Part 8
_#_External debt: $1.0 billion (December 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 0.7% (1988); accounts for 30% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 28,000 kW capacity; 24 million kWh produced, 5 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: textiles,cigarettes, construction materials, beverages, food production, petroleum
_#_Agriculture: small farms produce 90% of agricultural output; production is dominated by food crops--corn, sorghum, cassava, beans, and rice; cash crops include cotton, palm oil, and peanuts; poultry and livestock output has not kept up with consumption
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $46 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101 million
_#_Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
_#_Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 578 km, all 1.000-meter gauge, single track
_#_Highways: 5,050 km total; 920 km paved, 2,600 laterite, 1,530 km improved earth
_#_Inland waterways: navigable along small sections, important only locally
_#_Ports: Cotonou
_#_Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 6 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: fair system of open wire, submarine cable, and radio relay; 16,200 telephones; stations--2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT satellite earth station
_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: People's Armed Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), National Gendarmerie, People's Militia, Presidential Guard
_#_Manpower availability: eligible 15-49, 2,089,646; of the 991,278 males 15-49, 507,482 are fit for military service; of the 1,098,368 females 15-49, 554,454 are fit for military service; about 57,106 males and 55,297 females reach military age (18) annually; both sexes are liable for military service
_#_Defense expenditures: $38 million, 2.3% of GDP (1988) _%_ _@_Bermuda (dependent territory of the UK) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 50 km2; land area: 50 km2
_#_Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 103 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter
_#_Terrain: low hills separated by fertile depressions
_#_Natural resources: limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism
_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 20%; other 80%
_#_Environment: ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; consists of about 360 small coral islands
_#_Note: 1,050 km east of North Carolina; some reclaimed land leased by US Government
_*_People _#_Population: 58,433 (July 1991), growth rate 1.5% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 7 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 12 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Bermudian(s); adjective--Bermudian
_#_Ethnic divisions: black 61%, white and other 39%
_#_Religion: Anglican 37%, Roman Catholic 14%, African Methodist Episcopal (Zion) 10%, Methodist 6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, other 28%
_#_Language: English
_#_Literacy: 98% (male 98%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970)
_#_Labor force: 32,000; clerical 25%, services 22%, laborers 21%, professional and technical 13%, administrative and managerial 10%, sales 7%, agriculture and fishing 2% (1984)
_#_Organized labor: 8,573 members (1985); largest union is Bermuda Industrial Union
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: dependent territory of the UK
_#_Capital: Hamilton
_#_Administrative divisions: 9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget, Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint George's, Sandys, Smiths, Southampton, Warwick
_#_Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
_#_Constitution: 8 June 1968
_#_Legal system: English law
_#_National holiday: Bermuda Day, 22 May
_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor, deputy governor, premier, deputy premier, Executive Council (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Assembly
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Sir Desmond LANGLEY (since NA October 1988);
Head of Government--Premier John William David SWAN (since NA January 1982)
_#_Political parties and leaders: United Bermuda Party (UBP), John W. D. SWAN; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Frederick WADE; National Liberal Party (NLP), Gilbert DARRELL
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 21
_#_Elections:
House of Assembly--last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(40 total) UBP 23, PLP 15, NLP 1, other 1
_#_Communists: negligible
_#_Other political or pressure groups: Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), headed by Ottiwell SIMMONS
_#_Member of: CARICOM (observer), ICFTU, IOC
_#_Diplomatic representation: as a dependent territory of the UK, Bermuda's interests in the US are represented by the UK;
US--Consul General L. Ebersole GAINES; Consulate General at Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire, Hamilton (mailing address is P. O. Box HM325, Hamilton HMBX, or FPO New York 09560-5300); telephone (809) 295-1342
_#_Flag: red with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (white and blue shield with a red lion holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag
_*_Economy _#_Overview: Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, having successfully exploited its location by providing luxury tourist facilities and financial services. The tourist industry attracts more than 90% of its business from North America. The industrial sector is small, and agriculture is severely limited by a lack of suitable land. About 80% of food needs are imported.
_#_GDP: $1.3 billion, per capita $22,400; real growth rate 2.0% (1989 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.8% (June 1989)
_#_Unemployment: 2.0% (1988)
_#_Budget: revenues $307 million; expenditures $275 million, including capital expenditures of $31 million (FY90 est.)
_#_Exports: $30 million (f.o.b., FY88);
commodities--semitropical produce, light manufactures;
partners--US 25%, Italy 25%, UK 14%, Canada 5%, other 31%
_#_Imports: $420 million (c.i.f., FY88);
commodities--fuel, foodstuffs, machinery;
partners--US 58%, Netherlands Antilles 9%, UK 8%, Canada 6%, Japan 5%, other 14%
_#_External debt: NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 154,000 kW capacity; 504 million kWh produced, 8,640 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: tourism, finance, structural concrete products, paints, pharmaceuticals, ship repairing
_#_Agriculture: accounts for less than 1% of GDP; most basic foods must be imported; produces bananas, vegetables, citrus fruits, flowers, dairy products
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $34 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $267 million
_#_Currency: Bermudian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1--1.0000 (fixed rate)
_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
_*_Communications _#_Highways: 210 km public roads, all paved (about 400 km of private roads)
_#_Ports: Freeport, Hamilton, Saint George
_#_Merchant marine: 84 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,826,756 GRT/6,932,981 DWT; includes 3 short-sea passenger, 8 cargo, 7 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 8 roll-on/roll-off, 26 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 11 liquefied gas, 17 bulk; note--a flag of convenience registry
_#_Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
_#_Telecommunications: modern with fully automatic telephone system; 52,670 telephones; stations--5 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; 3 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Bermuda Regiment, Bermuda Police Force, Reserve Constabulary
_#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK _%_ _@_Bhutan _*_Geography _#_Total area: 47,000 km2; land area: 47,000 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly more than half the size of Indiana
_#_Land boundaries: 1,075 km total; China 470 km, India 605 km
_#_Coastline: none--landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked
_#_Climate: varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas
_#_Terrain: mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna
_#_Natural resources: timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide, tourism potential
_#_Land use: arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and woodland 70%; other 23%
_#_Environment: violent storms coming down from the Himalayas were the source of the country name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon
_#_Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes
_*_People _#_Population: 1,598,216 (July 1991), growth rate 2.0% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 17 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 135 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 48 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 4.9 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Bhutanese (sing., pl.); adjective--Bhutanese
_#_Ethnic divisions: Bhote 60%, ethnic Nepalese 25%, indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
_#_Religion: Lamaistic Buddhism 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25%
_#_Language: Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects--most widely spoken dialect is Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects
_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
_#_Labor force: NA; agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2%; massive lack of skilled labor
_#_Organized labor: not permitted
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Kingdom of Bhutan
_#_Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship with India
_#_Capital: Thimphu
_#_Administrative divisions: 18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang
_#_Independence: 8 August 1949 (from India)
_#_Constitution: no written constitution or bill of rights
_#_Legal system: based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: National Day (Ugyen Wangchuck became first hereditary king), 17 December (1907)
_#_Executive branch: monarch, chairman of the Royal Advisory Council, Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Tshogdu)
_#_Judicial branch: High Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government--King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972)
_#_Political parties: no legal parties
_#_Suffrage: each family has one vote in village-level elections
_#_Elections: no national elections
_#_Communists: no overt Communist presence
_#_Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy, Indian merchant community; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign
_#_Member of: AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, IOC, ITU, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO
_#_Diplomatic representation: no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassies in New Delhi (India); the Bhutanese mission to the UN in New York has consular jurisdiction in the US
_#_Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is orange and the lower triangle is red; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side
_*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy, one of the world's least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for 90% of the population and account for about 50% of GDP. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with that of India through strong trade and monetary links. Low wages in industry lead most Bhutanese to stay in agriculture. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are its most important natural resources.
_#_GDP: $273 million, per capita $199 (1988) real growth rate 4% (1989 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% (1990 est.)
_#_Unemployment: NA
_#_Budget: revenues $99 million; expenditures $128 million, including capital expenditures of $65 million (FY89 est.)
_#_Exports: $70.9 million (f.o.b., FY89);
commodities--cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit;
partners--India 93%
_#_Imports: $138.3 million (c.i.f., FY89 est.);
commodities--fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics;
partners--India 67%
_#_External debt: $70.1 million (FY89 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 12.4% (1988 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 353,000 kW capacity; 2,000 million kWh produced, 1,280 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP; based on subsistence farming and animal husbandry; self-sufficient in food except for foodgrains; other production--rice, corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy, and eggs
_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $86.0 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $11 million
_#_Currency: ngultrum (plural--ngultrum); 1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note--Indian currency is also legal tender
_#_Exchange rates: ngultrum (Nu) per US$1--18.329 (January 1991), 17.504 (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988), 12.962 (1987), 12.611 (1986), 12.369 (1985); note--the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee
_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
_*_Communications _#_Highways: 1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced, 515 km improved, 371 km unimproved earth
_#_Civil air: 1 jet, 2 prop
_#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: inadequate; 1,990 telephones (1988); 22,000 radios (1990 est.); 85 TVs (1985); stations--1 AM, 1 FM, no TV (1990)
_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Royal Bhutan Army, Palace Guard, Militia
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 398,263; 213,083 fit for military service; 17,321 reach military age (18) annually
_#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Bolivia _*_Geography _#_Total area: 1,098,580 km2; land area: 1,084,390 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Montana
_#_Land boundaries: 6,743 km total; Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km
_#_Coastline: none--landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked
_#_Disputes: has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water rights
_#_Climate: varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
_#_Terrain: high plateau, hills, lowland plains
_#_Natural resources: tin, natural gas, crude oil, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron ore, lead, gold, timber
_#_Land use: arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and woodland 52%; other 20%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: cold, thin air of high plateau is obstacle to efficient fuel combustion; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
_#_Note: landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Peru
_*_People _#_Population: 7,156,591 (July 1991), growth rate 2.4% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 83 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 59 years male, 64 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 4.6 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Bolivian(s); adjective Bolivian
_#_Ethnic divisions: Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mixed 25-30%, European 5-15%
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 95%; active Protestant minority, especially Evangelical Methodist
_#_Language: Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official)
_#_Literacy: 78% (male 85%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 1,700,000; agriculture 50%, services and utilities 26%, manufacturing 10%, mining 4%, other 10% (1983)
_#_Organized labor: 150,000-200,000, concentrated in mining, industry, construction, and transportation; mostly organized under Bolivian Workers' Central (COB) labor federation
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Bolivia
_#_Type: republic
_#_Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)
_#_Administrative divisions: 9 departments (departamentos, singular--departamento); Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, El Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija
_#_Independence: 6 August 1825 (from Spain)
_#_Constitution: 2 February 1967
_#_Legal system: based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 6 August (1825)
_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Jaime PAZ Zamora (since 6 August 1989); Vice President Luis OSSIO Sanjines (since 6 August 1989)
_#_Political parties and leaders: Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime PAZ Zamora; Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN), Hugo BANZER Suarez; Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Gonzalo SANCHEZ de Lozada; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jorge AGREDO; Free Bolivia Movement (MBL), led by Antonio ARANIBAR; United Left (IU), a coalition of leftist parties which includes Patriotic National Convergency Axis (EJE-P) led by Walter DELGADILLO, and Bolivian Communist Party (PCB) led by Humberto RAMIREZ; Conscience of the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE Aviles; Revolutionary Vanguard-9th of April (VR-9), Carlos SERRATE Reich; Civic Union Solidarity (UCS), Max FERNANDEZ
_#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 (married) or 21 (single)
_#_Elections:
President--last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results--Gonzalo SANCHEZ de Lozada (MNR) 23%, Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%, Jaime PAZ Zamora (MIR) 19%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote; Jaime PAZ Zamora (MIR) formed a coalition with Hugo BANZER (ADN); with ADN support PAZ Zamora won the congressional runoff election on 4 August and was inaugurated on 6 August 1989;
Senate--last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results--percent of vote NA; seats (27 total) MNR 9, ADN 7, MIR 8, CONDEPA 2, PDC 1;
Chamber of Deputies--last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats (130 total) MNR 40, ADN 35, MIR 33, IU 10, CONDEPA 9, PDC 3
_#_Member of: AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jorge CRESPO; Chancery at 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4410 through 4412; there are Bolivian Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco;
US--Ambassador Robert S. GELBARD; Embassy at Banco Popular del Peru Building, corner of Calles Mercado y Colon, La Paz (mailing address is P. O. Box 425, La Paz, or APO Miami 34032); telephone [591] (2) 350251 or 350120
_#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band
_*_Economy _#_Overview: The Bolivian economy steadily deteriorated between 1980 and 1985 as La Paz financed growing budget deficits by expanding the money supply and inflation spiraled--peaking at 11,700%. An austere orthodox economic program adopted by newly elected President Paz Estenssoro in 1985, however, succeeded in reducing inflation to between 10% and 20% annually since 1987, eventually restarting economic growth. President Paz Zamora has retained the economic policies of the previous government, keeping inflation down and continuing the moderate growth begun under his predecessor. Nevertheless, Bolivia continues to be one of the poorest countries in Latin America, and it remains vulnerable to price fluctuations for its limited exports--agricultural products, minerals, and natural gas. Moreover, for many farmers, who constitute half of the country's work force, the main cash crop is coca, which is sold for cocaine processing.
_#_GDP: $4.85 billion, per capita $690; real growth rate 2.7% (1990)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 18% (1990)
_#_Unemployment rate: 21.5% (1990 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $2.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $850 million (1990 est.)
_#_Exports: $927 million (f.o.b., 1990);
commodities--metals 45%, natural gas 30%, other 25% (coffee, soybeans, sugar, cotton, timber);
partners--US 15%, Argentina
_#_Imports: $716 million (c.i.f., 1990);
commodities--food, petroleum, consumer goods, capital goods;
partners--US 22%
_#_External debt: $3.7 billion (December 1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1990); accounts for almost 30% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 833,000 kW capacity; 1,763 million kWh produced, 260 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverage, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing; illicit drug industry reportedly produces significant revenues
_#_Agriculture: accounts for about 20% of GDP (including forestry and fisheries); principal commodities--coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, timber; self-sufficient in food
_#_Illicit drugs: world's second-largest producer of coca (after Peru) with an estimated 51,900 hectares under cultivation; government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit; intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and Brazil to the US and other international drug markets
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $990 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.7 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $340 million
_#_Currency: boliviano (plural--bolivianos); 1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos
_#_Exchange rates: bolivianos ($B) per US$1--3.3732 (December 1990), 3.1727 (1990), 2.6917 (1989), 2.3502 (1988), 2.0549 (1987), 1.9220 (1986), 0.4400 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 3,675 km total; 3,643 km 1.000-meter gauge and 32 km 0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track
_#_Highways: 38,836 km total; 1,300 km paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and unimproved earth
_#_Inland waterways: 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways
_#_Pipelines: crude oil 1,800 km; refined products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km
_#_Ports: none; maritime outlets are Arica and Antofagasta in Chile and Matarani in Peru
_#_Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,051 GRT/22,155 DWT
_#_Civil air: 56 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 807 total, 659 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 120 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: radio relay system being expanded; improved international services; 144,300 telephones; stations--129 AM, no FM, 43 TV, 68 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Bolivian Army, Bolivian Navy (including Marines), Bolivian Air Force, National Police Force
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,679,352; 1,091,368 fit for military service; 72,979 reach military age (19) annually
_#_Defense expenditures: $162 million, 4% of GNP (1988 est.) _%_ _@_Botswana _*_Geography _#_Total area: 600,370 km2; land area: 585,370 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas
_#_Land boundaries: 4,013 km total; Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km
_#_Coastline: none--landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked
_#_Disputes: short section of the boundary with Namibia is indefinite; quadripoint with Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement
_#_Climate: semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
_#_Terrain: predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest
_#_Natural resources: diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver, natural gas
_#_Land use: arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 75%; forest and woodland 2%; other 21%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: rains in early 1988 broke six years of drought that had severely affected the important cattle industry; overgrazing; desertification
_#_Note: landlocked
_*_People _#_Population: 1,258,392 (July 1991), growth rate 2.7% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 36 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 43 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 59 years male, 65 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 4.6 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun and adjective--Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
_#_Ethnic divisions: Batswana 95%; Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi about 4%; white about 1%
_#_Religion: indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50%
_#_Language: English (official), Setswana
_#_Literacy: 23% (male 32%, female 16%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 400,000; 182,200 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence agriculture (1988 est.); 19,000 are employed in various mines in South Africa (1988)
_#_Organized labor: 19 trade unions
_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Botswana
_#_Type: parliamentary republic
_#_Capital: Gaborone
_#_Administrative divisions: 10 districts; Central, Chobe, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, Southern; note--in addition, there may now be 4 town councils named Francistown, Gaborone, Lobaste, Selebi-Pikwe
_#_Independence: 30 September 1966 (from UK; formerly Bechuanaland)
_#_Constitution: March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
_#_Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Botswana Day, 30 September (1966)
_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or House of Chiefs and a lower house or National Assembly
_#_Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Quett K. J. MASIRE (since 13 July 1980); Vice President Peter S. MMUSI (since 3 January 1983)
_#_Political parties and leaders: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Quett MASIRE; Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth KOMA; Botswana People's Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE; Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHO
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 21
_#_Elections:
President--last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results--President Quett K. J. MASIRE was reelected by the National Assembly;