Part 35

_Basques_ are still dwelling north of the Pyrenees, i, 367.

_Basque poem_ on the Cantabrian war, iii, 150.

_Basreliefs_, the art of Basreliefs is at its height under Trajan, iii, 274; thoroughly bad on the triumphal arch of Severus, 275.

_M. Bassianus_, son of Septimius Severus, iii, 254. See Caracalla.

_Bassianus._ See Elagabalus.

_Bassus._ See Aufidius.

_Bastarnians_, i, 369; their abodes, ii, 204; their movements, 211.

_Bastulans_ in Spain, Μιξοφοίνικες, ii, 59.

_Bato_, two men of this name leaders of the Dalmatians, iii, 155; one of them treacherously gives up Pinnes to the Romans, 156.

_Battle_, oblique line of, ii, 101; order of, i, 441.

_Bautzen_, battle, i, 428.

_Bayle_, i, 3, 70.

_Beaufort_, i, 3; his work on the Roman antiquities recommended, 72, 269, footnote; his _Dissertation sur l’incertitude des quatre premiers siècles de l’histoire Romaine_, 72; the war of Porsena and the time of Camillus beautifully handled by him, 211; shows that the peace of Porsena is quite a different thing from what the Romans would make us believe, 211; on Camillus, 382; on the Licinian laws, 396; on Regulus’ death, ii, 25.

_Ul. Becker’s_ treatise on the history of the war of Hannibal is a valuable work, ii, 64.

_Bedriacum_, in the neighbourhood of Cremona, battle, iii, 197.

_Beja_ founded, iii, 150; conf. Pax.

_Belgians_, not unmingled with Gaels, ii, 322; war against the Romans, iii, 44; they had no free population, 44; defeated in two battles, 44; conf. Cymri.

_Belli_, name of a tribe of the Celtiberians, ii, 261.

_Bellovaci_, iii, 48.

_Bellovesus_, leader of the Gauls, i, 368.

_Benedict_ of Soracte, chronicle, i, 9; gives a detailed account of an expedition of Charlemagne to Jerusalem, 86.

_Beneventum_, battle, i, 568; Roman colony, ii, 106.

_Beni Tai_ are ten thousand families who cannot all descend from Edid Tai, i, 159.

_Bentley_ ran down at Oxford, i, 42, 71.

_Bergamo_, a Rhætian town, ii, 32.

_Bern._ See Lucerne.

_St. Bernard_, the great, there is everlasting snow on it, ii, 78.

_St. Bernard_, the little, is the mountain over which Hannibal passed, ii, 78; has no glaciers, 78; is in summer a green Alp, 78.

_Bernard_, the holy, iii, 94.

_Berosus_, is genuine, ii, 1.

_Besançon_, battle, iii, 43.

_Besieging_, Greek art of, first applied by the Romans at Lilybæum, ii, 30.

_Bestia._ See Calpurnius.

_Bibulus_, Cæsar’s colleague, commander of Pompey’s fleet, iii, 58.

_Biondo_ of Forli, iii, 114.

_Bithyas_, Carthaginian general in the third Punic war, ii, 241.

_Bithynia_, ii, 181, 377; the monarchy broken up, iii, 1.

_Bituitus_, king of the Arvernians, ii, 308.

_Bledes_, (Bledel,) son of Rugilas, iii, 339.

_Blemmyans_ in Dongola, Trajan’s expedition against them, iii, 162.

_C. Blossius_, teacher of the Gracchi, ii, 270; author of Rhintonian comedies, 270 (conf. the footnote); anecdote of him, 287.

_Boardingbridges_, ii, 14, 17.

_Bocchus_, king of the Mauritanians, ii, 321.

_Bochart_, one of the last highly gifted French philologists, i, 94; his hypothesis concerning the influence of the Phœnicians is carried too far, 95.

_Bœcler_ is to be reckoned among the ornaments of Germany, i, 70.

_Bœotians_, independent in appearance only, under the supremacy of Macedon, ii, 151; drawn by Flaminius into a league with Rome, 156; a separate state, 163; kill the leader of the Macedonian party among them, 172; join the Achæans in their war against the Romans, 253; pay a tribute to Rome, 256.

_Boëthius_, iii, 348.

_Bogud_, king of Mauritania, iii, 67.

_Bohemund_, his conduct in the crusades, ii, 65, footnote.

_Boians_, defeated near the lake Vadimo, i, 547; in Italy, ii, 51; submit to the Romans, 56; beat a Roman legion and keep the survivors shut up in Modena, 83; extent of their territory, 83; they seize three Romans of rank, 83; send ambassadors to meet Hannibal, 83; defend themselves against the Romans with distinguished bravery, 164; destroy Placentia and Cremona, 165; are probably exterminated, 165; _desertum Boiorum_, 165; are said to have had a hundred and twelve cantons in Italy, 165; independent, iii, 3.

_Bolæ_ or _Bola_, i, 344.

_Bolingbroke_, Lord, i, 281.

_Bolivar_, ii, 369.

_Bologna_ has a _palatium civium_ and a _palatium communis_, i, 168; conf. Bononia.

_Bona Dea_, her festival is only celebrated by women, iii, 27.

_Boniface_, iii, 336; seems to have been an Italian, 336; recalled from Africa by the influence of Aëtius, 336; calls the Vandals into Africa, 337.

_Bononia_, the colony has the obligation to serve in war, ii, 384; conf. Bologna.

_Bononia_ (Boulogne sur Mer), iii, 296.

_Bosporus_, kingdom of the, conquered by the Goths, iii, 278.

_Bosporus_, Thracian, lay open since the destruction of Byzantium, iii, 278.

_Bostra_, in Arabia Petræa, iii, 271; _colonia Romana_, 271; in the neighbourhood of Pella, 272.

_Boudicea_, (Bunduica), queen of the Britons, iii, 191.

_Bourg_, i, 167.

_Bourgeois_, i, 167.

_Bourges_, taken by Cæsar, iii, 47.

_Bovianum_, the most thriving town of the Samnites, taken by the Romans, i, 500; in Strabo’s time a small place, 500; battle, 504.

_Bozra_ (Βύρσα), original name of Carthage, ii, 2.

_Brabant_, the towns there neutral in the war between Spain and the Netherlands, i, 391.

_Brandenburg_, the Vandal (Wendish) tongue forbidden on pain of death, i, 145.

_Brandy_, there was none except in Egypt; the process of distillation depicted on the walls of Thebes, ii, 86.

_Brass_ is only of late invention, iii, 45.

_Bremen_, duchy of, the equestrian body there dwindled within fifty years to half its number, i, 140.

_Brenin_ means in Welsh and Bas Breton a King, i, 366.

_Brescia_, Rhætian town, ii, 52.

_Bretagne_, the immigration from Britain in the fifth century is fabulous, iii, 42.

BRITAIN, is according to a tradition one of the most ancient seats of the Celts, i, 366; thought inaccessible, iii, 45; neither gold nor silver found there, 45; Claudius’ expedition, 134; province, 134; insurrection under Nero, 191; wall against the Caledonians erected by Hadrian, 230; the two elements of the population preserved, 230; rising under Antoninus Pius, 236; war of Septimius Severus, 254; revolt of Carausius, 296; casts itself off from the Roman empire, 331; the usurper Constantine, 334.

_Britannicus_, son of Claudius of his first marriage, iii, 183.

_Britomaris_, chieftain of the Sennonian Gauls, i, 546.

_Britons_, their name transferred to the English, i, 143.

_Bronze_ is met with in the temple of Solomon, and even in the tabernacle of Moses, iii, 45.

_Bructeri_ reduced by Drusus, iii, 153; defeat the legate M. Lollius, 153; subdued by Tiberius, 154; rising under Vespasian, 242.

_Brundusium_, Roman fortress, i, 571; Roman colony, ii, 106; faithful to the Syllanian interest, iii, 55; peace, 103.

_Bruttians_, the Oscan part of them sprung from the Sabine stock, i, 120; their insurrection, 153; their origin, 419; league themselves with the enemies of Rome, 545; acknowledge Rome’s supremacy, 571; fall off again, ii, 107; gain over Locri, 107; are deprived of their constitution, 186; nearly the whole country under Honorius was pasture land, 264.

_Dec. Brutus_, general of Cæsar, conspires against him, iii, 79; entices him into the curia, 80; withdraws to Cisalpine Gaul, 83; besieged in Mutina, 89; the war of Mutina, 89; murdered, 91.

_Brutus_, Dec. Junius Callaicus, peace with the Lusitanians, ii, 260.

_Brutus_, L. Junius, legends concerning him, i, 82, 198; the name is Oscan, 198; given him because he was a plebeian, 199; _Tribunus Celerum_, 199; plebeian, 200; the statement that plebeians had been introduced by him into the senate, 334.

_Brutus_, M. Junius, the father, brings forward a motion concerning the colony of Capua, iii, 34.

_Brutus_, M. Junius, i, 200; beloved by Cicero, iii, 26; prætor, 76; prætor urbanus, 78; nephew of Cato, 76; marries Cato’s daughter, 77; introduced by him into the Stoic philosophy, 77; his character, 77; fights at Pharsalus, 78; is intrusted by Cæsar with the government of Cisalpine Gaul, 78; goes to Greece, 88; outlawed, 91; makes himself master of Macedonia, 95; battle of Philippi, 97; sees the vision, 95; victory of his fleet, 98; defeated; takes his own life, 99; his age, 99.

_M. Brutus_ carries on the business of a sycophant, iii, 77.

_Bubulcus._ See Junius.

_Bunduica._ See Boudicea.

_Burgundians_ cross the Rhine, iii, 331; remain in Gaul under Roman supremacy, 332.

_Burning glasses_, the destruction of the Roman fleet by means of them, doubtful, ii, 117.

_Burrhus_, Nero’s tutor, præfectus prætorio, iii, 189.

_Busta Gallica_ near the Carinæ were still shown in Cæsar’s times, i, 384.

_Busts_, after the time of Caracalla no busts were made, iii, 275.

_Buxentum_, it is uncertain whether it became Roman after the Samnite war, i, 505; conf. Pyxus.

_Byng_, admiral, shot by the English, ii, 109.

_Bysacene_ belonged to Carthage as early as in the days of the Roman kings, ii, 229.

_Byzantines_, fought in their most brilliant days with very small ships, ii, 17.

_Byzantium_ allied with Chios and Lesbos, ii, 145, 151; with Egypt, 148; destroyed by Septimius Severus, iii, 252; conf. Constantinople.

C

_Caia Cæcilia_, wife of Tarquinius Priscus, i, 37; her image in the temple of Semo Sancus, 37; filings from the girdle of her brazen image were used as remedies, 37.

_Cæcilius_ mentioned by Strabo is very likely Dionysius of Halicarnassus, i, 39.

_Cæcilius_, see Atticus, Metellus, Statius.

_Cæcina_, Etruscan historian, i, 191.

_Cæcina_ is a gentile name, ii, 403, footnote.

_Cæcina_, iii, 195, 197; killed by the order of Titus, 208.

_Cæculus_, founder of Præneste, i, 137.

_Cædicius_, iii, 158.

_Q. Cæditius_, ii, 16.

_Cæles Vibenna_, i, 88, 118, 129; _condottiere_, 155; an historical person, 191.

_Cælius_ joins Romulus in his war against the Sabines, i, 117.

_Cælius_, Mount, foundation of the town on it, i, 129.

_Cælius Antipater._ See Cœlius.

_Cælius Rufus_, judicious, ii, 379; beloved by Cicero, iii, 26; his insurrection, 65; his language like that of Cicero for excellence, 127.

_Cæpio_, proconsul, ii, 259.

_Cæpio_, proconsul, his army destroyed by the Teutones and the Cimbri, ii, 325.

_Cæpio_, Q. Servilius, proconsul, murdered at Asculum, ii, 351.

_Cære_, formerly called Agylla, i, 147; gets isopolity, 152.

_Cærites_, according to Diodorus, conquer the Gauls, i, 383; give up part of their territory to Rome, 416.

_Cærite citizenship_ (sympolity), i, 535.

_Cæsar_, C. Julius, his fondness for Marius, ii, 327; his consulship to be looked upon as the beginning of the civil wars, iii, 28; married to the daughter of Cinna, 29; does not stoop to Sylla, 29; the greatest general of his age, 30; declares for Marius’ party, 30; consul, 31; his character, 31, 58; had no military schooling, 31; his work on analogy, 32; his style, 33; not one witty saying of him is recorded, 33; gets Gaul as a province, 34; founds a colony in Capua, 34; estrangement between him and Cicero, 34; his province belonged to him for five years, 37; congress at Lucca, 39; his commentaries, 39; much to be expected from the MSS. for his _bellum Gallicum_, 40; the MSS. _de bello civili_ to be traced to one single family, not so those _de bello Gallico_, 40; the other books, 40; war with the Helvetians, 41; against Ariovistus, 43; victory near Besançon, 43; conquers the Belgians, 44; his conduct to the Usipetes and Tenchteri, 44; victorious against the Veneti, 45; goes to Britain, 45; second expedition thither, 46; crosses the Rhine twice, 46; puts down the insurrection of Vercingetorix, 46; made prisoner by the Gauls, 47; has Vercingetorix put to death, 48; is required to lay down the _imperium_, 51; crosses the Rubicon, 53; reaches Rome, 54; to Brundusium, 55; acts in Rome as a sovereign, 55; goes to Spain, 56; siege of Massilia, 56; defeats Afranius and Petreius near Lerida, 56; dictator, 57; his law of debts, 57; goes to Illyria, 58; fails in his attempt against Dyrrachium, 58; his bold march to Gomphi, 60; battle of Pharsalus, 61; the numbers which he gives are exaggerated, 61; buries Pompey, 63; the Alexandrine war, 64; enslaved by Cleopatra, 65; marches against Pharnaces, 65; returns to Rome, 65; meeting of the troops, 66; surrounded in Thapsus, 67; his victory, 67; his Anti-Cato, 68; goes to Spain, 70; battle of Munda, 70; his triumphs, 71; regulates the calendar, 72; plans a war against the Parthians, 73; other plans, 73; his places of honour, 74; aspires to the title of king, 76; want of courtesy to the senate, 76; loves Brutus, 77; pardons almost all his enemies, 78; murdered, 80; divine honours conferred upon him, 82; his will, 83; the finish of his style to be attributed to Cicero, 127; his aim as a law-giver, 162.

_C. Cæsar._ See C. Agrippa.

_C. Cæsar_, called _Caligula_, son of Germanicus, conspires against Tiberius, iii, 177; not born on the banks of the Rhine, but at Antium, 177; his madness, 177; favourable reception from the Romans, 178; the name of Caligula is not to be met with among the ancient writers, but was only given him by the soldiers when a child, 178; his sleeplessness, 179; his waste, 179; his war against the Germans, 179; murdered, 180.

_Cæsar_, L. Julius, consul, author of the _lex Julia_ concerning the franchise of the Italians, ii, 354.

_Q. Cæsar._ See L. Agrippa.

_Cæsar augusta_ (Saragossa), colony founded, iii, 150.

_Cæsarea_, a bashaw there forbids to speak Greek, i, 145; destroyed by the Persians after a noble defence, iii, 281.

_Cæsetius Flavus_, tribune of the people, takes the diadem from Cæsar’s statue, iii, 76.

_Calabria_, nearly the whole of it under Honorius is pasture land, ii, 265.

_Calagurris_, siege of, ii, 403.

_Calatinus._ See Atilius.

_Calendar_ in Cæsar’s times, more than eighty days behind hand, ii, 344; iii, 23; regulated, 72.

_Cales_, colony, i, 455; ii, 106; occupied by the Romans, i, 497.

_Caligula._ See C. Cæsar.

_Callicrates_, Roman party-leader in Achaia, ii, 209, 216.

_Callimachus_, ii, 198.

_Callicula_, mount, ii, 96.

CALONES, i, 178.

_Calpurnius_, his eclogues, iii, 292.

_L. Calpurnius Bestia_, ii, 314; condemned, 316.

_M. Calpurnius Flamma_, ii, 16.

_Calpurnius._ See Piso.

_Camarina_ conquered by the Carthaginians, i, 575; destroyed, ii, 4.

_Calvus_, C. Licinius, poet and orator; Quinctilian’s and Tacitus’s opinion of him, iii, 127; conf. Licinius.

_Cameria_, a _colonia Romana_, forms a separate community, i, 279.

_Camers_, treaty with Rome, i, 509; Umbrian name of Clusium, 528.

_Camillus_, L. Furius, compelled by the Curies to go into exile, i, 94; fictitious victory of his, 222; his alleged condemnation by the tribes, 304; appointed dictator, 356; general against the Faliscans, 361; accused of having enriched himself from the Veientine booty, 362; goes to Ardea, 363; probably condemned by the centuries, 363; dictator, 380; his appearance in Rome whilst the money was weighed to the Gauls, fictitious, 382; a second Romulus, 385; dictator, to counteract Manlius Capitolinus, 394; at the age of eighty appointed dictator against the Licinian rogations, 402; makes a vow to build a temple to _Concordia_, 402.

_Campanians_, their people is formed, i, 343; Campanian legion at Rhegium, 573; overpowered, 574; properly speaking, in rank equal to the Romans, 572. See Capua.

_Campania_, extent of the country, i, 424; has a large _ager publicus_, ii, 282.

CAMPANUS, CAMPAS, appellatives derived from Capua, i, 161, 424.

_Campbells_, five thousand of them looked upon the Duke of Argyle as their cousin, i, 159.

CAMPI CATALAUNICI, Champagne, not Chalons, iii, 340.

CAMPI RAUDII, battle, ii, 332.

_Camunians_, are of Etruscan race, i, 145; stand their ground against the Gauls, 369.

CANDIDATI CÆSARIS, iii, 118.

_Candidus_, historian, iii, 327.

_Canidius_, lieutenant of Antony in the battle of Actium, iii, 112.

_Cannæ_ in Apulia, destroyed by earthquake, ii, 92; battle, 99; seems to have been fought before the second of August, 99; the first satisfactory description given by Swinburne, 100; fifty to sixty German miles distant from Rome, 103; the surviving soldiers have to stay a long time in Sicily, 377.

_Canosa_, Prince of, witty but eccentric, ii, 298.

_Cantabrians_, are according to the ancients of different race from the Turdetanians, according to Humboldt of the same, ii, 60; a free nation, iii, 1; Augustus’ war against them, 149.

_Canusium_, chief town of Apulia, i, 477.

_Canvassing_, for the first time met with under the second decemvirate, i, 299.

_Capellianus_, lieutenant of Maximin in Mauritania, iii, 268.

_Capena_, its situation, i, 348, footnote; disappears entirely, 362.

_Capenates_, hasten to the help of the Fidenates, i, 347.

_Capital punishment_, i, 316.

CAPITE SENSI, i, 178.

CAPITIS DEMINUTIO, i, 177.

_Capitol_, i, 378; burned to ashes under Sylla, under Vitellius, iii, 201.

_Cappadocia_, kingdom of, ii, 361; iii, 121; quarrels about the succession decided by Mithridates, ii, 360, 362; given up by Mithridates, 377; not completely surrendered, 407; kingdom under Roman supremacy, iii, 161.

_Capreæ_, the most paradise like spot in the world, iii, 160.

_Capua_, founded in the year 283 by the Etruscans, i, 148, 342, 419; history of the Etruscan colony, 420; the Campanians ask for the help of the Romans, 420; _equites Campani_, 420, 453; shuts its gates from Pyrrhus, 560; Hannibal master of it, ii, 104; enjoys isopolity with Rome, under its own government, 104; wealthy, 104; _effeminate_, 104; separates from Rome and forms a league with Hannibal, 104; three hundred Campanians serve with the Romans in Sicily, 104; put the Romans to death in overheated bath rooms, 105; besieged by the Romans, 111; taken, 113; colony founded by Jul. Cæsar, iii, 34.

_Caput_, the place where the liver is grown to the midriff, in Italian _capo_, i, 440.

_Caracalla_, eldest son of Septimius Severus, iii, 254; this appellation is so generally bestowed on him only by the moderns, in the _Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ_ it is Caracallus, 254; emperor, 256; murders his brother, 256; his cruelty, 256; travels through the provinces, 257; massacre at Alexandria, 257; grants the right of citizenship to all the subjects of the Roman empire, 257; his taste for gladiatorial arts, 258; war against the Parthians, 258; his fondness for Alexander the Great, 258; murdered, 259; fine busts of his age, 275.

_Carausius_, revolts against Diocletian, iii, 296.

_Carbo_, E. Papirius, an unworthy disciple of Tib. Gracchus, ii, 288; his character, 288; leaves his party, 306; consul, 306; takes away his own life, 306.

_Carbo_, Cn. Papirius, consul, defeated near Noreia by the Cimbrians, ii, 324.

_Carbo_, Cn. Papirius, joins Sylla, ii, 371; consul, tyrant, 375; consul, 380; war in Etruria, 382; flies to Africa, 383.

_Carchedon_, ii, 2.

_Caria_, belonging to Egypt, ii, 145; to the Rhodians, 183; taken from the latter by the Romans, 219.

_Carians_, after the destruction of Troy, push forward from the interior country to the coast of Asia Minor, i, 144; had attained to a considerable degree of civilization, even before they were hellenized, ii, 2.

_Carinus_, son of Carus, profligate, iii, 290.

_Carmen_, formula, i, 93.

_Carmentalis Porta_, i, 263, footnote.

_Carnians_, i, 369; attacked in Noricum by the Cimbrians, ii, 323.

_Carnot_, opposes masses to the thin lines of the enemy, ii, 14.

_Caroline_, Queen of Naples, iii, 102.

_Carpenters_, i, 177.

_Carseoli_, Roman colony, i, 505.

_Carthage_, _Carthaginians_, oldest alliance with Rome, i, 195; renewed several times, 573; ii, 3; spreads in Sicily, i, 566; inclined to conclude peace with Pyrrhus, 566; attack Pyrrhus on his passage to Italy, 567; alliance with Rome, 574; fleet of one hundred and twenty ships before Ostia, 574; fleet appears in the roadstead of Tarentum, 574; conquer Gela, Camarina, and other towns, and encamp before Syracuse, 575; peace with Dionysius, 575; is a colony of Tyre, ii, 1; date of its foundation, 1; origin of the legend of the bullock’s hide, 2; was originally called Kartha chadta, new town, 2; dependence upon the Libyan peoples and Tyre, 2; makes its first appearance as a power about the middle of the third century of Rome; conquered by Malcus, 3; against Gelon of Syracuse and Theron of Agrigentum, 3; chronological objections to this statement, 3; confined in Sicily to Motye, Panormus, and Solois, 4; after the defeat of the Athenians, Carthaginians send a considerable army over to Sicily, 4; besiege Syracuse under Agathocles, 4; peace on the basis of the river Himera forming the boundary, 4; extent of their rule in the beginning of the first Punic war, 4; factories on the coast of Algiers, 5; constitution, 5; the Hundred and Four, 6, 168; mode of taxation of the subjects, 7; they keep mercenaries, and have only a cavalry of their own, 7; they were probably drawn up in a phalanx, just like the Greeks 10; they had family-names and bye-names, 10; their generals are very bad at the beginning of the war, 11; reverse near the Liparian isles, 15; had pulled down the walls of all the towns from fear of rebellions, 20; treatment of the subjects, 20; never employed their citizens as soldiers, but only as officers, 30; try to get a loan from Ptolemy, 35; their distress after the first Punic war, 44; war of the mercenaries, 44; new peace with Rome, 46; their rule deeply hated in Africa, very easy in Spain, 59; their weakness is this, that they have no national army of their own, 59; their empire in Spain, 61; their generals not only keep their office for life, but they also bequeath it at their death to others as an heir-loom, 61; are at the beginning of the second Punic war in possession of Andalusia and the greater part of Valencia, 70; boundaries of their empire there, 70; their fleet makes its appearance off the coast of Etruria, 70; have commissaries in the camp of Hannibal, 73; have no fleet of any importance in the beginning of Hannibal’s war, 73; their army encamps in the neighbourhood of Syracuse, to relieve it, but is destroyed by the unwholesome air, 117; they make proposals of peace, 137; take a Roman fleet during the truce, 139; the democratical element is considerably on the increase after the second Punic war, 168; Ordo judicum, the Hundred and Four to be compared with the state-inquisition of Venice, 168; war with Masinissa, 229; extent of territory, 230; their arms given up to Rome, 233; last demands previous to the third Punic war, 233; despair, 233; topography, 234, 239; siege, 241; they build a new fleet, 241; conquest of the town, 243; colony of C. Gracchus, 301; their library given to the Numidian kings, 310; conf. _Hamilcar_, _Hannibal_, etc.

_Carthage_, Roman, its situation, ii, 240; colony established by Cæsar, iii, 74; the second city of the Western Empire, 234, 338; literary opposition to Rome, 234; many Christians there, 273; profligacy of the people, 338.

_Carthagena_, _Carthago nova_, founded by Hamilcar or Hasdrubal on account of the silver mines, ii, 59; important place of arms, 124; taken, 124.

_Carthalo_, Carthaginian ambassador not received by Rome, ii, 106.

_Carus_, _præfectus prætorio_, raised to the throne, iii, 289; descent, 289; war against the Persians, 290; his death, 290.

_Carvilius_, Sp., completes the reduction of Samnium, i, 569.

_Carvilius_, Sp., brings forward a motion during the war of Hannibal, to complete the Roman senate, i, 342.

_Casca_, iii, 80.

_Cascans_, name of the conquering people in Italy, i, 104; _cascus_, quaint, 105.

_Casilinum._ See Casinum.

_Casinum_, town of the Samnites, i, 480; fortified, 497; confounded with Casilinum, ii, 96; Roman colony, 106.

_Casperius_, præfect, iii, 215.

_Cassander_ expels Æacidas from his kingdom, 553.

_Cassius_, prætor, iii, 76; his character, 78; quarrel between him and Brutus, 78; demands the death of Antony, 81; spoke Greek, 84; goes to Greece, 88; outlawed, 91; in possession of Syria, 95; battle of Philippi, 97; death, 98.

_Cassius, Dio._ See Dio.

_C. Cassius Hemina_ wrote a history of Rome, i, 26.

_C. Cassius Longinus_, honoured as the justest man, goes as commissioner of inquiry to Africa, ii, 314; patrician, 315.

_L. Cassius Longinus_, defeated by the Cimbrians and Teutones, ii, 324.

_Sp. Cassius_, his league with the Latins, i, 220, 246, 248; his agrarian law, 256; executed for high treason, 257; question of his guilt or innocence, 257; his family goes over to the Plebs, 258; a son or grandson of his is tribune of the people, 325.