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 499 total, 415 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 35 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; consists of radio relay links, open-wire lines, and radio communications stations; 247,000 telephones; stations--8 AM, 18 FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police, People's Militia
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,263,724; 1,399,354 fit for military service
_#_Defense expenditures: $412.4 million, NA% of GDP (FY91 est.) _%_ _@_Taiwan _*_Geography _#_Total area: 35,980 km2; land area: 32,260 km2; includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy
_#_Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 1,448 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Disputes: involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) claimed by China and Taiwan
_#_Climate: tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
_#_Terrain: eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west
_#_Natural resources: small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos
_#_Land use: arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and woodland 55%; other 15%; irrigated 14%
_#_Environment: subject to earthquakes and typhoons
_*_People _#_Population: 20,658,702 (July 1991), growth rate 1.1% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (19901
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Chinese (sing., pl.); adjective--Chinese
_#_Ethnic divisions: Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2%
_#_Religion: mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5%
_#_Language: Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese and Hakka dialects also used
_#_Literacy: 91.2% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
_#_Labor force: 7,900,000; industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil administration 7% (1989)
_#_Organized labor: 1,300,000 or about 18.4% (government controlled) (1983)
_*_Administration _#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: one-party presidential regime; opposition political parties legalized in March, 1989
_#_Capital: Taipei
_#_Administrative divisions: the authorities in Taipei claim to be the government of all China; in keeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2 provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural)--Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province including Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island of Taiwan and the Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province--16 counties (hsien, singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2 special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua, Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan, Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung, T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**, T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un; note--Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for romanization
_#_Constitution: 25 December 1947, presently undergoing revision
_#_Legal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
_#_National holiday: National Day (Anniversary of the Revolution), 10 October (1911)
_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Yuan
_#_Judicial branch: Judicial Yuan
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-zu (since 20 May 1990);
Head of Government--Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) HAO Po-ts'un (since 2 May 1990); Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) SHIH Ch'i-yang (since NA July 1988)
_#_Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party and Young China Party controlled by Kuomintang; Democratic Progressive Party (DPP); Labor Party; 27 other minor parties
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 20
_#_Elections:
President--last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results--President LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly;
Vice President--last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results--LI Yuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly;
Legislative Yuan--last held 2 December 1989 (next to be held December 1992); results--KMT 65%, DPP 33%, independents 2%; seats--(304 total, 102 elected) KMT 78, DPP 21, independents 3;
National Assembly:--originally elected in November 1947 (last supplementary election in December 1986; Assembly will be completely reelected in December 1991)
_#_Member of: expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT; attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972, but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development; AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOC
_#_Diplomatic representation: none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field offices in Washington and 10 other US cities with all addresses and telephone numbers NA;