Part 2
=ovate=, somewhat egg-shaped in outline, flat and scarcely twice as long as broad, broadest below the middle.
=ovoid=, applied to bodies of three dimensions, _e.g._, ovaries and seeds, which are egg-shaped.
=ovule=, the early condition of future seeds within the ovary.
=palate=, part of the lower lip which closes the mouth of a ringent corolla; _e.g._, in =Snap-Dragon=.
=paleaceous=, chaff-like.
=paleæ=, inner bracts or scales in =Compositæ= or =Gramineæ=, see also =valvules=.
=palmate=, applied to a simple leaf divided like a hand into several lobes.
=palmatifid=, more deeply divided than the former.
=palmatipartite= or =palmatisect=, palmately divided to the root of the main ribs.
=pandurate= or =panduriform=, fiddle-shaped.
=panicle=, when the axis of an inflorescence bears branches having two or more flowers, when the term is used alone it usually means a compound =raceme=, a =cymose= panicle has the branches in cymes, a =corymbose= panicle has them in corymbs and so on.
=pappus=, an appendage consisting of a ring of hairs or scales round the top of a fruit, _e.g._, some of the =Compositæ=.
=parasite=, a plant living on the sap of another plant.
=-partite=, deeply divided, see =pinnatipartite=, =palmatipartite=, =pedatipartite= and =multipartite=.
=patent=, open, spreading at right angles to the axis.
=pectinate=, finely divided like the teeth of a comb.
=pedate=, applied to a compound leaf when the divisions are at first ternate, but the outer branches are forked and the outer ones of each fork again forked.
=pedatifid=, applied to a simple leaf divided in a similar way to a pedate leaf.
=pedatipartite= or =pedatisect=, when the divisions are practically to the main nerve.
=pedicel=, the stalk of a flower in a compound inflorescence.
=peduncle=, the stalk of a solitary flower, or of an inflorescence.
=peltate=, applied to a leaf which is more or less orbicular and the petiole of which is inserted not at the lower margin but near the centre.
=perennial=, when the life of a plant lasts more than 2 years, although the upper portion may die down to the ground every year.
=perianth=, the only floral envelope in the =Apetalæ= and in =Monocotyledons=.
=pericarp=, the wall of the ovary when in fruit.
=perigynous=, when the corolla and stamens are borne on the calyx and free from the ovary.
=persistent=, which does not fall off.
=petal=, a leaf of the inner envelope of a flower, often brightly coloured, absent from certain plants.
=petaloid=, having the appearance of a petal.
=petiole=, the leaf-stalk.
=petiolule=, the stalk of a leaflet.
=phanerogam=, a flowering plant.
=pilose=, sprinkled thinly with long soft hairs.
=pinnate=, applied to a compound leaf, the leaflets of which are arranged, feather like, on either side of the rhachis; see =abruptly pinnate=, =imparipinnate=, =bipinnate=.
=pinnatifid=, when a simple leaf is divided into a series of lobes on either side of the midrib.
=pinna=, in bi- or tripinnate leaves each subdivision with the leaflets it comprises is called a =pinna=.
=pinnatipartite= or =pinnatisect=, the lobes more deeply divided than in a =pinnatifid= leaf and reaching almost to the midrib.
=pistil=, the innermost whorl of the flower consisting of one or more carpels, and includes ovary, style and stigma.
=pitted=, covered with small depressed spots.
=placenta=, is the part of the interior of the ovary to which the ovules are attached.
=placentation=, the method of attachment of the ovules, _viz._, =axile= when attached to the axis, but if this axis does not reach the top the placentation is =free central=, and =parietal= when attached to the inner wall of the ovary.
=plicate=, folded longitudinally like a closed fan.
=plumose=, like a tuft of long feathers, _e.g._, the leaves of a palm.
=plumule=, the leaf-bearing part of the embryo.
=pod=, a one-celled, two-valved seed vessel.
=pollen=, the fertilizing dust contained within the anther.
=pollinia= or =pollen-masses=, club-shaped collections of pollen in =Asclepiadaceæ= and =Orchidaceæ=.
=polyadelphous=, when the stamens are united into several bundles by junction of filaments.
=polyandrous=, with many stamens.
=polycarpous= or =polycarpellary=, with many carpels.
=polygamous=, bearing male, female and hermaphrodite flowers at the same time on the same plant, but if on distinct plants they are =polygamo- diœcious=.
=polypetalous= or =dialypetalous=, when the petals are free.
=polysepalous= or =dialysepalous=, when the sepals are free.
=præmorse=, as though the end were bitten off.
=prickle=, a sharp excrescence from the epidermis of a plant and not from the wood.
=procumbent=, of a plant which lies along the ground for the greater part of its length.
=prostrate=, when a plant lies down throughout its length.
=puberulent=, minutely downy.
=pubescent=, downy.
=quadrate=, square.
=raceme=, an inflorescence in which stalked flowers are inserted along a central axis.
=rachilla= and =rachis=, see =rhachilla= and =rhachis=.
=radical=, springing from the root.
=radicle=, the embryo root.
=ray florets=, the outer florets, in the capitulum of certain =Compositæ=.
=rays= of an umbel, the pedicels bearing the flowers or secondary umbels.
=receptacle=, the short, flat, convex or conical axis on which the flowers of a head are seated, as in =Compositæ=; also the extremity of the flower-stalk above the calyx (also called =torus=) on which the corolla, stamens and pistil are inserted.
=reclinate=, bent downwards.
=recurved=, bent back.
=reduplicate=, folded back.
=reflexed=, bent back abruptly.
=regular=, applied to a flower means that all parts of the floral whorls are equal among themselves.
=reniform=, kidney-shaped.
=reticulated=, net-like.
=retrorse=, turned backwards.
=retuse=, very blunt and slightly indented.
=revolute=, rolled back, in case of a leaf towards the underside.
=rhachilla=, a secondary axis in the flowers of =Sedges= and =Grasses=.
=rhachis=, the stalk of a compound leaf bearing the leaflets; also the portion of the axis of an inflorescence from the lowest ramification upwards.
=rhomboidal=, applied to leaves or leaflets means more or less 4-angled but not square.
=rostellate=, with a small beak.
=rostrate=, beaked.
=rosulate=, rosette-shaped.
=rotate=, wheel-shaped; of a corolla when the petals or lobes are spread out horizontally from the base.
=rufous=, foxy-red.
=rugose=, wrinkled.
=runcinate=, pinnatifid with the lobes pointing downwards.
=runner=, a prostrate branch, rooting at places.
=saccate=, bag-like.
=sagittate=, applied to a leaf the basal lobes or auricles point downwards like the barbs of an arrow.
=samara=, a winged fruit.
=sarcocarp=, the fleshy layer in certain fruits.
=scabrous= or =scabrid=, rough to the touch.
=scales=, leaves much reduced in size, but having neither colour nor functions of leaves; also circular disc-like hairs.
=scandent=, climbing.
=scape=, a naked peduncle springing apparently from the root.
=scarious=, thin and more or less translucent, not green.
=scorpioid= inflorescence, a cymose compound inflorescence, in which, by the abortion of one of the branches in each of the successive subsidiary cymes, always on the same side, the inflorescence becomes curled up somewhat like a scorpion’s tail; _e.g._, =Boraginaceæ=.
=-sect=, cut completely to the base, _e.g._, =pinnatisect= when the lobes of a simple leaf are cut down to the midrib.
=secund=, when all the leaves or flowers are turned to the same side of the stem.
=sepal=, one of the leaves forming the calyx.
=serrate=, sawlike, applied to the teeth on the margin of a leaf, the point of which is sharp and the sides unequal.
=serrulate=, finely serrate.
=sessile=, having no stalk.
=seta=, a bristle.
=setaceous= or =setose=, bristly.
=sheath=, the dilated petiole of a leaf when it encloses the stem for some distance above the node, _e.g._, =Grasses=, some =Umbelliferæ=, etc.
=shrub=, a woody plant over 3 ft. high, which naturally branches into several stems from near the ground; a plant with a single stem, but too small to be classed as a tree is known as an =arborescent shrub=.
=siliqua=, a linear pod divided into 2 cells by a thin membranous partition, from which the valves generally separate at maturity. When the pod is short and broad it is called a =silicule=. Both are characteristic of the =Cruciferæ=.
=simple=, applied to a leaf means that it is not subdivided into leaflets, and to an inflorescence when the main floral axis only bears single flowers and not subsidiary inflorescences.
=sinuate=, or =wavy= when the margins of a leaf have a wavy outline, like an oak-leaf.
=sinus=, the space between the teeth or lobes of a leaf.
=spadix=, a fleshy spike as in the =Araceæ=.
=spathe=, a sheath-like bract enclosing the flower of some Monocotyledons, _e.g._, in =Araceæ=.
=spathulate=, ladle-shaped, _i.e._, broad in the short upper part and contracted below.
=spike=, a simple inflorescence bearing sessile flowers along the axis.
=spikelet=, applied to the small clusters of flowers in =Sedges= and =Grasses= enclosed within one or more glumes.
=spine=, a woody persistent thorn.
=spur=, a conical hollow projection in the tube or lower part of a petal, _e.g._, in some =Scrophulariaceæ= and =Orchidaceæ=.
=squamæ=, see scales.
=squarrose=, applied to imbricated scales, bracts or leaves having pointed tips and which are also spreading or recurved.
=stamen=, the male organ of the flower.
=staminode=, imperfect and barren stamen.
=standard=, the large upper petal in =Papilionaceæ=.
=stellate=, applied to a corolla the petals or lobes of which spread out like the rays of a star; also to branched hairs radiating from a centre.
=sterile= or =barren=, applied to stamens without pollen and to flowers without a pistil.
=stigma=, the upper part of the pistil on which the pollen settles before fertilizing the ovules.
=stipe=, a term applied to a stalk on any part of the plant except leaves and flowers.
=stipellæ= or =stipels=, subsidiary stipules of leaflets.
=stipitate=, stalked.
=stipule=, leaf-like appendages, often in pairs and winged at the base of the petiole in certain plants; when taking the form of spines they are known as stipular thorns, _e.g._, =Acacia arabica=, etc.
=stolon=, a horizontal runner.
=striate=, marked with longitudinal lines or furrows.
=strigose=, applied to shortish hair lying close along the surface in one direction.
=strobilate=, closely overlapping as the scales in the cone of a fir.
=style=, the portion of the pistil which bears the stigma.
=subsessile=, almost sessile.
=subulate=, awl-shaped.
=succulent=, juicy, sappy.
=sulcate=, grooved, fluted, furrowed.
=superior ovary=, an ovary which is free, _i.e._, not adnate to the calyx or perianth.
=suture=, the line along which similar organs cohere, _e.g._, carpellary leaves.
=syncarpous=, applied to an ovary composed of several carpels cohering to one another.
=tendril=, a thread-like process, usually an abortive petiole or peduncle, having the faculty of grasping and twining round objects and thus enabling the plant to climb.
=terete=, with a circular cross section, _e.g._, a cylinder.
=ternate=, in threes, whether three leaves in a verticil or 3 lobes or 3 leaflets of a leaf, but the last two are more commonly called tri-lobed or tri-fid and tri-foliolate respectively.
=terrestrial=, growing in the earth in contradistinction to epiphytes and tree-parasites.
=tesselated=, marked with small squares, _e.g._, nuts of some =Sedges=.
=thorn=, usually an abortive branch petiole or peduncle with a sharp, pointed end.
=throat=, the upper part of a corolla tube.
=thyrsus=, a compound inflorescence in which cymes, usually opposite, are arranged in a narrow pyramidal panicle.
=tomentose=, covered with light-coloured, short, soft and somewhat felted hairs (=tomentum=).
=torulose=, cylindrical with small swellings and depressions.
=torus=, see =receptacle=.
=tree=, a plant capable of carrying a single stem, up to about 25 ft. at least.
=trigonous=, obtusely 3-angled.
=triquetrous=, more sharply 3-angled, almost 3-winged.
=truncate=, ending abruptly, as if cut off square.
=tuber=, a short underground stem containing farinaceous matter, _e.g._, potato.
=tubercled= or =tuberculate=, covered with roundish knobby projections.
=tumid=, inflated, swollen.
=turbinate=, top-shaped.
=umbel=, an inflorescence in which the flowers radiate from a common point on stalks of about the same lengths.
=umbellule=, a subsidiary umbel in a compound umbel.
=umbonate=, with a boss as on a shield.
=uncinate=, hooked.
=undershrub=, a woody plant less than 3 ft. in height.
=undulate=, applied to margins of leaves which without being cut out rise and fall like waves.
=unguiculate=, clawed, applied to a stalked petal.
=unisexual=, of one sex only, applied to flowers which have stamens and no pistil or _vice versa_.
=urceolate=, urn-shaped.
=utricle=, the pericarp of a nut when it is thin and loose.
=valvate=, applied to the æstivation of a corolla means that in bud the petals or lobes are arranged edge to edge without overlapping.
=valves=, these are (_a_) the segments into which a capsule splits on becoming ripe; (_b_) the bracts between the glumes and the =paleæ= (or =valvules=) in the flowers of =Grasses=.
=valvules= (or =paleæ=), 2-nerved, hyaline bracts situated between the valves (see above) and the =lodicules=.
=ventricose=, swelling or inflated.
=verrucose=, covered by wart-like lumps.
=versatile=, applied to anthers which are attached by one point on their backs to the tips of the filaments so as to swing loosely.
=verticil=, whorl.
=villous=, having long, soft hairs, shaggy.
=virgate=, twiggy.
=viscous= or =viscid=, giving out a sticky secretion.
=vittæ=, linear vesicles, filled with oil, in the pericarp of =Umbelliferæ=.
=wavy=, see =undulate=, also applied to =sinuate=.
=whorl= or =verticil=, 3 or more leaves or flowers arranged round a stem on the same level.
=wing=, (_a_) the prolongation of a fruit or seed into a membrane, (_b_) a thin membrane along the angle of a stem, (_c_) protuberances on the rhachilla of certain =Sedges=.
=woolly=, with long loose hairs like wool.
CONSPECTUS OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF PLANTS AS ARRANGED IN THIS FLORA
=GYMNOSPERMÆ= (p. 48). Ovules naked, not enclosed in an ovary, no calyx or corolla.
Plants palm-like with fusiform or globose stem; leaves pinnate; flowers in cones.
=Cycadaceæ= (p. 48).
Whip-like shrub or climber with more or less whorled branches; leaves scale-like, connate at the base, flowers spicate.
=Gnetaceæ= (p. 48).
=ANGIOSPERMÆ=. Ovules enclosed in an ovary; calyx or corolla usually present.
=Dicotyledones= (p. 49). Embryo with 2 seed-leaves (cotyledons). Leaves typically net-veined. Vascular bundles of stem usually in a ring. Flowers mostly with parts in 4’s or 5’s—for key to families of this group see p. 16.
=Monocotyledones= (p. 365). Embryo with only 1 seed leaf. Leaves typically parallel-nerved. Vascular bundles of the stem scattered. Flowers mostly with parts in 3’s—for key to families of this group see p. 45.
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF DICOTYLEDONES REPRESENTED IN THIS FLORA.
(Extracted and adapted from Hutchinson, _Families of Flowering Plants_.)
KEY TO THE ARTIFICIAL GROUPS.[3]
Gynæcium composed of 2 or more separate or nearly quite separate carpels with separate styles and stigmas (rarely the free carpels immersed in the expanded torus (Nymphæaceæ).
“=APOCARPÆ=”
Petals present free from each other, sometimes considerably modified or scarcely distinguishable from the sepals.
Group 1 (p. 17).
Petals present more or less united
Group 2 (p. 18).
Petals absent
Group 3 (p. 18).
Gynæcium composed of 1 carpel or 2 or more united carpels with free or united styles, or if carpels free below, then the styles or stigmas united.
“=SYNCARPÆ=”
Ovules attached to the wall or walls of the ovary.
“=Parietales=”
Ovary superior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 4 (p. 19).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 5 (p. 22).
Petals absent
Group 6 (p. 24).
Ovary inferior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 7 (p. 25).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 8(p. 25).
Petals absent
Group 9 (p. 26).
Ovules attached to the central axis, or to the base or apex of the ovary cell.
“=Axiles=”
Ovary superior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 10 (p. 26).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 11 (p. 33).
Petals absent
Group 12 (p. 37).
Ovary inferior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 13 (p. 41).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 14 (p. 43).
Petals absent
Group 15(p. 44).
=GROUP 1. Two or more free carpels; petals present, free from each other.=
a) Leaves opposite or verticillate:
b) Stamens numerous, 15 or more; leaves stipulate; fruits follicular or indehiscent, sometimes arranged on a large fleshy torus; style often lateral or basal.
=Rosaceæ=
bb) Stamens up to 15 in number:
c) Herbs, often succulent; leaves often connate at the base, exstipulate; flowers mostly cymose; carpels the same number as the petals; seeds often minute, with fleshy endosperm.
=Crassulaceæ=
cc) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers; carpels 1-3; petals often clawed, thin; stipules mostly intrapetiolar, often connate at the base; sepals often with 2 glands at the base; hairs on the leaves usually medifixed.
=Malpighiaceæ=
aa) Leaves alternate or all radical:
b) Leaves stipulate:
c) Stamens free from one another or nearly so; fruits follicular or indehiscent, often arranged on a large fleshy torus; sepals imbricate; seeds without endosperm.
=Rosaceæ=
cc) Stamens free from one another or nearly so; fruits not on an enlarged torus; trees with large leaves and stellate hairs; calyx valvate; seeds with copious endosperm.
=Tiliaceæ=
ccc) Stamens more or less united into a column; calyx valvate; mostly trees or shrubs; hairs often stellate or lepidote.
=Sterculiaceæ=
bb) Leaves without stipules:
c) Carpels completely sunk in the tissue of the large broad torus; aquatic plants with floating leaves and bright showy flowers.
=Nymphæaceæ=
cc) Carpels not sunk in the tissue of the torus; not aquatic:
d) Stamens the same number and opposite to the petals; carpels usually 3; leaves simple; fruit drupaceous; endosperm sometimes ruminate.
=Menispermaceæ=
dd) Stamens alternate with the petals or monadelphous or more numerous than the petals:
e) Stamens numerous (more than 12):
f) Flowers usually hermaphrodite, mostly fairly large and solitary; anthers usually with a broad truncate connective; seeds with abundant ruminate endosperm.
=Anonaceæ=
ff) Flowers dioecious, small; anthers with a narrow connective; lateral nerves of the leaves not markedly prominent.
=Menispermaceæ=
fff) Flowers hermaphrodite, paniculate, small to medium-sized; anthers small, with a narrow connective; lateral nerves of the leaves prominent and parallel; seeds arillate; sepals persistent and often accrescent.
=Dilleniaceæ=
ee) Stamens few (12 or fewer):
f) Leaves compound or very much divided:
g) Herbs; fruit an achene; seed with copious endosperm and small embryo; flowers mostly yellow.
=Ranunculaceæ=
gg) Trees or shrubs; fruit a follicle; seeds without endosperm; leaves pinnate.
=Connaraceæ=
ff) Leaves simple:
g) Flowers hermaphrodite; shrubs or trees; seeds arillate, aril entire, more or less cupular; petals 5.
=Connaraceæ=
gg) Flowers unisexual; petals and stamens in threes or multiples of three.
=Menispermaceæ=
=GROUP 2. Two or more free carpels; petals present, more or less united.=
Herbs with fleshy opposite leaves; flowers racemose, cymose or paniculate; corolla more or less tubular; calyx sometimes inflated and membranous.
=Crassulaceæ=
Trees, shrubs or climbers with usually pinnate or unifoliolate leaves; petals very shortly connate at the base; seeds often arillate; calyx never inflated.
=Connaraceæ=
=GROUP 3. Two or more free carpels; petals absent.=
a) Trees, shrubs or hard-wooded climbers; leaves simple or rarely compound:
b) Leaves stipulate; stamens free or slightly connate at the base; anthers opening by slits; fruits drupaceous, included by the tubular calyx.
=Rosaceæ=
bb) Leaves stipulate; stamens united into a column; anthers in a ring around the top of the column or unequally arranged, opening by slits; hairs often stellate.
=Sterculiaceæ=
aa) Herbs with radical or alternate leaves, or very soft wooded climbers with often opposite leaves and rather broad medullary rays in the wood:
b) Carpels usually numerous, rarely reduced to 1 and then stipulate, often with long hairy tails; sepals induplicate valvate or rarely imbricate, often petaloid; stamens free; leaves sometimes opposite and much divided.
=Ranunculaceæ=
bb) Carpels definite in number, often 3 or 6; flowers unisexual; stamens free or variously connate; climbers with simple leaves.
=Menispermaceæ=
=GROUP 4. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals present, free from each other.=
a) Leaves opposite:
b) Stamens more or less united into 3 or more separate bundles; leaves often gland-dotted or with lines of resin; mostly herbaceous; styles free to the base or very nearly so.
=Hypericaceæ=
bb) Stamens free or more or less united into not more than 2 separate bundles (diadelphous), sometimes adnate to a gynophore; leaves not or very rarely glandular:
c) Connective of the anthers produced above the cells; flowers often somewhat zygomorphic (irregular), the lower petal often gibbous or saccate at the base.
=Violaceæ=
cc) Connective of the anthers not produced beyond the cells; flowers usually actinomorphic (regular) or papilionaceous:
d) Flowers actinomorphic (regular), sessile; leaves small and ericoid, more or less connate at the base; stamens free.
=Frankeniaceæ=
dd) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular); stamens diadelphous; fruit a legume.
=Papilionaceæ=
aa) Leaves alternate or all radical:
b) Stamens numerous (more than 12):
c) Filaments more or less connate into a tube or into separate bundles:
d) Filaments connate in 1 or 2 and unequal bundles; leaves compound; flowers mostly arranged in dense spikes or heads.
=Mimosaceæ=
dd) Filaments connate into more than 2 separate bundles opposite the sepals; calyx valvate; fruits prickly.
=Tiliaceæ=
cc) Filaments free or at most partially adnate to a gynophore:
d) Ovary supported on a gynophore; petals often clawed; seeds without endosperm.
=Capparidaceæ=
dd) Ovary sessile or very nearly so:
e) Anthers horse-shoe shaped; ovary placentas 2; ovules numerous; stipules caducous, leaving a wide scar; leaves large, palminerved at the base; pedicels often with 5 large glands below the sepals.
=Bixaceæ=
ee) Anthers straight or nearly so, opening by apical pores or short pore-like slits:
f) Seeds hairy; ovary entire; leaves digitately nerved or lobed; stems annual from a woody rhizome with yellow interior.
=Cochlospermaceæ=
ff) Seeds not hairy; ovary often deeply lobed, in fruit the carpels becoming nearly free on the enlarged torus; leaves pinnately nerved; stems not annual.
=Ochnaceæ=
eee) Anthers straight or nearly so, opening by longitudinal slits:
f) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):
g) Leaves stipulate, the stipules sometimes falling off early but leaving a scar:
h) Corona present in the flowers.
=Passifloraceæ=
hh) Corona absent:
i) Stamens and petals hypogynous:
j) Leaves usually pinnate; wood often with resinous juice.
=Anacardiaceæ=
jj) Leaves simple; wood without resinous juice.
=Flacourtiaceæ=
ii) Stamens and petals perigynous.
=Rosaceæ=
gg) Leaves without stipules:
h) Trees or shrubs; leaves never lobed.
=Flacourtiaceæ=
hh) Herbs with milky juice; stems glaucous; leaves amplexicaul, pinnately lobed or sinuate.
=Papaveraceæ=
ff) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular):
g) Ovary of 1 carpel; trees or shrubs.
h) Odd petal abaxial; corolla not as below.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
hh) Odd petal abaxial; corolla composed of standard, wings and keel.
=Papilionaceæ=
gg) Ovary of more than 1 carpel; herbs; petals often divided.
=Resedaceæ=
bb) Stamens 12 or fewer:
c) Stamens 6, four long and two short (tetradynamous); petals 4, clawed.
=Cruciferæ=
cc) Stamens not as above, very rarely 6 and then of equal length; petals rarely 4:
d) Flowers markedly zygomorphic:
e) Fertile stamens sometimes only 2; ovary often on a short or long gynophore.
f) Ovary of more than 1 carpel (_i.e._, more than 1 placenta).
=Capparidaceæ=
ff) Ovary of 1 carpel (_i.e._, only 1 placenta); leaves usually pinnate.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
ee) Fertile stamens usually 10 or 8, more than 2:
f) Anthers often with a produced connective; herbs.
=Violaceæ=
ff) Anthers without a produced connective, sometimes with a gland at the apex; habit various, but mostly trees, shrubs or climbers:
g) Odd petal abaxial; corolla composed of standard, wings and keel (papilionaceous); ovary with a single placenta.
=Papilionaceæ=
gg) Odd petal abaxial; corolla not as above; ovary with a single placenta.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
ggg) Odd petal abaxial; ovary with 3 placentas; 5 fertile and 5 barren stamens.
=Moringaceæ=
dd) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):
e) Flowers with a distinct corona, sometimes this membranous or represented by a definite ring of hairs towards the base of the calyx tube.
=Passifloraceæ=
ee) Flowers without a corona:
f) Stamens united, with the anthers in a ring around the apex of the column; endosperm of the seeds often ruminate; mostly weak climbers.
=Menispermaceæ=
ff) Stamens free or united only at the base or rarely only the anthers connivent:
g) Leaves stipulate; anthers with the connective produced above the cells and often connivent around the style.
=Violaceæ=
gg) Leaves stipulate; anther connective not produced:
h) Staminodes present, sometimes petaloid; stipules often pectinate.
=Ochnaceæ=
hh) Staminodes absent:
i) Leaves with numerous very sticky glandular hairs, mostly circinnately coiled in bud; seeds not carunculate.
=Droseraceæ=
ii) Leaves without sticky hairs, not circinnate in bud; seeds often carunculate or arillate:
j) Styles free to the base.
=Turneraceæ=