Part 3
jj) Styles simple or shortly divided.
=Passifloraceæ=
ggg) Leaves exstipulate:
h) Herbs; leaves entire or lobed; flowers yellow or orange; seeds pitted, arillate.
=Turneraceæ=
hh) Trees, shrubs or climbers:
i) Leaves simple, but sometimes deeply divided:
j) Leaves biglandular at the base.
=Passifloraceæ=
jj) Leaves not glandular at the base:
k) Leaves digitately lobed.
=Caricaceæ=
kk) Leaves not digitately lobed; calyx-tube short; stamens hypogynous.
=Pittosporaceæ=
kkk) Leaves not digitately lobed; calyx-tube rather long; stamens perigynous.
=Turneraceæ=
kkkk) Leaves very small and more or less ericoid; flowers in slender spikes or racemes:
=Tamaricaceæ=
ii) Leaves compound:
j) Flowers in heads or dense spikes; petals valvate; ovary of 1 carpel; ovules more than 1.
=Mimosaceæ=
jj) Flowers not in heads or dense spikes; ovary usually of more than one carpel; ovule solitary.
=Anacardiaceæ=
jjj) Flowers racemose; ovary of 5 carpels with numerous ovules.
=Caricaceæ=
=GROUP 5. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals present, more or less united.=
a) Stamens free from the corolla-tube:
b) Ovary composed of more than one carpel:
c) Stamens numerous, more than twice the number of the corolla lobes; anthers opening by longitudinal slits with broadened truncate connective; seeds with copious ruminate endosperm; shrubs, trees or climbers with exstipulate simple leaves.
=Anonaceæ=
cc) Stamens 5-12; anthers not appendaged at the apex, usually opening by longitudinal slits, rarely by pores; leaves alternate, exstipulate; erect trees or shrubs:
d) Leaves fairly large; flowers more or less corymbose; stamens 5.
=Pittosporaceæ=
dd) Leaves very small and scale-like; flowers in slender spikes or racemes; stamens 5-10.
=Tamaricaceæ=
bb) Ovary composed of a single carpel (usually a legume); stamens free or more usually diadelphous or monadelphous, often 10, rarely numerous:
c) Stamens connate into a sheath or free; flowers usually hermaphrodite:
d) Flowers actinomorphic (regular); petals valvate; calyx gamosepalous or valvate; leaves usually bipinnate, rarely simply pinnate; flowers often collected into heads.
=Mimosaceæ=
dd) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular) or rarely actinomorphic; sepals imbricate or rarely valvate; petals imbricate, the upper (adaxial) one inside the others; leaves often pinnate or bipinnate.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
ddd) Flowers zygomorphic; petals imbricate, the upper (adaxial) one (the standard) outside the others, the lateral two (the wings) outside the abaxial pair (the keel) which are more or less united along their lower edges; leaves simple, digitate or simply pinnate.
=Papilionaceæ=
cc) Stamens connate into a column with the anthers in a ring at the top; flowers dioecious; fruit a drupe; slender climbers.
=Menispermaceæ=
aa) Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, sometimes near the base:
b) Stamens double the number of the petals, usually diadelphous; flower sometimes zygomorphic:
c) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular), often somewhat papilionaceous, hermaphrodite; seeds often hairy; leaves small to medium-sized.
=Polygalaceæ=
cc) Flowers actinomorphic (regular), unisexual or polygamous; seeds with a succulent coat; leaves large, palmately lobed.
=Caricaceæ=
bb) Stamens the same number as the corolla lobes; corolla actinomorphic or nearly so:
c) Leaves opposite:
d) Carpels 2, more or less free; pollen granular, no corona in the corolla; mostly shrubs, trees or climbers.
=Apocynaceæ=
dd) Carpels 2, free; styles separate up to the common thickened apex; pollen agglutinated into masses; corolla with a corona; mostly herbs or twiners.
=Asclepiadaceæ=
ddd) Carpels 2, connate into a 1 or 2 celled ovary; pollen not agglutinated; one common style present:
e) Stamens 5; ovules numerous; herbs; corolla actinomorphic.
=Gentianaceæ=
ee) Stamens 4; ovules 1-2 in each cell; habit various; corolla usually zygomorphic.
=Verbenaceæ=
cc) Leaves alternate or radical; marsh or aquatic herbs:
d) Corolla lobes imbricate or contorted; styles 2, free or partly united.
=Hydrophyllaceæ=
dd) Corolla lobes induplicate valvate; style 1, with 1-2 stigmas.
=Gentianaceæ=
bbb) Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes, 4 or 2; corolla zygomorphic or rarely subactinomorphic:
c) Leafless parasites (on roots) never green herbs; seeds minute, very numerous, with endosperm.
=Orobanchaceæ=
cc) Leafy and not or rarely parasitic:
d) Ovules numerous on each placenta; mostly trees; seeds transverse, winged.
=Bignoniaceæ=
dd) Ovules 1-2 on each placenta; stem and branches often 4-sided.
=Verbenaceæ=
=GROUP 6. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals absent.=
a) Flowers arranged in a dense head surrounded by numerous imbricate bracts; stamens 4, opposite the calyx (or perianth) lobes, the latter valvate, one splitting away from the other three; leaves alternate, without stipules.
=Proteaceæ=
aa) Flowers variously arranged but not in heads with an involucre of bracts; remainder of above characters not associated:
b) Ovary composed of 1 carpel (_i.e._, with 1 placenta):
c) Stamens numerous, free or very slightly connate at the base; pod stipitate.
=Papilionaceæ=(Cordyla)
cc) Stamens 10 or fewer:
d) Flowers hermaphrodite, not very small; leaves usually compound.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
dd) Flowers unisexual or polygamous, usually very small; leaves usually simple:
e) Ovule pendulous; anthers erect in bud; flowers solitary or cymose or fasciculate.
=Ulmaceæ=
ee) Ovule pendulous or erect; anthers erect or inflexed in bud; flowers often on or within an enlarged and often fleshy receptacle or in catkins or heads.
=Moraceæ=
bb) Ovary composed of more than 1 carpel; at least with 2 or more placentas:
c) Ovary and fruit stipitate; seeds usually without endosperm and often with a curved embryo; sepals usually valvate.
=Capparidaceæ=
cc) Ovary sessile:
d) Inflorescence a catkin; flowers dioecious; seeds pilose with a basal tuft of hairs, without endosperm.
=Salicaceæ=
dd) Inflorescence not a catkin but sometimes a slender pendulous spike or raceme; flowers usually hermaphrodite; seeds with endosperm.
e) Flowers hypogynous; no staminodes between the stamens; filaments free.
=Flacourtiaceæ=
ee) Flowers perigynous; staminodes often present and alternating with the fertile stamens; filaments free or connate.
=Samydaceæ=
=GROUP 7. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals present, free from each other.=
a) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers straight or nearly so:
b) Anthers opening by pores; leaves mostly opposite with parallel main nerves; stamens definite, often double the number of the petals.
=Melastomataceæ=
bb) Anthers not opening by pores:
c) Fleshy herbs or shrubs with reduced leaves and often epiphytic; stamens numerous; seeds without endosperm.
=Cactaceæ=
cc) Tree or shrubs with well-developed green leaves; seeds with endosperm; stamens sometimes opposite the petals.
=Samydaceæ=
aa) Flowers unisexual; stamens few, with twisted or conduplicate anthers; usually slender twiners with tendrils; leaves often scabrid.
=Cucurbitaceæ=
=GROUP 8. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals present, more or less united.=
Flowers unisexual; leaves alternate without longitudinally parallel nerves; tendrils often present; stamens mostly 3; anthers often twisted or conduplicate.
=Cucurbitaceæ=
Flowers hermaphrodite; leaves opposite or verticillate often with longitudinally parallel nerves, without stipules; anthers mostly opening by terminal pores.
=Melastomataceæ=
Flowers hermaphrodite, very rarely unisexual; leaves opposite or alternate, often stipulate; anthers not opening by pores, sometimes connivent at the apex; ovules numerous on the walls; petals united into a long tube; stipules persistent, inter- or intra-petiolar.
=Rubiaceæ=(Gardenia)
=GROUP 9. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals absent; leaves exstipulate; calyx unilateral or 3 lobed and often coloured.=
=Aristolochiaceæ=
=GROUP 10. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary superior; petals present, free from each other.=
a) Perfect stamens the same number as the petals and opposite to them; leaves alternate or rarely opposite or all radical:
b) Leaves not gland-dotted; petals and stamens more or less hypogynous or subperigynous; disk usually conspicuous:
c) Calyx lobes or sepals imbricate, usually 2; stipules often scarious or setose; ovary 1-celled, with basal placenta.
=Portulacaceæ=
cc) Calyx lobes valvate or open in bud:
d) Disk absent from the flowers:
e) Trees and shrubs; ovules usually 2 or more inserted on the inner angle of the cells; hairs on the leaves often stellate.
=Sterculiaceæ=
ee) Herbs mostly with rosettes of leaves; flowers in corymbs; calyx tube scarious, ribbed; ovule 1, pendulous on a basal funicle.
=Plumbaginaceæ=
dd) Disk present, perigynous; leaves mostly stipulate; ovary 2-4-celled; ovules erect; seeds mostly with copious endosperm and large straight embryo.
=Rhamnaceæ=
ddd) Disk present; leaves exstipulate:
e) Ovules erect; ovary 1-3-celled; calyx conspicuous.
=Olacaceæ=
ee) Ovules pendulous; ovary 1-celled; calyx minute.
=Opiliaceæ=
bb) Leaves pellucid-punctate:
c) Leaves simple, without stipules; ovules numerous on a free central placenta; no tendrils.
=Myrsinaceæ=
cc) Leaves mostly compound, usually stipulate; inflorescence leaf- opposed; ovules 1-2 in each cell, inserted on the inner angle; tendrils often present.
=Ampelidaceæ=
aa) Perfect stamens the same number as the petals and alternate with them or more numerous, very rarely fewer:
b) Style basal; stipules mostly persistent; leaves simple; stamens numerous; stomata of the leaves usually with special subsidiary cells.
=Rosaceæ=
bb) Style or styles terminal or subterminal, sometimes gynobasic:
c) Flowers markedly zygomorphic (irregular); lower sepal more or less elongated into a spur; sepals usually 3; anthers connivent around the ovary, opening lengthwise; seeds without endosperm.
=Balsaminaceæ=
cc) Flowers actinomorphic or very slightly zygomorphic:
d) Stamens united into more than one separate bundle (phalanges) often opposite the petals; leaves usually opposite, often gland- dotted or with resinous lines:
e) Leaves opposite, exstipulate:
f) Herbs or shrubs; styles free from the base or nearly so; flowers hermaphrodite; calyx imbricate.
=Hypericaceæ=
ff) Trees or shrubs; styles mostly more or less united or stigma one and sessile or sub-sessile; flowers mostly unisexual; calyx imbricate.
=Guttiferæ=
ee) Leaves alternate, stipulate; trees, shrubs or herbs; calyx valvate; hairs usually stellate:
f) Stamens with some of the filaments sterile; fruits not hooked.
=Sterculiaceæ=
ff) Stamens all fertile; fruits covered with hooks.
=Tiliaceæ=
dd) Stamens free (at least not united into several bundles) or sometimes more or less united at the base or into one bundle (monadelphous):
e) Leaves opposite or verticillate or rarely fasciculate, never all radical:
f) Leaves compound, rarely unifoliolate and then with a distinctly tumid petiole, sometimes sessile:
g) Leaves gland-dotted; disk usually present between the stamens and ovary; ovary often deeply lobed; cells 2-ovuled; pendulous; stipules rarely present.
=Rutaceæ=
gg) Leaves not gland-dotted, sometimes fleshy; ovules pendulous from the central axis, 2 or more in each cell; disk often fleshy, rarely absent; stipules persistent and often paired; shrubs or herbs; leaves mostly 2-foliolate or pinnate; filaments often with a scale or gland attached to the base.
=Zygophyllaceæ=
ff) Leaves simple but sometimes deeply and variously divided:
g) Stamens more than twice as many as the petals; calyx valvate:
h) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers not inflexed in bud:
i) Petals and stamens hypogynous; hairs often stellate; stipules in pairs.
=Tiliaceæ=
ii) Petals and stamens perigynous; hairs not stellate; stipules interpetiolar.
=Rhizophoraceæ=
hh) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers inflexed in bud; petals and stamens perigynous.
=Lythraceæ=
hhh) Flowers unisexual; anthers inflexed in bud; hairs stellate or lepidote.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
gg) Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals:
h) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers:
i) Leaves stipulate, sometimes stipules rudimentary or of hairs:
j) Disk absent or inconspicuous or of separate glands; calyx often glandular:
k) Calyx mostly with a pair of glands outside; trees, shrubs or climbers; stamens mostly 10.
=Malpighiaceæ=
kk) Calyx not glandular; anther-cells back to back; trees or shrubs; petals 4; stamens 4.
=Salvadoraceæ=
jj) Disk present, conspicuous; calyx not glandular:
k) Flowers hermaphrodite:
l) Stamens inserted on or below the margin of the disk; filaments subulate:
m) Stamens 3-5; sepals imbricate.
=Celastraceæ=
mm) Stamens 8-10; sepals valvate.
=Rhizophoraceæ=
ll) Stamens usually 3, inserted on the disk; filaments flattened or connivent, often adnate to the ovary; sepals imbricate.
=Hippocrateaceæ=
kk) Flowers unisexual; ovules pendulous from the apex of the cell; seeds often carunculate.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ii) Leaves exstipulate or stipules gland-like:
j) Anthers opening at the apex by a pore, often appendaged at the base; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; leaves often with 3-9 longitudinally parallel nerves.
=Melastomataceæ=
jj) Anthers opening by slits lengthwise; leaves usually with pinnate nerves:
k) Ovules numerous in each cell; anthers inflexed in bud; calyx more or less tubular, with valvate lobes, often with accessory lobes.
=Lythraceæ=
kk) Ovules few in each cell:
=Malpighiaceæ=
l) Ovules pendulous from the apex of the cells; calyx fairly long and tubular, more or less petaloid; petals usually very small.
=Thymelæaceæ=
ll) Ovules erect or ascending from the base of the cells; calyx imbricate:
m) Filaments subulate or filiform; stamens usually 5.
=Celastraceæ=
mm) Filaments flattened; stamens usually 3.
=Hippocrateaceæ=
hh) Herbs, sometimes slightly woody at the base:
i) Leaves stipulate; stipules paired; styles free from the base; ovules numerous, axile.
=Elatinaceæ=
ii) Leaves exstipulate:
j) Leaves with 3 or more longitudinally parallel nerves; anthers usually appendaged and opening by a terminal pore.
=Melastomataceæ=
jj) Leaves not as above; anthers opening by longitudinal slits; stamens perigynous; anthers inflexed in bud.
=Lythraceæ=
ee) Leaves alternate or all radical:
f) Stamens more than twice the number of the sepals or petals:
g) Sepals valvate or open in bud:
h) Anthers 2-celled:
i) Stamens free or slightly united only at the base:
j) Calyx closed in bud:
k) Flowers hermaphrodite; leaves simple; wood not resinous.
=Tiliaceæ=
kk) Flowers unisexual; leaves entire or 3-lobed; petiole with 2 glands at the apex.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
kkk) Flowers usually polygamous; leaves mostly compound; petiole not glandular at the apex; wood resinous.
=Anacardiaceæ=
jj) Calyx open in bud; leaves simple; stamens up to 20, free or nearly so.
=Olacaceæ=
ii) Stamens more or less united into a tube or into bundles, hypogynous; indumentum usually stellate.
=Sterculiaceæ=
hh) Anthers 1-celled, stamens more or less monadelphous; calyx with or without an epicalyx:
i) Trees or rarely shrubs; leaves digitately compound; carpels not or very rarely splitting away from the central axis in fruit.
=Bombacaceæ=
ii) Mostly herbs; leaves simple; carpels often splitting away from the central axis or becoming free in fruit.
=Malvaceæ=
gg) Sepals imbricate or rarely completely connate or calyptrate:
h) Petals and stamens perigynous; leaves stipulate:
i) Seeds with endosperm and a curved embryo; mostly herbs; sepals 2.
=Portulacaceæ=
ii) Seeds without endosperm; sepals more than 2.
=Rosaceæ=
hh) Petals and stamens more or less hypogynous or flowers unisexual; disk often present:
i) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers:
j) Leaves compound, pinnate or rarely unifoliolate and then with a tumid petiole:
k) Ovule ascending:
l) Leaves gland-dotted; style or styles central.
=Rutaceæ=
ll) Leaves rarely gland-dotted; styles or stigmas often separated:
m) Wood with resin ducts and leaves scented; style or stigma often eccentric.
=Anacardiaceæ=
mm) Wood not resinous; leaves not or rarely scented; style or stigma central.
=Sapindaceæ=
kk) Ovule or ovules pendulous; wood without resin ducts, bark bitter; leaves usually not gland-dotted.
=Simarubaceæ=
jj) Leaves simple:
k) Flowers unisexual; disk present.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
kk) Flowers hermaphrodite:
l) Torus enlarged after flowering; ovary mostly deeply lobed, the carpels becoming separated in fruit; anthers often opening by pores.
=Ochnaceæ=
ll) Torus not enlarged; calyx enlarged and wing-like in fruit:
m) Flowers mostly rather small and not showy; petals much contorted; ovary 2- or more-celled; leaves with comparatively few lateral nerves.
=Dipterocarpaceæ=
mm) Flowers showy; ovary 1-celled with a basal placenta; leaves long, with very numerous parallel lateral nerves.
=Ochnaceæ=
ii) Herbs; sepals 2; leaves fleshy, exstipulate; ovary 1-celled with numerous ovules; seeds strophiolate.
=Portulacaceæ=
ff) Stamens definite in number in relation to the sepals or petals, often the same number or twice as many or fewer:
g) Leaves compound, rarely unifoliolate and then with a distinctly tumid petiole:
h) Stamens united into a tube; leaves pinnate or rarely unifoliolate, exstipulate; flowers actinomorphic; seeds often winged.
=Meliaceæ=
hh) Stamens free or united only at the base:
i) Leaves stipulate:
j) Herbaceous or slightly woody; leaves digitately or pinnately compound.
=Oxalidaceæ=
jj) Trees, shrubs or often climbers; leaves compound; stipules lateral; seeds without endosperm.
=Sapindaceæ=
ii) Leaves exstipulate:
j) Leaves gland-dotted:
=Rutaceæ=
jj) Leaves not gland-dotted:
k) Ovules pendulous:
l) Leaflets 2; shrubs or trees with axillary or supra- axillary spines.
=Simarubaceæ=
ll) Leaflets more than 2:
m) Ovary of more than 1 carpel, 2 or more celled.
=Burseraceæ=
mm) Ovary usually of 1 carpel.
=Anacardiaceæ=
kk) Ovules ascending or horizontal:
l) Ovules 2 in each cell, collateral; style simple; ovary of 1 carpel.
=Connaraceæ=
ll) Ovules 1 or more in each cell, erect or ascending; style simple or divided; ovary of more than 1 carpel.
=Sapindaceæ=
gg) Leaves simple:
h) Anthers opening by apical pores; ovary deeply lobed, torus enlarging in fruit and the carpels often becoming separate; ovules 1-2 in each cell.
=Ochnaceæ=
hh) Anthers opening by slits lengthwise:
i) Shrubs or trees:
j) Leaves stipulate:
k) Flowers unisexual:
l) Petals entire:
m) Stipules conspicuous, persistent.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
mm) Stipules very inconspicuous, caducous.
=Celastraceæ=
ll) Petals bilobed; stamens 5; disk composed of hypogynous glands opposite the petals.
=Chailletiaceæ=
kk) Flowers hermaphrodite:
l) Stipules axillary, convolute in bud, often very large; ovary entire, 2-celled; petals entire; ovule inserted in the middle of the placenta.
=Simarubaceæ=(Irvingia)
ll) Stipules not axillary:
m) Petals entire or emarginate; ovules erect; disk entire or lobed.
=Celastraceæ=
mm) Petals often deeply lobed; ovules pendulous; disk of separate glands opposite the petals.
=Chailletiaceæ=
jj) Leaves exstipulate:
k) Stamens united into a tube; sepals not glandular; ovary 2- or more-celled.
=Meliaceæ=
kk) Stamens free or connate only at the base:
l) Stamens hypogynous or very slightly perigynous:
m) Ovary 1-celled:
n) Leaves fairly large; flowers in panicles, not supported on the enlarged torus.
=Anacardiaceæ=
nn) Leaves very small and crowded; flowers in slender spikes or racemes.
=Tamaricaceæ=
mm) Ovary 2- or more-celled; disk present; petals mostly valvate; ovary 3-5-celled.
=Olacaceæ=
ll) Stamens distinctly perigynous; calyx tubular and often petaloid; petals mostly very small and scale-like.
=Thymelæaceæ=
ii) Herbs:
j) Flowers hermaphrodite; disk usually absent:
k) Sepals valvate; bark fibrous; leaves often with thread- like tails at the base.
=Tiliaceæ=
kk) Sepals imbricate; leaves not tailed at the base; ovary long-beaked.
=Geraniaceæ=
kkk) Sepals imbricate; leaves not tailed; ovary not beaked.
l) Petals not contorted:
=Molluginaceæ=
ll) Petals contorted:
=Linaceæ=
jj) Flowers unisexual; disk present or obscure.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
=GROUP 11. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary superior; petals present, more or less united.=
a) Stamens the same number as and opposite to the corolla lobes:
b) Ovules solitary in the whole ovary or in each cell of the ovary; style often lobed:
c) Trees or shrubs, often with hard wood:
d) Petals imbricate; hairs often stellate or medifixed; staminodes often present, sometimes petaloid.
=Sapotaceæ=
dd) Petals valvate; hairs usually simple; usually no staminodes:
e) Inflorescence not leaf-opposed; leaves simple, without tendrils.
=Olacaceæ=
ee) Inflorescence leaf-opposed; leaves often compound; mostly climbers with tendrils.
=Ampelidaceæ=
cc) Herbs or climbers:
d) Corolla lobes valvate; tendrils often present; inflorescence usually cymose-paniculate, leaf-opposed; leaves usually with the stipules adnate to the petiole; petals united at the base.
=Ampelidaceæ=
dd) Corolla lobes imbricate; no tendrils; inflorescence more or less corymbose; petals united high up.
=Plumbaginaceæ=
bb) Ovules 2 or more in each cell; style undivided; placentas basal:
c) Trees or shrubs often with gland-dotted simple leaves; leaves exstipulate.
=Myrsinaceæ=
cc) Herbs or climbers usually with compound stipulate leaves and leaf-opposed inflorescence.
=Ampelidaceæ=
ccc) Herbs with opposite simple leaves and solitary or axillary scarlet, blue or rose flowers; leaves not gland-dotted, exstipulate.
=Primulaceæ=
aa) Stamens the same number as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, or more numerous or fewer:
b) Stamens more than twice as many as the corolla lobes; flowers unisexual; corolla lobes about 5; leaves stipulate.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
bb) Stamens as many as or up to twice as many as the corolla lobes or fewer:
c) Stamens as many as or more numerous than the corolla lobes:
d) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular):
e) Petals united only at the base; seeds often pilose; ovules pendulous.
=Polygalaceæ=
ee) Petals united high up into a tube:
f) Ovules numerous in each cell; herbs; corolla lobes 5.
=Solanaceæ=
ff) Ovules solitary in each complete or incomplete cell; habit various; corolla lobes 4.
=Verbenaceæ=
dd) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):
e) Leaves opposite or verticillate, mostly exstipulate:
f) Anthers opening by apical pores or pore-like slits:
g) Leaves in whorls; woody shrubs or undershrubs with usually very small leaves; stamens hypogynous.
=Ericaceæ=
gg) Leaves paired; herbs; stamens epipetalous.
=Gentianaceæ=
ff) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits:
g) Style single with often a large more or less capitate stigma:
h) Corona present in the flowers; mostly herbs or weak twiners, often with milky juice.
=Asclepiadaceæ=
hh) Corona absent:
i) Leaves exstipulate:
j) Trees, shrubs or climbers often with milky juice; corolla lobes contorted-imbricate or rarely valvate.
=Apocynaceæ=
jj) Herbs; corolla lobes imbricate; disk present.
=Scrophulariaceæ=
jjj) Herbs with spicate flowers and radical leaves; corolla lobes imbricate; no disk.
=Plantaginaceæ=
ii) Leaves stipulate or sheathing at the base.
=Loganiaceæ=
gg) Styles with more than 1 separate stigma:
h) Stamens double the number of the corolla lobes; flowers dioecious; endosperm copious, hard.
=Ebenaceæ=
hh) Stamens the same number as the corolla lobes:
i) Rudimentary stipules often present; stamens and corolla lobes 4.
=Salvadoraceæ=
ii) Stipules absent:
j) Style gynobasic:
=Boraginaceæ=
jj) Style terminal:
k) Trees or shrubs:
l) Ovules numerous in each cell or, if solitary, then corolla lobes valvate.
=Loganiaceæ=
ll) Ovules 1-2 in each cell; corolla lobes imbricate.
=Verbenaceæ=
kk) Herbs or herbaceous climbers:
l) Ovary imperfectly celled by the intrusive placentas.
=Gentianaceæ=
ll) Ovary perfectly 2-celled with axile placentas; style simple.
=Solanaceæ=
ee) Leaves alternate or all radical or reduced to scales:
f) Leafless parasites destitute of chlorophyll; ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell.
=Convolvulaceæ=
ff) Not parasitic or rarely so and then leafy:
g) Leaves densely covered with viscid gland-tipped tentacles, mostly all radical; more or less stemless herbs.
=Droseraceæ=
gg) Leaves without tentacles:
h) Leaves stipulate:
i) Flowers unisexual; petals not bifid.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ii) Flowers hermaphrodite; petals bifid.
=Chailletiaceæ=
hh) Leaves without stipules:
i) Stamens hypogynous or perigynous, free from the corolla or slightly adnate to its base:
j) Anthers opening by terminal pores, often with appendages; woody plants.
=Ericaceæ=
jj) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits:
k) Stamens 4-6:
l) Leaves gland-dotted; petals connivent by their claws; disk usually conspicuous.
=Rutaceæ=
ll) Leaves not gland-dotted.
m) Petals only slightly united at the base:
n) Leaves pinnate or 1-3-foliolate.
=Connaraceæ=
nn) Leaves simple:
o) Stamens opposite the petals.
=Olacaceæ=
oo) Stamens alternate with the petals.
=Pittosporaceæ=
mm) Petals united high up, sometimes free at the base:
n) Trees or shrubs.
=Burseraceæ=
nn) Herbs.
=Campanulaceæ=
kk) Stamens more than 6:
l) Corolla tube fairly long; no disk; leaves not very small.
=Ebenaceæ=
ll) Corolla tube very short; disk present; leaves very small.
=Tamaricaceæ=
ii) Stamens inserted on or adnate to the corolla tube:
j) Style gynobasic:
k) Style 1; fruit composed of pyrenes or nutlets; corolla imbricate or contorted.
=Boraginaceæ=
kk) Styles 2; fruit a capsule; corolla plicate.
=Convolvulaceæ=
jj) Style not gynobasic, terminal:
k) Corolla valvate or plaited in bud (in the latter case the limb may be somewhat twisted but not truly imbricate):
l) Ovules 1-4 in each ovary cell; stamens inserted towards the base of the corolla tube.
=Convolvulaceæ=
ll) Ovules numerous (rarely 3-6) in each ovary cell.
=Solanaceæ=
kk) Corolla imbricate:
l) Herbs with radical leaves and flowers in slender spikes.
=Plantaginaceæ=
ll) Herbs, trees or shrubs; flowers not in slender spikes:
m) Ovules 1 in each cell; trees and shrubs.
=Boraginaceæ=
mm) Ovules numerous in each cell; herbs or small shrubs.
=Solanaceæ=
cc) Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes; leaves mostly opposite:
d) Flowers actinomorphic:
e) Stamen 1; climbers or shrubs; seeds winged; one calyx lobe much larger than the others and petaloid.
=Loganiaceæ=
ee) Stamens more than 1:
f) Stamens 6-8 opposite the inner lobes of the corolla; ovules solitary in each cell; trees or shrubs.
=Sapotaceæ=
ff) Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes:
g) Peduncle of the inflorescence adnate to the petiole; corolla lobes or some of them 2-cleft.
=Chailletiaceæ=
gg) Peduncle not adnate to the petiole; corolla lobes not cleft or only slightly so: