Part 38

[Footnote 81: I here give the following data, without being able to connect them:—From Taödénni, one and a half day, Merét; then the same distance, Hasi Ímbedír; Zúgguma, with the ʿAríg Atwéle on its N. frontier, five days; Asedáreb, one day; from here the Dháhar (el Hamár);—three days from Tawát, the hasi Telíg, 7 to 8 fathoms deep.]

APPENDIX III.

SECTIONS AND FAMILIES OF THE GREAT SOUTH-WESTERLY GROUP OF THE ÍMÓSHAGH OR TAWÁREK.

As Amóshagh (in the plural form Ímóshagh) designates rather in the present state of Tawárek society the free and noble man in opposition to Ámghi (plural, Imghád), the whole of these free and degraded tribes together are better designated by the general term, the “red people,” “Ídinet-n-shéggarnén,” for which there is another still more general term, viz. “Tíshorén.”

The whole group of these south-westerly Tawárek is now generally designated by the name of Awelímmid, Welímmid, or Awelímmiden, the dominating tribe whose supremacy is acknowledged in some way or other by the remainder; and in that respect even the Tademékket are included among the Awelímmiden; but the real stock of the Awelímmiden is very small. The whole group, therefore, in opposition, I think, to the name “Iregenáten,” denoting the mixed group of tribes dwelling S. of the Niger, is called “Tegesásemt.”

The original group of the Awelímmiden (“Ulmdn” is the way the name is expressed in Tefínagh) are certainly identical with the Lamta (the t being a hard t, which is continually confounded with the d), the name signifying probably “the children of Lamta,” or rather “Limmid;” or the name may originally be an adjective. They dwelt formerly in Igídi near the Welád Delém, a Moorish tribe which has received a great many Berber elements, till they emigrated to Áderár, the country N.E. of Gógó, from whence, as I have stated in the Chronological Tables appended to the preceding volume (p. 579.), under the command of Karidénne, son of Shwásh, or rather Abék, they drove out the Tademékket, at that period the ruling tribe of this whole region. I here give a list of the most common camping grounds in Áderár: Amásin, ʿAraba, Tin-darán, Yúnhan or Gúnhan, e’ Súk (the last two were formerly the sites of flourishing towns), Ijenshíshen, Ázel adhár, Kidal, regarded often as a separate district, Endeshedait, Taghelíb, Marret, Talábit, Tadakkét, Asway, Anemellen, Ansáttefen, Asheróbbak, Tin-záwaten, Tájemart, Eléwi, Dohéndal, Tinajóla, Enrar, Ejárak, Áshu, Alkit, Takellút, Dafalliána, Enáfara. The ancestor of the Awelímmiden is said to have been named Síggene, a man of the tribe of the Himyár.[82]

I now proceed to give a list of all the tribes belonging to this group, assigning the first place to those who belong to the original stock:—

The Kél-ekímmét, the royal section, or the Kél amanókalen, separated, as it would seem, into two subdivisions, one of which is called after Fatíta, and the other, if I am not mistaken, after Úksem or Ókasem, the son of (ig) Imma, although Úksem was the father of Fatíta.

The present ruler of the tribe, and thus the lord of this whole group, is Alkúttabu, properly “Kúttub-e’-dín,” “Pillar of the Faith,” a brother of the late and well known chief E’ Nábegha, son of Káwa; and besides him there is Thákkefi, the son of E’ Nábegha, and Legáwi or El Ágwi, between whom and the ruling family, there seems to be some little rivalry.

Targhay-tamút (the “u” is not generally expressed in Tefínagh), with the chief Inlehát or Lehát, who likewise rules the tribe of the Tesgógamet. Sometimes also Legáwi is regarded as chief of this tribe. The Targhay-tamút are subdivided into the sections of the Kél-egéuk, the Ikarérayen, the Ihiawen, the Iberekíten, the Idammán, the Ísegrán, the Kél-tabónnan, the Ishegéttan or Ishéggattan, the Ikhérkheen, the Kél-kabáy.

Tahabanát or Tahabanáten with the chief Kásel.

They are subdivided into the—

Tahabanát ikáwelen, T. ishéggarnén, Ibatánaten (a name which might lead one to infer that the tribe of the same name which at present lives among the degraded tribes of the Ázkar (see Vol. I. p. 235.), originally belonged to this tribe, a state of things which is not at all impossible), Khorímmiden, Taradégha, Tamizgída.[83]

Ikhórmeten[84], with the chiefs Intagézzut and Eránre.

Ífogas, a section of that widely scattered tribe of which I have already spoken repeatedly. As far as they live with the Awelímmiden, they are governed by the chiefs Innátayen, Ámsaduwa, Itkál, and Elrélmu, and are subdivided into the following sections:—

Kél-tebághart, Kél-áthogal, Íkarérayen, Ibeddédawen, Ibbézawen, Tegétik, Kél-télatait, Kél-áseghalt.

Tin-eger-égedesh, with the chief Kaulen, subdivided as follows:—

Ikarnánayen, Kél-takábut, Telghásem, Kél-tikkenéwen, Tarbédegén, Kél-torfén.

Kél-tegilálet, with the chief Mokaile.

Kél-helwat, or Íd el Mashíl, with the chief Wági.

Sherífen, subdivided into the following sections:—

Kél-temákkeret, Ihéwan-Allen, Kél-rarór, Kél-n-kerémmár, Kél- abánafógal, Kél-tabáriat, Kél-arábbo, Kél-férián, Kél-tefélliant, Kél-inráwe, Kél-gokén.

Edarragágen, with the chief Tawíl.

Edarragágen wuí (or wén) shéjjerotnén, identical with shéggarnén, Ed. wuí jezzolín.

Ekarrabása, subdivided as follows:—

Kél-tikkenéwen (different from the above mentioned tribe of the same name) with Aíbasu ig (the son of) Ranni; Kél-egées with Lawis ig Hawe-Tawát; Tezgógamet, with the chief Hamma-Hamma.

Kél-gasse, with Hamma.

Kél-n-ejíud with Sínnefel in Áribínda.

Tagagásset or Tagéggesát, with the chief Elláfi, very illfamed as highway robbers.

Ibélghawen, with the chief Adékara.

Erátafán, in ancient times a most powerful and celebrated tribe, from whom Hassan ben Ákil the forefather of the Udáya sprung, but at present reduced and settled on the middle course of the Niger, where I have described them (see p. 279.). Their chiefs are ʿOmár and Mohammed el Ámín.

Tárka, a small fragment of a once powerful tribe, perhaps the Táriká of Arab writers (see Vol. I. p. 226. n. [67]), at present settled near Sínder on the Niger, where I have mentioned them, with the chief Almuttu.

Ishedhénharen, with the chief Inteshékhen.

Imelíggizen (mentioned by me on my route along the Niger), with the chiefs Warilkím and Ishawadéna.

Ebaíbaten.

Igwádaren, formerly when they were settled in Ázawád, a still more powerful and totally independent tribe, with the chief Ákhbi ben Sálem, who just at the time of my journey, when they were settled near Bamba, attempted to regain his independence from his liege lord. This tribe is subdivided into the following sections:—

Kél-gógi, the chief’s tribe, but having besides Ákhbi, another chief of the name of Sadáktu, hostile to the former; Tarabanása, with the chiefs Téni and Wóghdughu; Terféntik; Kél-tebánkorit, with the chief Saúl; Kél-hekíkan, with the chiefs Síllekay, ʿAyúb, Knéha and Zobbi, this little tribe presenting the most striking example of the predatory and anarchical character of these nomadic hordes; Kél- teghárart, with the chief Khátem (surnamed or nicknamed by the Arabs El Gherfe); Kél-tabórit, with the chief Khébar (another section of this tribe living with the Íregenáten); the Iwarághen or Aurághen, another section of this widely scattered tribe which, once very powerful, has now lost a great portion of its independence, with the chief Khazza.

Among the Awelímmiden live also the Éhe-n-Dabósa, or Éhe-n-Eláli, with the chiefs Elákhte, Mushtába, and El Mótelék, originally a section of the Telamédes, a tribe of the Dinnik.

I now proceed to give a list of the degraded tribes, or _Imghád_, of the Awelímmiden and Igwádaren.

Imedídderen, a tribe still very numerous, and not quite so much degraded in the social life of these regions as the other tribes, possessing even a good many horses, but formerly distinguished by their power[85] as well as by their learning. It was this tribe, together with the Ídenán, who founded the first settlement at the place where, in course of time, the city of Timbúktu arose. Their chiefs are Béle, El Ússere, and Khayár.

They are subdivided into a great many sections:—

Kél-gósi, the most warlike section, with the chief El Khatír, whom I have mentioned repeatedly. They are warlike, and maintain especially a struggle against the governor of Hómbori.—Kél-éhe-n-shéggarén, Édebélle, with the chief Dári, Tekaute, Kél-sammi, Ibogháliten, Erannarássen, Kél-ankít, or Kél-n-kít; Ilókan, a tribe the name of which is no doubt connected with the town of the same name mentioned by El Bekrí (p. 179.), as lying in the neighbourhood of Kúgha or Kúkíá; Kél-térdit, Tábara-juwílt, Idír-maghen; Éhe-dékkaten, Ebónjiten; and finally, a group of four tribes, which collectively bear the name Kél-réres, but each of which has a separate name, Tafajéjjat, with the chief Maijikma, Ikawálaten, with Ntagellálet, Ekarárayen, with Ntárede, and finally, Árkaten.

Aurághen (written Urgh), the larger portion of this once predominant and widely-scattered, but now degraded, tribe, portions of which we have already met with elsewhere. They are divided into the two sections of the white and black Aurághen, or Aurághen-eméllulén, and Aurághen-isáttafnén.

Auragh-Aurághen, or Uraghrághen, with the chief Ofádi.

Tameltútak.[86]

Imícha, with the chiefs Kámuwen and Khambéllu.

Imezghérsen, with Sullátegé and Amúst.

Kél-gosse.

Íkedén.

Ímrarán.

Kél-tenéri.

Kél-n-eshéub.

Kél-tegéswan.

Mékalén-kalén, or Imekélkalen, with the chief Sidídi.

Kél-wan, with the chief Sídi Mohammed ig Kháde.

Ishemmáten.

Ibílkorayen, originally a section of the Dinnik.

Kél-ulli, the tribe so repeatedly mentioned in my journal as my chief protectors during my stay in Timbúktu, divided into two sections, viz. the Kél-efelle, with the chief E’ Shugl, and the Kél-idér with Shéri.

Tefárten.

Imassejénberen.

Bóru.

Eghashómen.

Ijíndwejan.

Ikeberédan.

Idóshan or Ilóshan.

Událen.

Kél-ghennesh.

Kesébaten or Elkasébaten.

Id-auragh (written Dúrgh).

Kel-ghénneshen.

Góne.

Kel-ídal.

Ilóghmaten.

Tábakunt.

Meskénderen.

Hawe-n-adagh or Haye-ladagh.

Iderak (? the same with Id-auragh).

Dáúd.

Iletámaten.

Kél-téfirwén.

I now proceed to enumerate the tribes of Aníslimen or Tolba, peaceable tribes given to learning and religious devotion among the group of the Awelímmiden.

Shemman-Ámmas, with the chief Mohammed ig Itékke, once the Amanókalen or Sultan tribe, in the town of Súk. They are divided into the following sections:—

Ikarbágenen, Iwárwaren, Kél-n-tashdait, or Kél-tíbbele, Kél- amdellía, or Áhel Éshelmát, subdivided into the two sections of the Él Wankílle and Él Enúlli.

Debákar, called in Hausa Benú Sekki, settled in Kidal.

Dau Sehák:

Kél-abákkut, Kél-azár, Kerzezáwaten, Kél-báriyo, Kél-tábalo, different from the homonymous section of the Íghelád, Dogerítan, Idébbuten.

Ídenán, once a powerful tribe, hostile to the Kunta, who made use of the assistance of the Igwádaren against them. The Ídenán are subdivided into the following clans:—

Dindséddakant, Ídenán eheawen Kidímmit, Kél-teshérayén, Izímmaten, Ínheren, Tajeréjit, Imakórda, Kél-ghalá, Ilóshan.

Kél e’ Súk, a very numerous tribe of a peculiar stock, so called, as I have stated in another place, from the important town of Súk, probably identical with the town called Tademékka by El Bekrí, of which they were the chief inhabitants. They are subdivided into a great many sections:—

First, there is a group of three tribes, which are referred to one common forefather, Yusuf, a native of Tekerennat: these are the Kél- tekerénnat, who are evidently called from the town Tekerénnat mentioned above; the Kél-tenákse; and the Égedesh. The Kél-tekerénnat are subdivided into the Kél-tekerénnat ikáwelen, the Kél-tekerénnat ishéggarnén with the chief Intaklúset, the Dwas Ejímmik, and the Dise- mákhshil. To the tribe of the Égedesh belong the two principal chiefs of the Kél e’ Súk at the present time, Khozématen and Henna. Then there are the Kél e’ Súk wa-n-e’ Súk, whose name is connected with the town of Súk in a twofold manner, as having resided in that place longer than any other section, having probably their nomadic encampments on the site of the town after its destruction. Then the Kél-bógu with Intéllumt, formerly Id Mesúd; the Él Saláhu, the Eheáwen Nakíllu, with many subdivisions; the Kél-gúnhan; the Kél-genshíshi; the Áhel Igíwish; the Isharamáten, to whom belongs Najíb; the Id el Hánefi or Kél-esákan embéggan; the Ewuínhadén, with rich herds of cattle; the Kél-jeret; Kél- adhár; Kél-tinharén; Kél-tóndibi; Kél-téjerít; the Kél-emájaus; Kél- gabó; Kél-emássen.

The Kél e’ Súk have for themselves two tribes of Imghád, the Deletáye, and the Ibokhánnen.

I now proceed to the large group of the _Tademékket_, who, as I have stated, were settled formerly in Áderár, round the town called after them Tademékka, but were driven from thence by the Awelímmiden about the middle of the seventeenth century, and have since been settled on both sides of the Niger from Bamba upwards, regarding as the limits of their territory—Bamba in the east, Gúndam in the west, Bú-Jebéha in the north, and Bóne in the south. As I have stated on a former occasion, every merchant arriving in Bú-Jebéha from the north, on his journey to Timbúktu, even at the present day, is obliged to take a respectable man of this tribe with him for his protection. The Tademékket made another attempt to render themselves independent of the Awelímmiden, under their chief Ruméli, about the middle of the last century, I think, and were for a time successful, but were then hunted down by their rivals, and were obliged for a certain period to take refuge in Bámbara.

The Tademékket are divided since about forty years ago into two great groups, the Tingéregef, who dwell north of the river, and the Íregenáten, whose seats are to the south of the Niger. I first proceed to enumerate the tribes constituting the group of the Íregenáten, who are said to have received this name from the circumstance of their mixed character.

Kél-tejíwualet, with the chiefs Kendaye and Súle.

Kél-tebórit, with Khébar.

Kél éhe-n-sáttefen, “The black tent,” or tribe, called hógu bíbi by the Songhay, khéme el káhela by the Arabs, with the chief Ingédi.

Kél-tamuláit, with the chief Saúl.

Tejerbókit, with Ermétu.

Ajélletlet.

Abelárlar (Abelághlagh?).

Kél-dejé.

Takétakayen dwell among the Íregenáten, but belonged originally to the Igwádaren. One division, or khéme, of the Kél-bórum also lives among the Íregenáten.

As Imghád of the Íregenáten the following tribes deserve to be mentioned:—

The Eháwen Ádarak, in several subdivisions:—

The Kél-efélle, with the chiefs Feréferé, Áden, and Mohammed Eksémena; the Kél-idér, with Bélé the chief mentioned by me in my Journal, who is the principal chief of the whole tribe of the Eháwen-n-Ádagh; the Kéljía, with Áshelma; the Kél-dómberi, with Alaide; the Kél-ténelak; the Kél-dína; the Tázuwy-tázuwy, with Elfodíyi; Kelráshar.

Akótef, with the chief Dalle, with the two subdivisions of the Hágelel and Ózgar.

Ibúrzazen.

Imítteshen.

Imesrérsen.

Imakélkalen, another subdivision of this tribe with the chief Manzúki.

Kél-rémmat.

Tarbóka.

As Aníslimen or tolba of this group, the following tribes became known to me:—

Isakkamáren, and Kél-sakkamáren, the latter with the chief El Kádhi Agge Hámmeten, both these tribes being evidently fragments of the tribe of the Seghmára (however the name may be spelt), described by El Bekrí, and other Arab geographers, as settled on the northern bank of the Niger, round about Tademékka, and occupying a district of many days’ journey in extent; indeed it must be supposed that the Tademékka at that time were in a certain degree dependent on the Seghmára. The greater portion of this tribe we have found settled at the present time in districts much farther towards the north. See Vol. I. p. 565. _seq._ The Ibidúkelen, and finally a group of three tribes which originally belonged to the Íghelád, namely, the Kél-tárashít, the Kél- kabaye, and the Kél el horma.

The Tin géregef have received this name from the sandy downs, or “ellib,” as they are called by the Arabs, bordering on the north side of the Niger. Their chief is Áwáb, whom I have frequently mentioned in my Journal, and they are, as far as I was able to make out, only divided into five sections:—

Tingéregef éhe-n-tamellelt, or those of the white tent; Tingéregef éhe-n-takáwelit, or those of the black tent, to whom belongs Awáb; the Éhemed, Enéka, and Telamédes.

In a certain loose connection with this group are the Íghelád, a very numerous tribe, at present reduced to the position of Aníslimen, who are spread over a large tract of country, but are especially settled in the district Tagánet, between Ázawád and Timbúktu. Here they have dug the deep wells which distinguish that district, and their clans into which they are divided are therefore mostly designated from these wells. Their chiefs are Mohammed Áhmed ig Hawáli, E’ Táher, and Mohammed ʿAlí. The following is a list of their numerous subdivisions:—

Kél-antsár, Kél-n-wíwaten, Kél-n-Nokúnder, Kél-n-sheréa, Kél-n-agózen, Kél-n-bagsay, Kél-n-tushawén, Kél-n-wárrosén, Kél-n-abéllehan, Kél- n-mʿamúr, Kél-n-érazar, Kél-n-gíba, Kél tintahón, to whom belonged the learned Sheikh Sídí ʿAlí in the time of Bábá el kebír, Kél-téneg el hay or Debórió, Kél-n-nettik, Kél-n-tinsmáren, Kél-n-tintazalt, Kél-n- óshef, Kél-inneb, Kél-migágelit on the furthermost well of Tagánet, Kél-n-márzafef, Kél-tin-udékan, Kél-tinekawat, Kél-n-téshak, Kél-hór, to whom belongs the great fáki Táher, Kél-emaihór, Kél-téle, Kél-n- tabarámit, very rich in cattle, Kél-takánkelt, Kél-tadrak, Inetáben, Kél-tehórogén, Ibidúkelen, Kél-tághashít, Kél-elhorma, Kél kabáy, Kél- sakkomáren, Kél-tadár, Kel-n-kézem, Kél-térshawén, Kél-téndetas, Kél- tinhéllatén, Kél-insaid, Kél-eshínkay, Kél-n-álshinen, Kél-n-jarén, Kél-n-áyeren, Ihéwan-nór-eddí, Terbáz, Kél-tegállit.

I now proceed to mention the most easterly group of the Awelímmiden, who, in a political sense, have totally separated from the stock, and are generally allied with the Kél-gerés. These are the Awelímmiden wuén Bodhál, or, as they are generally called along the Niger, Dinnik, whose chief, Músa, enjoys great celebrity. The sections into which this tribe is subdivided I have not been able to learn.

I will conclude this short notice about these south-western Tawárek by stating, in addition to the facts exposed in Vol. I. p. 223. _et seq._, that I have not the slightest doubt that the Imóshagh are represented in the ancient sculptures of Egypt, by the fourth human race called Tʿamhʿu, or the inhabitants of the country Tʿemhʿ, and represented as of very light colour, with their distinguishing curl on the right side of the head, and their ear-rings. For the Mashawash, who are mentioned together with the Tʿamhʿu, seem to be nothing else but the same tribe under a different form of name. See Brugsch Geographische Inschriften Altägyptischer Denkmäler, ii. p. 78. _et seq._, and Plate I.

[Footnote 82: Compare the account of Ábú ʿOmár Ébn ʿAbd el Ber in Ébn Khaldún (trad. par Macguckin de Slane, vol. i. p. 174). Síggene, who by my informants is stated to be the ancestor of Lamt, may seem to be identical with Asnag, the ancestor of the Senhája, or Zenágha, with whom the Awelímmiden are intimately related.]

[Footnote 83: I will here observe, that most of the vowels which I have to distinguish by an accent, as showing the way of pronouncing the name, are not at all expressed in Tefínagh.]

[Footnote 84: The name seems to be nearly the same as that of the Khorímmeden.]

[Footnote 85: To the Imedídderen belonged Kosélete, the warrior who slew ʿUkba el Mústajáb, the great Mohammedan hero in the history of the conquest of Africa.]

[Footnote 86: The latter part of the name appears to me to have some connection with the name of the Berber town Tútek, or Tautek, توتك from whence the salt was carried to Tademékka in the time of El Bekrí (El Bekrí, p. 183.).]

APPENDIX IV.

A VOCABULARY OF THE TEMÁSHIGHT OR TÁRKÍYE, SUCH AS SPOKEN BY THE AWELÍMMIDEN.

A SHORT PROLEGOMENA, BY PROFESSOR NEWMAN.

The materials accumulated by Dr. Barth, enable us to give a more distinct reply to the question: What relation does the Temáshight (abbreviated in future as Temght) language bear to the idiom of the Kabáíl of Mount Atlas, and to the Shilha of Morocco? The replies hitherto given have seemed to a great authority, the Baron de Slane, premature, and, therefore, arbitrary.

I will try to write as one recapitulating facts, so far as I can discern facts, throwing the remarks under separate heads:—

1. The system of _Pronouns_ in the Temght differs sufficiently from that of the Kabáíl, to put a broad separation between the languages. The Baron de Slane has already given a valuable table, comparing the Pronominal system in the (so called) Berber tongues; and there is nothing to be added to this. Temght does not differ more decisively from Kabáíl in this respect, than each differs from Shilha, &c. Nevertheless, in the midst of the diversity, appear obvious and decisive marks of common origin. In fact, the _suffixed_ pronouns differ but little.

2. The _Numerals_, in so far as they are not superseded by Arabic, are fundamentally the same in all.

3. So far as Plural nouns can be formed regularly from the singular, the two languages seem to observe substantially the same rules.

4. The mode of _Conjugating_ the principal tense of the Verb, has no greater diversity in the Temght and Kabáíl than that found between mere dialects of the same language.

The modes of forming the _Present_ Tense are perhaps imperfectly understood as yet in all these tongues.

It is on the surface of the Kabáíl, that a Present Tense is formed by prefixing _adhi_, _ayi_, or _aï_ to the principal tense. This prefix precedes the pronominal mark of the verb. Similarly in the Temght we have _ehe_ or _ege_ fulfilling the same function; and (especially since the suffix pronoun of the Kabail, _ayi_ or _aï_ (“me”) is -_ahi_, in Barth) this _ehe_ seems to be the same element as Kabáíl _ayi_.

_Adhi_ (in Kab.) often expresses a Future or Subjunctive idea. Yet the element _ara_ or _ere_ is, perhaps, still more decidedly future. I have found this element, _r_, in Barth, though rarely: for instance, _ubbok_, smoking; and _rabakagh_, I smoke. In Hanoteau, _gh_ takes the place of _r_—sounds often confounded. To etymology it is of interest to know which sound is here more correct. If _gh_, then we are thrown back on _aghi_ of Kabáíl, which has the same meaning as _ayi_, viz., “this.” Also the element _ad_ means “this,” fem. _ati_. It seems then, that, prefixed to a tense, they give the idea of Now or Presently.

Besides these external affixes, in an Appendix to my edition of Sídi Ibrahím’s Narrative, published by the (London) Asiatic Society, I elicited four internal methods of forming the Present Tense in Kabáíl, viz., 1. by reduplication of the second radical; 2. by prefixing _t_ to the root (with the sound of _ts_); 3. by prefixing _θ_ to the root (sounded _t_ on the lowlands, but English _th_ in the highlands); 4. transitive verbs, formed by _s_ prefixed to the root, affix _aï_ after the root, or sometimes change the last vowel to _ā_. The Temght, with which Dr. Barth’s ear was familiarized, disowns the distinction of the thick _t_ (_ts_) from the common as well as the sound of English _th_. We cannot, therefore (at least at present), distinguish in this language between the second and third methods just recounted. But we may positively assert, that in Dr. Barth’s specimens a _prevalent_ mode of forming the Present tense, is by prefixing _t_ to the elementary part of the verb. Thus: _aniyet_, ride ye (from a root which must be _inay_, he rode); _etinne_, he rides, mounts; _enhi_ (or _eheni_), look thou, find thou; _inha_, I have found; but _tehinnen_, they see; _atenhegh_, I find; _inna_, he said, he spoke; _neketēnagh tinárahen_, I spake peace; _iwwen_, he went up; _tewīnagh_, I climb up; _iḳōr_, it is dried; _itōgar_, it is drying up.

On the other hand, where the prefix _t_ is not found, but where Dr. Barth, notwithstanding, assigns a present meaning, I am sometimes struck with a broad _ā_, which may perhaps denote present time, as in the fourth method of the Kabáíl above noted: but the materials are so few, that this needs confirmation. For example, _yeḍis_, he laughed; _ḍāsagh_, I laugh; _iḳḳel_, he turned or returned, _ekālagh_, I come back.

5. The Noun of Action is formed from the verb by a _t_ prefixed, and becomes feminine. In this all the Berber tongues seem to differ little from one another, or from Hebrew and Arabic.

6. The Transitive Verb is formed in Temght, as in Kabáíl, by prefixing _s_ to the root. Thus: _arīd_, washed; _saradagh_, I wash (a thing); _ádirif_, a freedman; _sidderfagh_, I set free: _idau_, he went in company; _isdau_, he brought together.