Part 39
7. A Passive Verb, formed like the Hebrew Niphal, is found sometimes, but rarely, alike in Temght and in Kabáíl. Thus, from Barth’s _ibóyis_, he is wounded, comes the transitive _sabayasagh_, I wound; and from this again a passive, _ansabayāsen_, they were wounded. Indeed, also _war nebúyis_, he was not wounded; formed direct from the primitive. Barth has _ekshe_, eat thou; _éheri inekshe_, “the money is spent;” probably, _inekshe_, is eaten.
8. A Reciprocal Verb or a Verbal Adjective is formed in both languages by prefixing _m_ to another verbal root. The practical use of this is comparable to the vagueness of the Greek Middle Voice. In Kabáíl it seems to be oftenest Reflective, sometimes Passive; nor otherwise in Temght. From _yohagh_, he seized, comes _témmihagh_ (explained by Hanoteau as the Temght for), she was seized; where the _m_ is Passive. But from _isitteg_, he traded, _imisitteg_, he exchanged: from _idau_, he went in company (_idiu_, in Hanoteau), _amīdi_, a comrade; _isharrag_, he fetched water, _amsharrag_, a water-carrier; _iḳḳel_, he turned (generally neuter), _isōkal_, he caused to return, he replaced; _simiskal_, barter thou (cause to replace _mutually_?); _ru_, weep, sob (Kabáíl root), _itru_, he weeps (Kab.), _immerauen_ (persons) weeping together; _irtay_, it was joined; _imirtayen_, mixed; _isken_, he pointed, showed; _emsāken_, they deliberate.
In fact _n_ and _m_ of these two heads, appear to have no sharp distinction. They are joined in Barth’s _anemang(h)a_, battle; from _nūgh_, fight thou (Kab.), or from _engh_, kill thou. In Sídi Íbrahím’s Shilha, _emmaghan_, they fought (for _emnaghan_?).
9. Reduplicate verbs are found in both languages, comparable to those of Hebrew and Arabic. Thus from _inghal_, it leaks (Barth), [in Kab., _inghel_, it gushed,] we have, as feminine, _toraft tinghálnaghel_, the boat leaks,—_qu._, is utterly leaky. Many reduplicate verbs occur, where we have to conjecture the primitive; as in _eshisheriwuēgh_, I trot my horse; _sheresherau_, work the pump handle, or pull the cord of the well-lever; _imesharlárlarēn_ or _ereshaushauēn_, (the water) is boiling.
The Temght sometimes repeats the third radical, as in _shékarash_, to till the ground. That the root is _keresh_, we know, since this is the sense of Kabáíl _kerez_; and Kab. _z_ often becomes _sh_ in Temght. _Ergash_, walk thou; and _yushirgesh_, he took a ride. From _anjur_, the nose-bone (_anzer_, of Kabáíl), by repeating the second radical, comes _shinshar_, nostrils; _shinshor_, to clear the nose. Evidently reduplication plays a large part in these languages. It sometimes appears to excess; as from _ishwar_, he begins (_izwer_, he began, Kab.); _sheshwāragh_, I begin.
10. The Temght heaps formation on formation to an extent exceeding what appears in the specimens of Kabáíl which I have met. In fact I have often had to refer to Kabáíl or to Ghadámsi for the roots of Barth’s verbs. Thus he has _sanishlam_, look about; a double formation from _ishlam_, which must be the same as Ghadámsi _izlem_ (also _illem_), he saw; _esimmiktagh_ I call to memory; transitive from the Kab. _amekthi_, a thought; from root _iktha_. Out of _Kél_ (a tribe, people) the Temght develops _atkēl_, empire; _amanōkal_, ruler; _temanókălen_, government.
11. The Temght, as exhibited in Dr. Barth’s specimens, often seems to degenerate into a Negro jabber. When the pronoun nominative is prefixed to the verb, a mere crude form of the verb may seem to suffice, just as though in Latin one were to say, _ego reg, ille reg_, instead of _rego, regit_; and for the third person the element _y_ (for “he”) is often dropped; as _amūt_, he died, for _yamūt_. Also, apparently from the influence of vulgar Arabic, we find the first person plural form used for the _singular_; as, _Nek noda(r)_, I fall (ego cadimus); _Nek nuṭṭef_, I take (ego cepimus): sometimes also the Arabic form of the second person singular supplants that of Berber, with the inconvenience of seeming to be third person feminine.
12. In Kabáíl I find a rather rare form of the Passive by prefixing _wa_ to the root. Thus from _rebbi_, rear, nourish (Brosselard), comes _itwarabba_, he is reared (Luke, iv. 16.): from _yūrez_, he chained; _ittārez_, he chains; _itwarzan_, they are chained (Luke iv. 19.); though here _w_ may seem to be in the root: _issen_, he knew; _itwassen_, it is known (Luke, vi. 44.); _u atsayalaθ, sagha attattusayalam_ (Matthew, vii. 1.), is intended to express, “Judge not, that ye be not judged;” strictly, perhaps, _Non interrogate, ne-forte interrogemini_; Sídi Hámed often uses the (Arabic?) verb _isayal_, he asked, for he judged. Here also we have _ittusayal_, he is judged; which yields _usayal_ or _wasayal_, as the passive root, and _wa_ as the passive element. Again, _inwaddar_, it was trodden under foot (Luke, viii. 5.), compared with _aṭar_, the foot, suggests that (_dd_ being euphonic for double _ṭ_?) _n_ and _wa_ here combine for a passive idea. I have recited these cases, because the form is rare, and might seem doubtful. Now in Barth, besides _irna_, he exceeded, surpassed, conquered (superavit), we find _itwarna_, he is conquered; which denotes a like passive formation.
13. The system of Prepositions is not wholly the same in Temght as in Kabáíl. Yet they have in common, _en_ or _na_, of; _si-_, from or by; _ghūr_, apud (pronounced _rōr_, with Barth); _fel_, upon; _ger_, between; _dau_, under; _g-_, in; _degh_ or _der_, at or in? _d-_, an untranslateable prefix, sometimes meaning with. This may seem the same as _id_, _d_, meaning and. Behind, _dar_, in Barth, is perhaps a contraction of Kabáíl _daffir_. Kabáíl _azzaθ, zaθ_, front, before, is _dat_ in Barth; seemingly the same element. All this shows a very close relation of the two languages.
14. The vocabularies, with very great likeness, show also grave diversities, making it impossible to regard the two idioms as mere _dialects_ of one language. Undoubtedly a stranger is liable to overrate in detail the significance of this, and unduly to assume that words of the one are wholly foreign to the other. Thus, when the Tawárek say _ishek_ (De Slane) for a tree, which in Kabáíl is _Θasṭa, Θasaṭṭa_, we are struck by the contrast. Nevertheless, in Kabáíl, _ishīg_ means, a branch: hence it is nearly as our colonists say bush for forest, wood. Barth writes _ehishk_ for _ishek_, which still more obscures the relation. But after all allowance, it remains that the two languages have deviated so widely from their original, that their identity is only an etymological, not a popular fact. If Negro words be duly ejected from the Temght, and intrusive Arabic from the Kabáíl, Shilha, &c., the remaining portion of the vocabularies greatly illustrate one another, and seem adequate to reconstruct the chief material of the old Libyan tongue. Barth has the high merit, to us, of giving very little as Temght which can be accounted Arabic.
The Arabic words which do enter the Temght are not identical with those of the Kabáíl; not even in religion. Thus prayer in Kabáíl is _tazallit_ (from Arabic صلى); but in Temght, _ʿumad_, from Arabic عمد; Confirmation being confounded with Prayer, as elsewhere with Baptism. This word may have come from Christianity; since also sin in Temght and Ghadámsi is _bekkad_ (once _ebaket_ in Barth); which seems, like the Welsh _pechod_, _bechod_, to be the Latin _peccata_. It is curious to observe in Temght the root _ibekket_, he crouched or knelt; perhaps primitively as a religious attitude. (Hanoteau has _ibekket_ of a lion crouching; and Barth gives _asibaket_ for “sit with elbows on the legs _against cold!_”) In this connection we may note that the Kabáíl name of God is _Rabbi_, which in Arabic is “My Lord;” but in Temght, besides Ámanay, it is _Mesína_ or _Mesínak_, which Barth takes for “our Messiah,” a Christian importation.
15. The prefix _am_ before a substantive means in Kabáíl _a possessor_. At least Hodgson gives many illustrations of this. I do not know that it distinctly appears in Barth, though there are words thus explicable; as _ahuyye_, the chase; _amahuyyen_, a sportsman. But the Temght has, to express this sense, a very common prefix, _ila_, unknown to the Kabáíl, as far as I am aware.
Thus from _Ehen_, a tent; _ilēhen_, tented (_i.e._ married). It indeed seems to me that this prefix has the wider sense of changing some other word into an adjective, nearly as the German suffix _-ig_. Thus from _dar_, behind (prep.) comes _iladara_ (one who is?) behind; from _dat_, before, _iladata_ (one who is?) in front. One may even suspect that _ila_ here is the element of the verb “to be,” from _illa_, he was; _ili_, be thou. (Barth also has _ilē_, “here;” and in Kabáíl and Shilha _elli_ is the relative “who,” as in vulgar Arabic.)
The general conclusion seems to be that Temght, Shilha, Ghadámsi, Kabáíl, &c., are distinct languages, related as (we will say) Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian.
It may be here added, that Dr. Barth unfortunately has not been able (in the rude pronunciation to which he listened) to discriminate _t_ from _ṭ_, _d_ from _ḍ_, _k_ from _ḳ_, _z_ from _ṣ_ (if there is any ص), while _gh_ was perpetually passing into _g_, _k_, or _r_. It appears to me still doubtful how many consonants there are in Temght; whether there is any _Ain_, and whether there is any such distinction as the _ts_ and _th_ of the Kabáíl. If we knew the sounds accurately, certain families of words might be less confused and confusing.
In general, the pronunciation of words presented to us by Dr. Barth is softer than that of the Kabáíl, and has a fuller and clearer vocalization. In one combination, indeed, the Kabáíl is the softer, and it may deserve attention: it is the English _tch_ (written _ch_ by Barth) for which he has _ksh_ or _tk_. Thus the Temght _ikshe_, he ate, _itkar_, it is full, are in Kabáíl _ichche_, _ichchur_. From Arabic _kheshen_, rough, the Kab. makes _ichchen_, he is ugly. Again it has _ichchah_ and _ichcham_, he was hot in anger (answering to Arabic اجّا and اجم), for which Barth gives the harsher sound _itkar_, meaning perhaps _itkagh_ or _itkakh_. These cases are of interest, as pointing out that the Temght has sometimes an older form of the word than that found in Arabic.
F. W. NEWMAN.
PRONOUNS, ETC.
_I_, nek.
_Thou_, ke, kay; _fem._ kam.
_He_, enta. _She_, entadi.
_We_, nekenet [nekeneṭ?]; _fem._ nekénetēt [nekéneṭēt?].
_Ye_, kawenit [kaweniṭ?]; _fem._ kametēt.
_They_, entenet [enteneṭ?]; _fem._ enténetēt [enténeṭēt].
[_N.B._ We, ye, they, in _Tuareg_ [Temáshight] are given by De Slane as _Neknīd_, _Kisnīd_, _Entenīd_ with final _d_, and by Ben Músa with final ط or ظ.]
_Of me, mine_, eni, ini, ino, in.
_Of thee_, inek; _fem._ inem.
_Of him_, enis, inis.
_Of her_, tenis, tinis.
_Of us_, inănagh.
_Of you_, inăwen; _fem._ inekmet.
_Of them_, inĕsan; _fem._ inesnet.
_I have_, nek ila rōri (ego, est mihi).
_Thou hast_, ke ila rōrik.
—— (_fem._), kamak ila rori_n_ (_m._?).
_He has_, enta ila rōris, &c.
_Myself_, imānin; _by myself_, simāni.
_Thyself_, imannek; _fem._ imannem.
_Himself, herself,_ imannis.
_Ourselves_, imannănagh.
_Yourselves_, imánnawen; _fem._ imanekmet.
_Themselves_, imannisen; _fem._ imannesnet.
_He went_, ígĕle, yígĕle.
_Thou wentest_, tegĕlēt [tegeleṭ?].
_I went_, egĕlēgh.
_They went_, tigĕlēn; _fem._ tigelēnet.
_Ye went_, tigelém; _fem._ tigelémet.
_We went_, negĕle.
_There is_, eha [iha? = iga of Shilha]; ehan, _there being_.
_There is to me_, ehay, ehāhi; _fem._ ethāhe.
_There is to thee_, ehīk, hīk; (_there being to thee?_) ehan-kay.
_There was_, illa.
_There is_, yilē.
_There once was_, kălā ille.
_One (a certain)_, iyen.
_One by one_, iyen, siyen.
_Alone_, iyente.
_Other (alius)_, iyeṭ, iyeḍ.
_Other (alter?)_, yeḍnin, niḍ.
[Compare Arabic root _ayḍ_, whence _ayeḍan_.]
_Some, others_, iyeḍ, iyeḍ.
_I alone_, iyentnek.
_Thou alone_, iyentke.
_He alone_, iyententa.
_We alone_, iyentănagh.
_Ye alone_, iyenténawen; _fem._ iyente nekmet.
_They alone_, iyente nisen; _fem._ iyente nisnet.
_I_ and _thou_, nek _id_ ke.
[_And_, e. See 126, 127. and 130.]
_Or_, mer.
_But_, hun. [In apodosis, _Hun_, ecce! (_Prodigal Son._)]
_Yes_, iya.
_No_, kalā! kalā kalā!
_This thing_, ādi (_masc.?_).
_This (here) thing_, tetīd (_fem.?_).
_This year_, tenī, tenēda, tenīdagh.
_Last year_, teninḍi.
_Two years ago_, ténenḍīn.
_This, that_, awa, ὁ [_fem._ ata? ἡ].
[_These, those_, wīn; _fem._ ch. of īn αἱ?]
_This_, wādagh; _fem._ tādagh.
_These_, wuidagh; _fem._ tidagh.
—— idagh [_in both genders and numbers_].
_To-day_, ashel idagh; _to-night_, ehad idagh.
_This is he_, enta dādagh.
_That_ (ille), wuēn (illa), tēn [indagh?], tindagh.
[_This (neuter? and absolute)_, ādi (?)]
—— also, _tetid_ and _tet_, _fem.?_ _Prodig. Son_, (te)selsemastet, tegimastet, imposuistis ei eam.
_This and that_, wuay wuay.
_These and those_, wuīn wuīn.
_Who, which_, awa; _pl._ wui (129.).
_Who?_ ennagh? mamūs?
_Whoever_, awwa (129.).
_Whatever is there_, awway ilādihēn. (126.)
{ _Those ropes_, eréwiyen w_a_dagh. { { _What trees?_ innagh ehishkan. { { Which _they twine_, _wui_ tellĕmin.
_What?_ ennagh awen? endagh? endēgh ma?
_What is it?_ nīshin?
[Num? utrum? awagh, _perhaps_, 56.]
_Why?_ mefit? mefel? mas?
_When?_ me?
_On this side_, sihā, sihāhe.
—— [87]ilāhen, elādi.
_On that side_, ilāsehēn, ilāhini.
_Here_, ilē (_etid?_ 138.).
_There_, ilāsehēn, ilādihēn (_dis?_ 102.)
_In this place_, ilādiha dagh. } } _In what place_, ennagh edagh? }
_Where (is it) that_, endagh dihan?
———— endegh diha? (ποῦ ὅπου;)
_Where?_ ma ege?
_Where_, diha, ihe (_relative adv._) [_Uterque præteriit_, quò _pretæriit_,Erétŭset ika, _diha_ ika.]
_In what manner?_ de kawan entág?
[degh awwan entág?]
_At that place_, dar (gh?) agel[88] wadagh.
[_Every_, igen, aigin?]
[In Shilha, kraigen, _every_; _fem._ kraiget.]
_Every day_, ashel igen.
_Then, at that time_, yawen asígan.
_At_ every _time_, _aigin_ kala.
[Kălā, (une) fois? = _wal_ of Shilha, = _tekalt_ of Kabáíl.]
_Once upon a time (there being)_, kalayillen.
_Never_, aigin kala war.
—— atillen.
_Always_, harkūk [har = _usque?_].
_Formerly_, ehingām, ahōja.
_Once_, arū, ibbĕda (olim).
_Somebody_, mindam.
_Everybody_, erétŭsē [_each of two?_].
_The whole_ } } rurret, iket. _All_ }
_All the world_, rurret eddynia.
_All the rivers_, eghírriwan rurret.
_All of us_, iket énănagh.
_All of you_, iket énăwen.
_All of it_, iket enis.
_About, nearly_, turdau iket.
_Just, exactly_, adūtet.
_Not_, war. (So _Kab. Shil._)
_Nothing_, war-harret.
_Something_, harret.
_Only_, ghas (so _Shilha_), war-har, non nisi.
_But only, with the exception of_, asal (aṣal, _Kab._)
_The whole tribe has been extinguished with the exception of a few lads_, tausit ikétenis témminde asel harret iliadan.
_Much_, egēn; _fem._ tegēt.
_Multitude_, egōd (129.), yegōt.[89]
[_Quantity_, ígĕde._Number_, eket.]
_How often?_ merder úgĭda?
_How much?_ ma ígĕde?
_At what price?_ meder úgĕda?
_How many?_ men ekēt? (= menesht of Delaporte’s _Kab._)
_Too much_, agōteni.
_Many of them_, awagōt daghsen.
_Most of them_, awagin daghsen.
[_Somewhat, a little_, in _Ghadámsi_, eket.]
_A few_, wafarōr; _pl._ wafarōren.
—— awandurren [andurren, _a little_.]
—— imadröini [maḍrūīn, _B. M._].
[Comparing _amáddaray_, younger (_amḍaray_ in Ben Músa), and the Kabáíl _adrūs_, a little (of it), we get the root, _drū_ or _ḍru_, for littleness.]
_Very_, hullen. [_Ghad._, hála, _much_; hālen, _many_; Hodgson’s _Kab._[90], herla.]
_Little by little_, sullen sullen.
_Generally, ordinarily_, ennādir.
[_A little_, giak. See 146.]
_One day_, saagōdi.
_Hitherto_, har egōdi, 207. (_usque ad nunc_).
—— endi.
_Now_, egōdi? azarādar [= azal adagh (_this day?_), amarādar (_this time_)].
_Soon_, agōdedak [egōdi idagh].
_Not yet_, har egōdi war.
—— heregōdi; endi.
[_Num? anne?_ hi.]
{ _Adhuc_ anne _pervenimus, quò ibamus?_ { { Endi _hi_ nussa, diha nikka?
[See also _essi_ in 65. below; but neither _hi_ nor _essi_ in this sense is confirmed.]
_Before_, dat (datāi, dátak, &c.), [= _Kab._ zath.]
_Behind_, dar (dar anagh, &c.), [= _Kab._ daffir.]
[_That which is_] _in front_, ilādata.
[_That which is_] _behind_, ilādara. _Darret_, after (prepos.), in _Prodigal Son_.
_At_, d. _At the side_, d edis.
_By_, s.
_In_, der, degh. _Into_, dag.
_Of_ (partitive), degh.
_Under_, dau, edēr [= _Kab._, edau].
_Down_, sedir [= sedau].
_Inside_, anaigesh [from egish].
_Outside_, agĕme, dagăma [from egem].
_Without_, gema.
_Between_, ger [me gerassen, _which betwixt them?_ i.e. _which of the two?_].
_For_, rōr [ghur of _Kab._].
_Upon_, felle, safelle, fel.
—— ser? 139.
_Over_, ginnĕgis, ginnĕgish [ginnĕge, 147.]. From _Kab._, ennig.
_Around_, terlaite (after noun).
_Until_, har [_Kab._, ar.].
* * * * *
VERBS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO CONNECTION.
WITH NOTES BY PROFESSOR NEWMAN.
1. Wuēgh, _I was born_.
_Where wast thou born?_ Endēgh akal wādagh wuīt? (_What land that thou-wast-born?_)
[Note: _Yiwū_, he was born? In Shilha, _yu_, a son.]
2. _The woman is bearing (pregnant)_, temmat tōren.
[Note: _Arau_, offspring, Kab.]
3. _The woman gives suck_, temmat tezēdut [tesēṭuṭ].
_He sucks the breast_, itātet [itāṭeṭ].
[Note: _Yesūṭeṭ_, she gave suck, Kab.; from _iṭeṭ_, he sucked the teat.]
4. _The woman suckles her child_, temmat tesánkas rōris.
_He sucks_, inākas.
[Note: Root _inkas?_ he sucked.]
5. _I am alive_, edargh.
_He is alive_, idār. (So _Kab._)
6. _The boy is ripe (of age)_, aliad awad.
_The girl is ripe (of age)_, taliad tawad.
_Ripeness of age_, tagat. _An adult_, amawad.
7. _The girl has a full bosom_, taliad tistaurat.
8. _He has grown old_, iwāshar.
_I grow old_, wāsharagh.
[Note: In Ghadámsi, _ūsăr_, old.]
9. _He died, is dead_, amūt. (So _Kab._)
10. _Look!_ enhi!
_I have not found_, war enhēgh.
_Have you found my knife?_ abĕsar eni tenhēt?
_We have found him_, nenhēt. (_Prod. Son._)
_We have again found him, (we have repeated the finding)_, nolis tahănait. (_Prod. Son._)
_I see_, aténhegh.
_Sight_, ahănay.
_They see not_, war tehinnen.
_Nobody sees anything_, war ihinne wādem harret.
_I saw nothing_, war inhegh harret.
[Note: Ben Músa of Ghadámes gives _ihen_, he saw; and _ehĕni_, look! as Tuareg (Temght). _Eheni_ and _enehi_, according to Barth, are transpositions ad libitum; also _two_ meanings, see and find, appear.]
11. _I look at with attention_, esagădagh.
_Look before you_, sageréhe dátak.
_I look at with pleasure_, esagrăhagh.
_I listen [to thee]_, nek asijádănak.
_[You] do not listen [to us]_, war hanagh tesjadet.
_I looked around_, asanishlămagh.
_Let us look around_, sanishlámănagh.
[Note: Kab. _isag_, he looked at; _iseked_, he observed. _Asijadan_ is for _asigadan_ (partic.), attending. _Esagrah_ is a compound verb, from _isag_, he looked, and _irah_, he loved.
_Sanishlam_, frequentative from root _shalam_, which in Ben Músa’s Ghadámsi is _izlem_, and also _yellem_.]
12. _I feel with my hand_, tédishagh.
_Feeling_ (subst.), tédisha.
[Note: _Idish_, he felt?]
13. _I smell_, insarghagh.
_Let me smell (snuff at)_, disaraghagh.
_I take a snuff_, sárăghagh.
[Note: _Isāregh_, he smells (Temght of B. M.). If this is a causative form, it implies a root, _iregh_, it has a smell; = Arabic, _rīhh_. But it must not be too easily identified with _irgha_, it burnt.]
14. _I taste_, etālaghagh.
_Taste_ (subst.), tālagh.
[Note: _Yalegh_, he tasted; so Ben Músa’s Tuareg (Temght).]
15. _I have eaten_, ikshēgh.
_Give me (what) I-may-eat_, ikfāhi awwā-kshēgh.
[Note: _Ekshe_, in Kab. becomes _echche_.]
16. _I am hungry_, ilōzagh.
17. _I have enough_, iyūwanagh. (So _Kab._)
_We have enough_, naiwen.
_Thou hast enough_, tiyúwanat.
18. _I drink_, aswēgh.
_Drink!_ asu! (So _Kab._)
_Give me to drink_, ikfāhi deswagh.
[_We give you_], nikfēk.
[Note: _Ikfa_ [Arab. it sufficed] is _ifka_ of Kab. he gave. See 93.]
19. _Thou gobblest, no stopping!_ ke tenséat, war díkkĕra.
20. _Hunger kills me_ [_smites me?_], inákăhē lās.
_I kill you_, nek inrēkay [inghēkay].
[Note: Elsewhere Barth has _inakken_, they beat. (Kab. has _nūgh_, fight thou! _engh_, kill thou! separate verbs). Heb. _Naka_ is either smite or slay.]
21. _Thirst overpowers me_, inrāhi fat [fad] [_or_, inghāhi, _kills me_].
[Note: _Inra_ (in Shilha, he overpowers, conquers, becomes _irna_ (but see 129.) in Kab., and unites the senses _superat_ and _superest_.]
22. _I perspire_, orāfagh.
_perspiration_ (subst.), ímselhā.
_The water-carriers sweat_, imsharrŏgen imsélhe_san_ [_(there is) sweat_ to them.]
23. _Smoking_, ubbok.
_I smoke the pipe_, rabăkagh eben.
——, sasagh ebĕni (_I drink my pipe_).
[Note: The present tense formed by initial _r_ or _ar_ is rare in Barth, common in Kabáíl and Shilha.]
24. _I say_, ennēgh. (So _Kab._)
_You told me_, tenāhit, [she _told_ it _to me?_]
_Tell him_, annas.
25. _Utterance_, asókel [asóḳel?].
_I answer_, asókălagh el jawāb.
_Answer me_, sokalāhe el jawāb.
_Restore to me my camel_, sokalāhi ámenis ení.
_I restore to you your thing_, sókălagh harret enak.
_They make them go back_, isokalén-ten.
_He did not return my salute_, war hay isōkal essălām.
_I replace the sword_, esókalagh tákŏba.
_The copying (of a book)_, asăkal.
_Shut the door_, sókel tefalwat.
_I shut the door_, sókălagh tefalwat. [_Properly_, turn _the door_.]
[Note: _Isóḳal_, causative, from _iḳḳal_, he turned (neuter). _Asoḳel_, utterance, is like _reddere voces_ for _edere._]
26. _He does not speak distinctly_, ital elis enis [_he has wrapt (or involved) his tongue_].
_He rattles [stammers?]_, enta ahedendán.
_She rattles [stammers?]_, tehádendán.
[Note: _Ḍenḍan_, or _ṭenṭan_, to ring or rattle, is Kab. and Arab., and Lat., _tinnio_.]
27. _Thou talkest much_, ke hek takalt.
_I prattle_, nek et-hahe takalt.
[Note: _Taḳalt_ is perhaps formed from Arabic. _Awal_ (vox), for _ḳul_, is the Kabáíl.]
28. _I want to whisper_, erhēgh asimmetiktĭkāgh.
[Note: Root _tiktik_; the _m_ is reciprocal, and _s_ causative.]
29. _I am eloquent_, orādagh.
_Eloquence_, erkōd [eghrōd?]
_A speech_, meggĕred.
_He is eloquent_, isrād elis enis [_he made-eloquent his tongue_].
_I praise_, egeriddagh.
_He harangues them_, imeggĕred dassen.
[Note: Perhaps from Arabic, _ghered_, he warbled, the guttural suffering obliteration.]
30. _I inquire_, esistănagh.
_Ask him the news_, sistent fel isălen. (Ar. saal, _he asked_.)
31. _Seek thou_, ummagh [_Kab._ ūnāg.]
_He sought for_, yummagh, yesummagh.
_I seek your advice_, nek summaghekay tanhād.
32. _Give us advice_, ager tanhā(d?)
_I advise you_, egerākay tanhād.
_Advice_, tanhād.
——, takshit [_secrecy_].
_I tell you this secretly_, inneghak awādagh istakshit.
_We confer between ourselves_, neger tanhād gerēnagh.
_You must not repeat it to anyone_, war tíntennit (_or_ war tisellit) awādem.
[Note: _Ger_, throw, cast, in Kab. and Temght. _Neger tanhād_, we cast advice. In the forms _summaghekay_ (31.), _egerakay_ (32.), _irhekāy_ (33.), _yūfekē_ (35.) we see that the Tawárek use the nominative _kay_ or _kē_ for (thee) the accusative after a verb [reserving the Kabáíl suffix _ak_ for the dative (tibi)?], and the final _gh_ of the 1st pl. is absorbed by _k_. Thus, irhēkay = erhēghkay.]
33. _I will, I like_, irhēgh.
_I like, love you_, irhēkay.
_I like not_, wúr terhagh [_or_, wur-t-erhagh, _I like him not?_]
[Note: _Irha_, in Ghad. is _ifráú_, in Kab. is _īra_. The word is evidently the Berber correlative of Arab, _ifrahh_, he rejoiced; which the Kabáíl dialect uses side by side with _ira_.]
34. _I can_, edōbegh, dōbegh.
[Note: _Idōb_ (he is able) must be inferred. Hence also, _adăbīb_, expert, pl. _idábăben_; and a new verb, _idăbab_, he is expert.]
35. _We surpass him_, nūfe-t. [So in _Shilha_.]
_This man surpasses you_, halis wādagh yūfekē.
_It is better than_, yūfa.
36. _It is useful_, yĭnfa. [_Arab._ yinfʿa.]
——, ahitenfa.
_It is gone, finished_, yimmĕdi.
_It is enough_, yúggeda.
_It is suitable_, [initúëgi?]
_It is impossible_, awar initúëgi.
_There is_, yilē.
37. _What shall I do?_ ma diknegh?
_He who_ makes _shoes_, wa _yekannen_ ibúshegan.
_We did it_, neknīt.
_It may be_, imōkan (_is feasible_).
[Note: _Ken_, do thou! fac! (Ben Músa’s Temght.)]
38. _The stars_ shine _forth_, ităren _iknān_ ebarbar.
_This day is very fine_, ashel idagh _ikna_ téshel dĕje.
_It is wonderful_, takōnit.
[Note: _Ikna_, it shone? _Iken_, he made?]
39. _I have done for thee_, egéaghak.
_I have committed sin_, egégh ébăket.
_They have formed a line_, égen ăfōd.
_I do [have done?]_, iggegh.
_I_ mend _a rent_, tagagh tikist.
_Make for me a pretty song_, egāhi anaya ihŏsken. [_Prod. Son._ ahas nigge, _ut ei faciamus_].
_Thou hast done wrong_, tegēt tellĕbist.
_I have done (a good thing) for you_, tagaghak.
_Thou hast done me a wrong_, tagaihi tellĕbist: [she _has done me?_].
_Shall I_ fasten _the horse?_ agyagh ais? [_Shall I_ do _the horse?_]. See 186.
_Ye have put this for me_, tegimāhi tetid.
[Note: Aj (اج) is Ghadámsi for do thou! In Shilha, _igā_, factum est; in Temght it is active, _egit_. The word seems to be lost in Kabáíl. (See _etagagh_ and _ig_ in 47.)]
40. _Do not do this_, kissinādi?