Part 59

commodities--foodstuffs and beverages 21%, metal and metal products 16%, machinery 14%, textiles, petroleum (1989);

partners--EC 42%, USSR and Eastern Europe 13%, other Europe 13%, US/Canada 8%, Arab countries 6% (1989)

_#_External debt: $5.2 billion in hard currency (1990 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 17% (1990 est.); accounts for 19% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 2,867,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced, 500 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, petroleum

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all major crops (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown mainly on rainfed land causing wide swings in production; animal products--beef, lamb, eggs, poultry, milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western (non-US) ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.3 billion

_#_Currency: Syrian pound (plural--pounds); 1 Syrian pound (5S) = 100 piasters

_#_Exchange rates: Syrian pounds (5S) per US$1--11.2250 (fixed rate since 1987), 3.9250 (fixed rate 1976-87)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 2,241 km total; 1,930 km standard gauge, 311 km 1.050-meter narrow gauge; note--the Tartus-Latakia line is nearly complete

_#_Highways: 27,000 km total; 21,000 km paved, 3,000 km gravel or crushed stone, 3,000 km improved earth

_#_Inland waterways: 672 km; of little economic importance

_#_Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 515 km refined products

_#_Ports: Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas

_#_Merchant marine: 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 61,951 GRT/86,552 DWT; includes 18 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 bulk

_#_Civil air: 35 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 99 total, 96 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: fair system currently undergoing significant improvement; 512,600 telephones; stations--9 AM, 1 FM, 40 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station, with 1 Intersputnik station under construction; 1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, and Lebanon (inactive)

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air Defense Forces, Police and Security Force

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,825,214; 1,584,887 fit for military service; 149,105 reach military age (19) annually

_#_Defense expenditures: $1.6 billion, 10.9% of GDP (1988 est.) _%_ _@_Tanzania _*_Geography _#_Total area: 945,090 km2; land area: 886,040 km2; includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of California

_#_Land boundaries: 3,402 km total; Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km

_#_Coastline: 1,424 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled

_#_Climate: varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

_#_Terrain: plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south

_#_Natural resources: hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel

_#_Land use: arable land 5%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and woodland 47%; other 7%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa

_*_People _#_Population: 26,869,175 (July 1991), growth rate 3.4% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 50 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 105 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 55 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Tanzanian(s); adjective--Tanzanian

_#_Ethnic divisions: mainland--native African consisting of well over 100 tribes 99%; Asian, European, and Arab 1%

_#_Religion:

mainland--Christian 33%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 33%;

Zanzibar--almost all Muslim

_#_Language: Swahili and English (official); English primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education; Swahili widely understood and generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of most people is one of the local languages; primary education is generally in Swahili

_#_Literacy: 46% (male 62%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978)

_#_Labor force: 732,200 wage earners; 90% agriculture, 10% industry and commerce (1986 est.)

_#_Organized labor: 15% of labor force

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: United Republic of Tanzania

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Dar es Salaam; some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital in the 1990s

_#_Administrative divisions: 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi

_#_Independence: Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964

_#_Constitution: 15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own Constitution but remains subject to provisions of the union Constitution)

_#_Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Union Day, 26 April (1964)

_#_Executive branch: president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vice president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)

_#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice President John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR (since 9 November 1990);

Head of Government--Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990)

_#_Political parties and leaders: only party--Chama Cha MAPINDUZI (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan MWINYI, party chairman

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President--last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results--Ali Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition;

National Assembly--last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results--CCM is the only party; seats--(241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168

_#_Communists: no Communist party; a few Communist sympathizers

_#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate Charles Musama NYIRABU; Chancery at 2139 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6125;

US--Ambassador Edmund DE JARNETTE; Embassy at 36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam (mailing address is P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam); telephone [255] (51) 37501 through 37504

_#_Flag: divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 47% of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have increased the availability of imports and provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure.

_#_GDP: $5.92 billion, per capita $240; real growth rate 4.3% (FY89 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 31.2 (1989)

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capital expenditures of $118 million (FY90)

_#_Exports: $380 million (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities--coffee, cotton, sisal, tea, cashew nuts, meat, tobacco, diamonds, coconut products, pyrethrum, cloves (Zanzibar);

partners--FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US

_#_Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989);

commodities--manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs;

partners--FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark

_#_External debt: $5.8 billion (December 1990 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.2% (1988); accounts for 8% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 401,000 kW capacity; 895 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood products, fertilizer

_#_Agriculture: accounts for over 40% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limit cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops--coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, cloves (Zanzibar); food crops--corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, and vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food grain production

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $9.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614 million

_#_Currency: Tanzanian shilling (plural--shillings); 1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1--196.60 (January 1991), 195.06 (1990), 143.377 (1989), 99.292 (1988), 64.260 (1987), 32.698 (1986), 17.472 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, 6.4 km double track, 962 km Tazara Railroad 1.067-meter gauge; 115 km 1.000-meter gauge planned by end of decade

_#_Highways: total 81,900 km, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder improved and unimproved earth

_#_Pipelines: 982 km crude oil

_#_Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa

_#_Ports: Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on Lake Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports

_#_Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,784 GRT/25,860 DWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 3 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker

_#_Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 105 total, 93 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 44 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: fair system of open wire, radio relay, and troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; stations--12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and Air Force); paramilitary Police Field Force Unit; Militia

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,545,022; 3,200,744 fit for military service

_#_Defense expenditures: $111 million, 3.9% of GDP (1988) _%_ _@_Thailand _*_Geography _#_Total area: 514,000 km2; land area: 511,770 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming

_#_Land boundaries: 4,863 km total; Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 km

_#_Coastline: 3,219 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with Vietnam

_#_Climate: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid

_#_Terrain: central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere

_#_Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite

_#_Land use: arable land 34%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and woodland 30%; other 31%; includes irrigated 7%

_#_Environment: air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area

_#_Note: controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore

_*_People _#_Population: 56,814,069 (July 1991), growth rate 1.4% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 20 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 37 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 71 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Thai (sing. and pl.); adjective--Thai

_#_Ethnic divisions: Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%

_#_Religion: Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.5% (1991)

_#_Language: Thai; English is the secondary language of the elite; ethnic and regional dialects

_#_Literacy: 93% (male 96%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 30,870,000; agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including government) 14% (1989 est.)

_#_Organized labor: 309,000 union members (1989)

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Kingdom of Thailand; under martial law since military takeover 23 February 1991

_#_Type: constitutional monarchy; under martial law since military coup of 23 February 1991

_#_Capital: Bangkok

_#_Administrative divisions: 73 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon

_#_Independence: 1238 (traditional founding date); never colonized

_#_Constitution: 22 December 1978; interim constitution promulgated by National Peace-Keeping Council on 1 March 1991

_#_Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991 military coup

_#_National holiday: Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927)

_#_Executive branch: monarch, interim prime minister, three interim deputy prime ministers, interim Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council; following the military coup of 23 February 1991 a National Peace-Keeping Council was set up

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house or Senate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn); following the military coup of 23 February 1991 the National Assembly was dissolved and a new interim National Legislative Assembly has been formed until elections are held in April 1992

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Sarndika)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--King PHUMIPHON ADUNLAYADET (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown Prince WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952);

Head of Government--Interim Prime Minister ANAN Panyarachun (since 4 March 1991); Interim Deputy Prime Minister SANO Unakun (since 6 March 1991); Interim Deputy Prime Minister Police Gen. PHAO Sarasin (since 6 March 1991); Interim Deputy Prime Minister MICHAI Ruchupan (since 6 March 1991);

National Peace-Keeping Council (ruling junta)--Chairman Gen. SUNTHON Khongsomphong; Vice Chairman Gen. SUCHINDA Khraprayun; Vice Chairman Adm. PRAPHAT Kritsanachan; Vice Chairman Air Chief Mar. KASET Rotchananin; Vice Chairman Police Gen. SAWAT Amonwiwat

_#_Political parties and leaders: under martial law political

## parties are prohibited from meeting; leaders of several parties have

resigned and other parties are fragmenting; it is unclear which of the following parties functioning at the time of the military coup will still be in existence by the time new elections are held;

Thai Nation Party (TNP); Solidarity Party; Thai Citizens Party (TCP); People's Party (Ratsadon); Thai People's Party; Social Action Party (SAP); Democrat Party (DP); Mass Party; Force of Truth Party (Phalang Dharma); People's Party (Prachachon); New Aspiration Party; United Democracy Party; Liberal Party; Social Democratic Force

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 21

_#_Elections:

House of Representatives--last held 24 July 1988 (next to be held by April 1992 for a new National Legislative Assembly according to the National Peace-Keeping Council); results--TNP 27%, SAP 15%, DP 13%, TCP 9%, other 36%; seats--(357 total) TNP 96, Solidarity 62, SAP 53, DP 48, TCP 31, People's Party (Ratsadon) 21, Thai People's Party (Prachachon) 17, Force of Truth Party (Phalang Dharma) 15, United Democracy Party 5, Mass Party 5, Liberal 3, Social Democratic Force 1; note--the House of Representatives was dissolved 23 February 1991; the new interim National Legislative Assembly has 292 seats with 148 of the seats held by active and retired military officers

_#_Communists: illegal Communist party has 500 to 1,000 members; armed Communist insurgents throughout Thailand total 300 to 500 (est.)

_#_Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi; Embassy at 2300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7200; there are Thai Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York;

US--Ambassador Daniel A. O'DONAHUE; Embassy at 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96346); telephone [66] (2) 252-504019; there is a US Consulate General in Chiang Mai and Consulates in Songkhla and Udorn

_#_Flag: five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, enjoyed a year of 9% growth in 1990, although down from the double-digit rates of 1987-89. The increasingly sophisticated manufacturing sector benefited from export-oriented investment, but the agricultural sector contracted 2%, primarily because of weaker demand in Thailand's major overseas markets for commodities such as rice. The trade deficit almost doubled in 1990, to $9 billion, but earnings from tourism ($4.7 billion), remittances, and net capital inflows helped keep the balance of payments in surplus. The government has followed fairly sound fiscal and monetary policies, aided by increased tax receipts from the fast-moving economy. In 1990 the government approved new projects--especially for telecommunications and roads--needed to refurbish the country's now overtaxed infrastructure. Although growth in 1991 will slow further, Thailand's economic outlook remains good, assuming the continuation of prudent government policies in the wake of the 23 February 1991 military coup.

_#_GNP: $79 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate 10% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1990 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: 4.9% (1990 est.)

_#_Budget: revenues $15.2 billion; expenditures $15.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $4.1 billion (FY91)

_#_Exports: $23.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities--light manufactures 66%, fishery products 12%, rice 8%, tapioca 8%, manufactured gas, corn, tin;

partners--US 22%, Japan 17%, Singapore 7%, Netherlands, FRG, Hong Kong, UK, Malaysia, China (1989)

_#_Imports: $32.0 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.);

commodities--machinery and parts 23%, petroleum products 13%, chemicals 11%, iron and steel, electrical appliances;

partners--Japan 30%, US 11%, Singapore 8%, FRG 5%, Taiwan, South Korea, China, Malaysia, UK (1989)

_#_External debt: $26.9 billion (end 1990 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 14% (1990 est.); accounts for almost 27% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 7,270,000 kW capacity; 29,000 million kWh produced, 530 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, other light manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 62% of labor force; leading producer and exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops--rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 2.8 million tons (1989)

_#_Illicit drugs: a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been affected by eradication efforts

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $8.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million

_#_Currency: baht (plural--baht); 1 baht (B) = 100 satang

_#_Exchange rates: baht (B) per US$1--25.224 (January 1991), 25.585 (1990), 25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988), 25.723 (1987), 26.299 (1986), 27.159 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track

_#_Highways: 44,534 km total; 28,016 km paved, 5,132 km earth surface, 11,386 km under development

_#_Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft

_#_Pipelines: natural gas, 350 km; refined products, 67 km

_#_Ports: Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha

_#_Merchant marine: 136 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 521,565 GRT/791,570 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 79 cargo, 9 container, 29 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 1 chemical tanker, 3 bulk, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 combination bulk

_#_Civil air: 41 (plus 2 leased) major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 127 total, 103 usable; 56 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 28 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government activities provided by multichannel cable and radio relay network; 739,500 telephones (1987); stations--over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV in government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; domestic satellite system being developed

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 16,028,159; 9,778,003 fit for military service; 604,483 reach military age (18) annually

_#_Defense expenditures: $2.4 billion, 3% of GNP (1990 est.) _%_ _@_Togo _*_Geography _#_Total area: 56,790 km2; land area: 54,390 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia

_#_Land boundaries: 1,647 km total; Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km

_#_Coastline: 56 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 30 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

_#_Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes

_#_Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble

_#_Land use: arable land 25%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 28%; other 42%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation

_*_People _#_Population: 3,810,616 (July 1991), growth rate 3.6% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 49 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 58 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 7.1 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Togolese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Togolese

_#_Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye; under 1% European and Syrian-Lebanese

_#_Religion: indigenous beliefs about 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%

_#_Language: French, both official and language of commerce; major African languages are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the north

_#_Literacy: 43% (male 56%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: NA; agriculture 78%, industry 22%; about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)

_#_Organized labor: one national union, the National Federation of Togolese Workers

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Togo

_#_Type: republic; one-party presidential regime

_#_Capital: Lome

_#_Administrative divisions: 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular--circonscription); Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari), Dapaong (Tone), Kante (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Kpagouda (Binah), Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse (Haho), Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Tchaoudjo, Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo); note--the 21 units may now be called prefectures (prefectures, singular--prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are included in parentheses

_#_Independence: 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration, formerly French Togo)

_#_Constitution: 30 December 1979, effective 13 January 1980

_#_Legal system: French-based court system

_#_National holiday: Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 13 January (1967)

_#_Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)

_#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967);

Head of Government--interim Prime Minister Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991; more than 10 parties formed as of mid-May, though none yet legally registered; a national conference to determine transition regime took place 10-20 June 1991

_#_Suffrage: universal adult at age NA

_#_Elections:

President--last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held December 1993); results--Gen. EYADEMA was reelected without opposition;

National Assembly--last held 4 March 1990 (next to be held 14 June 1992); results--RPT was the only party; seats--(77 total) RPT 77

_#_Communists: no Communist party