Part 51

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989);

Head of Government--Prime Minister Teodor STOLOJAN (since 2 October 1991)

_#_Political parties and leaders: National Salvation Front (FSN), Ion STOICA; Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS; National Liberal Party (PNL), Radu CAMPEANU; National Peasants' Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Ecology Movement (MER), leader NA; Romanian National Unity Party (AUR), Radu CEONTEA; there are now more than 100 other parties; note--although the Communist Party has ceased to exist, a small proto-Communist party, the Socialist Labor Party, has been formed

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President--last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results--Ion ILIESCU 85%, Radu CAMPEANU 10.5%, Ion RATIU 3.8%;

Senate--last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results--FSN 67%, other 33%; seats--(118 total) FSN 92, UDMR 12, PNL 9, AUR 2, PNTCD 1, MER 1, other 1;

House of Deputies--last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results--FSN 66%, UDMR 7%, PNL 6%, MER 2%, PNTCD 2%, AUR 2%, other 15%; seats--(387 total) FSN 263, UDMR 29, PNL 29, PNTCD 12, MER 12, AUR 9, other 33

_#_Communists: 3,400,000 (November 1984); Communist Party has ceased to exist

_#_Member of: BIS, CCC, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Virgil CONSTANTINESCU; Chancery at 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-4747;

US--Ambassador Alan GREEN, Jr.; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest (mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone [40] (0) 10-40-40

_#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band, has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Industry, which accounts for one-third of the labor force and generates over half the GNP, suffers from an aging capital plant and persistent shortages of energy. The year 1990 witnessed about a 20% drop in industrial production because of energy and input shortages and labor unrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend with drought, mismanagement, and shortages of inputs. A drought in 1990 contributed to a lackluster harvest, a problem compounded by corruption and a poor distribution system. The new government is slowly loosening the tight central controls of Ceausescu's command economy. It has instituted moderate land reforms, with close to one-half of cropland now in private hands, and it has allowed changes in prices for private agricultural output. Also, the new regime is permitting the establishment of private enterprises, largely in services, handicrafts, and small-scale industry. New laws providing for the privatization of large state firms have been passed. However, most of the early privatization will involve converting state firms into joint-stock companies. The selling of shares to the public has not yet been worked out. Furthermore, the government has halted the old policy of diverting food from domestic consumption to hard currency export markets. So far, the government does not seem willing to adopt a thoroughgoing market system, that is, there is great caution in decontrolling prices because of public opposition. The government has sharply raised price ceilings instead of lifting them entirely.

_#_GNP: $69.9 billion, per capita $3,000; real growth rate - 10.8% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1990 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues $28.4 billion; expenditures $28.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $12.3 billion (1989)

_#_Exports: $9.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities--machinery and equipment 34.7%, fuels, minerals and metals 24.7%, manufactured consumer goods 16.9%, agricultural materials and forestry products 11.9%, other 11.6% (1986);

partners--USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987)

_#_Imports: $10.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities--fuels, minerals, and metals 51.0%, machinery and equipment 26.7%, agricultural and forestry products 11.0%, manufactured consumer goods 4.2% (1986);

partners--Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987)

_#_External debt: $400 million (mid-1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 20% (1990 est.)

_#_Electricity: 22,700,000 kW capacity; 64,200 million kWh produced, 2,760 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and corn producer; other products--sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk, eggs, meat, grapes

_#_Economic aid: donor--$4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1956-89)

_#_Currency: leu (plural--lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani

_#_Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1--60.00 (June 1991), 22.432 (1990), 14.922 (1989), 14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987), 16.153 (1986), 17.141 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track; government owned (1987)

_#_Highways: 72,799 km total; 15,762 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 20,208 km asphalt treated; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other paved surfaces; 9,100 km unpaved roads (1985)

_#_Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984)

_#_Pipelines: 2,800 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined products; 6,400 km natural gas

_#_Ports: Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Orsova

_#_Merchant marine: 294 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,767,465 GRT/5,893,700 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 191 cargo, 2 container, 1 rail-car carrier, 11 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 livestock carrier, 15 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 69 bulk, 2 combination ore/oil

_#_Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 165 total, 165 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone network is automatic; present phone density is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service (February 1990); stations--39 AM, 29 FM, 39 TV (1990)

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: French--Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,801,986; 4,912,789 fit for military service; 192,996 reach military age (20) annually

_#_Defense expenditures: 15 billion lei (unofficial), NA% of GDP (1991); note--conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results _%_ _@_Rwanda _*_Geography _#_Total area: 26,340 km2; land area: 24,950 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland

_#_Land boundaries: 893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km

_#_Coastline: none--landlocked

_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked

_#_Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

_#_Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west

_#_Natural resources: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropower

_#_Land use: arable land 29%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and woodland 10%; other 32%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts

_#_Note: landlocked

_*_People _#_Population: 7,902,644 (July 1991), growth rate 3.8% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 52 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 51 years male, 54 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 8.4 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun and adjective--Rwandan(s)

_#_Ethnic divisions: Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other 25%

_#_Language: Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial centers

_#_Literacy: 50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 3,600,000; agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985)

_#_Organized labor: NA

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Rwanda

_#_Type: republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices; on 31 December 1990, the government announced a National Political Charter to serve as a basis for transition to a presidential/parliamentary political system; the charter will be voted upon in a national referendum to be held June 1991

_#_Capital: Kigali

_#_Administrative divisions: 10 prefectures (prefectures, singular--prefecture in French; plural--NA, singular--prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri

_#_Constitution: 17 December 1978

_#_Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)

_#_Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

_#_Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement)

_#_Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of State in joint session)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government--President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)

_#_Political parties and leaders: only party--National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND), Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA; note--the MRND is officially a development movement, not a party

_#_Suffrage: universal adult, exact age NA

_#_Elections:

President--last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results--President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected;

National Development Council--last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results--MRND is the only party; seats--(70 total); MRND 70

_#_Communists: no Communist party

_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 232-2882;

US--Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN; Embassy at Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali (mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali); telephone [250] 75601 through 75603 or 72126 through 72128

_#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing only 16% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid, with no relief in sight. Weak international prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October, has dampened any prospects for economic improvement.

_#_GDP: $2.2 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate - 2.2% (1989 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1989)

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues $391 million; expenditures $491 million, including capital expenditures of $225 million (1989 est.)

_#_Exports: $117 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);

commodities--coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum;

partners--FRG, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US

_#_Imports: $293 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);

commodities--textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material;

partners--US, Belgium, FRG, Kenya, Japan

_#_External debt: $689 million (December 1990 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 16% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 26,000 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes

_#_Agriculture: accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops--coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main food crops--bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up with a 3.8% annual growth in population

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58 million

_#_Currency: Rwandan franc (plural--francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes

_#_Exchange rates: Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1--120.00 (December 1990), 82.60 (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987), 87.64 (1986), 101.26 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Highways: 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700 km unimproved

_#_Inland waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft

_#_Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 8 total, 8 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali; 6,600 telephones; stations--2 AM, 5 FM, no TV; earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Gendarmerie

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,651,224; 842,480 fit for military service; no conscription

_#_Defense expenditures: $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.) _%_ _@_Saint Helena (dependent territory of the UK) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 410 km2; land area: 410 km2; includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island, and Tristan da Cunha

_#_Comparative area: slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 60 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds

_#_Terrain: rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains

_#_Natural resources: fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns; no minerals

_#_Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and woodland 3%; other 83%

_#_Environment: very few perennial streams

_#_Note: located 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way between South America and Africa; Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; the remains were taken to Paris in 1840

_*_People _#_Population: 6,695 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: NEGl migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 46 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 75 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Saint Helenian(s); adjective--Saint Helenian

_#_Ethnic divisions: NA

_#_Religion: Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic

_#_Language: English

_#_Literacy: 98% (male 97%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1987)

_#_Labor force: NA

_#_Organized labor: Saint Helena General Workers' Union, 472 members; crafts 17%, professional and technical 10%, service 10%, management and clerical 9%, farming and fishing 9%, transport 6%, sales 5%, and other 34%

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: dependent territory of the UK

_#_Capital: Jamestown

_#_Administrative divisions: 2 dependencies and 1 administrative area*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha

_#_Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)

_#_Constitution: 1 January 1967

_#_Legal system: NA

_#_National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June 1989

_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);

Head of Government--Governor and Commander in Chief Robert F. STIMSON (since 1987)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Saint Helena Labor Party, G. A. O. THORNTON; Saint Helena Progressive Party, leader unknown; note--both political parties inactive since 1976

_#_Suffrage: NA

_#_Elections:

Legislative Council--last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA

_#_Communists: probably none

_#_Member of: ICFTU

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)

_#_Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship

_*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The local population earns some income from fishing, the rearing of livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of the work force has left to seek employment overseas.

_#_GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.1% (1986)

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capital expenditures of NA (1984)

_#_Exports: $23.9 thousand (f.o.b., 1984);

commodities--fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts;

partners--South Africa, UK

_#_Imports: $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984);

commodities--food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts;

partners--UK, South Africa

_#_External debt: $NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: 9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fish

_#_Agriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha

_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $184 million

_#_Currency: Saint Helenian pound (plural--pounds); 1 Saint Helenian pound (5S) = 100 pence

_#_Exchange rates: Saint Helenian pounds (5S) per US$1--0.5171 (January 1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985); note--the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the British pound

_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

_*_Communications _#_Highways: 87 km bitumen-sealed roads, 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km bitumen-sealed on Ascension; 2.7 km bitumen-sealed on Tristan da Cunha

_#_Ports: Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension)

_#_Merchant marine: 1 passenger-cargo ship totaling 6,767 GRT/5,600 DWT

_#_Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m on Ascension

_#_Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550 telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then into worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

_*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK _%_ _@_Saint Kitts and Nevis _*_Geography _#_Total area: 269 km2; land area: 269 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 135 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 24 nm;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)

_#_Terrain: volcanic with mountainous interiors

_#_Natural resources: negligible

_#_Land use: arable land 22%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and woodland 17%; other 41%

_#_Environment: subject to hurricanes (July to October)

_#_Note: located 320 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico

_*_People _#_Population: 40,293 (July 1991), growth rate 0.4% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 39 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 71 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent

_#_Nationality: noun--Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective--Kittsian, Nevisian

_#_Religion: Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic

_#_Language: English

_#_Literacy: 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)

_#_Labor force: 20,000 (1981)

_#_Organized labor: 6,700

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis

_#_Type: constitutional monarchy

_#_Capital: Basseterre

_#_Administrative divisions: 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John Capisterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capisterre, Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point

_#_Independence: 19 September 1983 (from UK)

_#_Constitution: 19 September 1983

_#_Legal system: based on English common law

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 19 September (1983)

_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly

_#_Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously Governor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981);

Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983, previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); Deputy Prime Minister Michael Oliver POWELL (since NA)

_#_Political parties and leaders: People's Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Lee MOORE; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY

_#_Suffrage: universal adult at age NA

_#_Elections:

House of Assembly--last held 21 March 1989 (next to be held by 21 March 1994); seats--(14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2, NRP 2, CCM 1

_#_Communists: none known

_#_Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTERPOL, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge d'Affaires ad interim Erstein M. EDWARDS; Chancery at Suite 540, 2501 M Street NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 833-3550;

US--none

_#_Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red

_*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing of sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years, tourism and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles.

_#_GDP: $97.5 million, per capita $2,400; real growth rate 4.6% (1988)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1989)

_#_Unemployment rate: 15% (1989)

_#_Budget: revenues $38.1 million; expenditures $68.1 million, including capital expenditures of $31.5 million (1991)

_#_Exports: $32.8 million (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities--sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps;

partners--US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988)

_#_Imports: $89.6 million (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities--foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels;

partners--US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4% (1988)

_#_External debt: $26.4 million (1988)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 1,120 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear, beverages

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP; cash crop--sugarcane; subsistence crops--rice, yams, vegetables, bananas; fishing potential not fully exploited; most food imported

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $57 million

_#_Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 58 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcane

_#_Highways: 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved earth

_#_Ports: Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis)

_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link via Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 4 TV

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 38,090; NA fit for military service

_#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Saint Lucia _*_Geography _#_Total area: 620 km2; land area: 610 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 158 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 24 nm;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August

_#_Terrain: volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys

_#_Natural resources: forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential

_#_Land use: arable land 8%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and woodland 13%; other 54%; includes irrigated 2%

_#_Environment: subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity; deforestation; soil erosion

_#_Note: located 700 km southeast of Puerto Rico

_*_People _#_Population: 153,075 (July 1991), growth rate 2.2% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 31 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 3.5 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Saint Lucian(s); adjective--Saint Lucian

_#_Ethnic divisions: African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8%

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3%

_#_Language: English (official), French patois