Part 47

_Valerius Antias_, the most untrue of all the Roman historians, i, 32; does not belong to the gens of the patrician Valerii, 32; Livy has repeatedly taken from him, 33, 117.

_M. Valerius Corvus_, character, i, 425, 481; conquers near the Mount Gaurus, 427; a second time, 429; puts down the insurrection near Lautulæ, 431; lives to an advanced age, 547; six times consul, ii, 333.

_Q. Valerius Falto_, prætor, conquers near the Ægatian isles, ii, 38.

_L. Valerius Flaccus_, friend of Cato, ii, 173, 192.

_L. Valerius Flaccus_, head of the democracy, ii, 369; gets the command against Mithridates, 375; murdered by his quæstor or legatus Fimbria, 376.

_Valerius Flaccus_, prætor, iii, 23; Cicero’s oration for him, 37.

_Valerius Maximus_, one of the most wretched of writers, i, 66; during the middle ages the mirror of virtue, 79; no historical authority, 466.

_Valerius Poplicola_, præfectus urbi, i, 202; generally mentioned as the successor of Collatinus, 205; the accounts of him are fabulous, 206; said to have been chosen into the senate, 334.

_L. Valerius Potitus_, requires the decemvirs to resign their power, i, 308.

_C. Valerius Triarius_, iii, 8.

_Valesius_, Hadrian, iii, 276.

_Valgius_, iii, 129, 141.

_Valla_, Laurentius, his grave discovered by Niebuhr, i, 3; startled at the contradictions of ancient history, 3, 56.

_Vandals_, fearing rebellions, pull down the walls of the conquered towns, ii, 20; make their appearance, iii, 284; threaten Rome, 287; cross the Rhine, 332; evacuate Gaul, 332; in Spain, 332; conquered by Adolphus, 334; invited to Africa by Boniface, 337; truce and peace, 337; pillage Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and the coast of Italy, 338.

_Q. Vargunteius_, has reviewed, not divided the books of Ennius, i, 24.

_Q. Varius_, tribune, his law, ii, 349.

_Varius_, ranked by the ancients among the greatest of that age, iii, 138; his tragedy of Thyestes, 138; composed very likely after Alexandrinian tragedy, 138.

_Varro_, see Terentius.

_Varro Atacinus_, translator of Apollonius Rhodius, iii, 129.

_Varus_, general of Pompey in Africa, iii, 56.

_Varus_, Martius, iii, 241.

_Varus Quinctilius_, iii, 156.

_Vases_, Etruscan, near Tarquinii, perfectly similar to the oldest Greek ones, i, 134; Arretinian, 134.

_Vatinius_, Cicero’s charge and defence, iii, 20; causes, as tribune of the people, Cisalpine Gaul to be given to Cæsar for five years, 34.

_Vaudoncourt_, general, asserts, that the Italian, Spanish, and African nations, fought in phalanx, i, 476; his notions with regard to the battle on the Trebia inconceivable, ii, 84.

_Vegetation_ in southern countries always springing up about walls, i, 382.

_Veientine_ war of Tarquin mythical, i, 208.

_Veii_, extent of the town, i, 261; war with Rome, 261; conquer the stronghold of the Fabii at the Cremera, 264; attack against Rome, 264; truce, 265; last war with Rome, 352; parallel to that of Troy, 354; conquered, 359; occupied by patricians, and partly also by plebeians, 360; the Etruscans try to reconquer it, but are repulsed by the Romans under Cædicius, 381; proposition to inhabit Veii instead of Rome, 386; destroyed by the orders of the senate, 387; restored as military colony under Augustus, 387.

_Velabrum_, i, 189; lay low on marshy ground, 518.

_Velia summa, infima_, i, 206.

_Velinus_, lake, its draining, i, 538.

_Velitræ_, originally Latin, i, 445; afterwards a Volscian town, 344, 345; Roman colony, 345; separated from Rome, 390; fate after the Latin war, 450.

_Velleius Paterculus_, writes as far as 783, independent of Livy, i, 57; character, 58; ii, 357; hits off many characters with masterly touches, iii, 146; has much of the mannerism of the French writers of the eighteenth century, 165.

_Venafrum_, got Roman franchise perhaps by the Lex Julia, ii, 354.

_Venantius Fortunatus_, iii, 154.

_Vendeans_ in the year 1793, i, 526.

_Veneti_, near the mouth of the Loire, conquered by Cæsar, iii, 45.

_Venetians_, friends to the Romans, ii, 56; their chief town Patavium, 56; different from the Tuscans, probably of Liburno-Pelasgian descent, 56; their residences, 56; dependent, 58.

_Venice_, position of the nobili, i, 131, 512; in the concilio grande every one was equal to his neighbour, 174; wishes for peace after the battle of Ghiera d’Adda, 475; the places were sold, ii, 7; fought in its most brilliant times only with small ships, 18; senate, iii, 288; foundation, 341.

_Vennonius_, an annalist, i, 28.

_Venusia_, colony, i, 534, 560; ii, 106; iii, 133; probably besieged by Pyrrhus, i, 564; takes part in the Social war, ii, 352, 355; military colony, iii, 133.

VER SACRUM, i, 104.

_Vercelli_, battle, iii, 332.

_Vercingetorix_, insurrection against the Romans, iii, 46; gives himself up to the Romans, 48.

_Verrius Flaccus_, i, 130, 136; iii, 323.

_Verses_, old German, their construction, i, 90; Arabic, 90; Persian, 90; Spanish _coblas de art mayor_, 90.

VERSURAM FACERE, to add the interest to the principal, i, 388.

_Verulæ_, Hernican town, i, 247.

_Verus_, Ælius, adopted by Hadrian, iii, 231.

_Verus_, L., adopted by T. Antonius, iii, 237; wallowed in luxury, 240; sent against Parthia, 240.

_Vescia_, Ausonian town, very likely the present S. Agata di Goti, i, 443.

_Veseris_, battle, i, 439, 443.

_Vespasian_ from Nursia, ii, 397; iii, 199; has the golden house of Nero destroyed, iii, 190; in Syria against Vitellius, 198; _instaurator reipublicæ_, 199; of low birth, 199; a distinguished officer, 200; comes late to Rome, 201; character, 204; avarice, 206; his saying concerning the wants of the Roman state, 206; his buildings, 207; dies, 207.

_Vesta_, see Vulcanus.

_Vestales_, their number reduced to six by Tarquin the Proud, i, 130.

_Vestinians_ of Sabine stock, i, 120, 419; friends to the Samnites, 476; fall off from Rome in the Social War, ii, 352; make peace with Rome, 356.

_Vesuvius_, quite burnt out at the time of Spartacus, ii, 405; quiet since the time of the Greek settlements, begins to throw up fire under Titus, iii, 209.

_Veterans_, of Scipio’s army, rewarded by a special grant of land, ii, 187, 273; veterans form settlements where they have been encamped, iii, 152; colonies of them founded by Cæsar, 74.

_Vetranio_, iii, 306.

_Vetrius Messius_, i, 344.

VIA APPIA, i, 518; paved with basalt as far as Brundusium, iii, 222; see Appian road.

VIA SETINA, i, 518.

_Vibenna_, see Cæles.

_Vibius Virrius_, head of the Carthaginian party in Capua resolves to die, ii, 113.

VICI, a certain number assigned to each region, i, 172; iii, 123.

_Victor_, the _Origo gentis Romanæ_, a forgery of modern times, i, 34; iii, 323.

_Victoriensis_, Neu Wied, iii, 283.

_Victories_, invented after defeats, i, 222.

_Victorinus_, M. Piavvonius, emperor, iii, 282.

_Victorinus_, Marius, rhetorician, iii, 324.

VICUS, _septem viarum_, i, 188; _sceleratus_, 194.

VIDEANT _consules, ne quid detrimenti capiat res publica_, i, 277; ii, 304, and _note_.

_Vienna_, siege by Soliman, ii, 280.

_Vienne_, capital of the Allobroges, ii, 78.

VIGILES, iii, 123.

_Villani_, Giovanni, i, 120; Matteo, iii, 292.

VILLE, original meaning, i, 167.

_Villius_, consul, only a short time against Philip, ii, 154; stationed at Antigonea, 154.

_Viminalis_, first brought within the precincts of the city by the wall of Servius Tullius, i, 190.

VINCULA PETRI, iii, 114.

VINCULUM FIDEI, i, 230.

_Vindelicians_, are of Liburnian stock, i, 370; iii, 151.

_Vindex_, Julius, an Aquitanian of rank, insurrection under Nero, iii, 192; had the rank of a Roman senator, 193; slain, 193; a Gallic national feeling manifested in his rebellion, 202.

VINDICIÆ _contra libertatem, secundum libertatem_, i, 309.

_Vinius_, favourite of Galba, iii, 196.

_Virgil_, changes the old legend of the settlement of Æneas in Latium, i, 116; _Gensque virum truncis et duro robore creti_, i, 110; _recens horrebat regia culmo_, 120; his life in danger, iii, 101; his fourth eclogue, 103; may be called the contemporary of Asinius, 130; never has any obsolete phrases but in the Æneid, 131; opinion of him, 131; lyric poetry his true calling, 132; wishes to burn the Iliad, 133; deserves the reproach of flattery far more than Horace, 134; follows in the track of the poets of Alexandria and Pergamus, 139; Virgilian school in the middle ages, 186.

_Virgin_, her image washed in the river Almo, iii, 115.

_Virginia_, daughter of the centurion L. Virginius, i, 309; crime of Ap. Claudius against her, 309.

_Virginius_, father of Virginia, not Aulus, as Livy has it, i, 309.

_T. Virginius Rufus_, commander of the German troops, iii, 193; truce with Vindex, 193; refuses to be emperor, 193; declares himself for Galba, 194.

_Viriathus_, ii, 224, 257; his peace with the Romans, 258; murdered, 259.

_Viridomarus_, Gallic chief slain by M. Claudius Marcellus, ii, 56.

_Visigoths_, iii, 317; their national civilization, 317; received into the Roman empire, insurrection at Marcianopolis, 318; overrun Mœsia and Thrace, 318; besiege Adrianople, 319; disarmed by Theodosius, 320; defeated in Greece by Stilicho, 329; conf. Alaric and Adolphus.

_Vitellius_, proclaimed emperor by the troops on the German frontier, iii, 196; his character, 196; his father, 196; marches against Italy, 197; battle near Bedriacum, 197; takes possession of Rome, 198; murdered, 201.

_Vitruvius Vaccus_, i, 466.

_Vituli_ or _Vitelli_, name of the Pelasgians in Italy, i, 79.

_Vodostor_, Carthaginian commander, ii, 37.

_Volaterra_, destroyed, ii, 383.

_Volcano_, on Ischia, an eruption, i, 536.

_Volnius_ i, 148.

_Vologæsus_, iii, 391.

_Volones_, ii, 110.

_Volscians_, are Opicans, i, 98, 223; periods of the wars against them, 246; advance against Rome from the sea-side, 275; very likely those of Ecetræ had a friendly alliance with Rome, 285; get isopolity, 285, 292; the Volscians of Ecetræ crushed by Postumius Tubertus, 344; split into several states, 410; their land Roman, 504; peace, ii, 147.

_Volscius_, who informs against Cæso Quinctius, banished by Cincinnatus, i, 284; his surname of Fictor, 284.

_Voltumna_, temple, i, 151; festivals of the Etruscans there, 350.

_Volumnius_, consul, carries on the war in Samnium, i, 525; goes to Etruria, where Ap. Claudius wants not to admit him, 527.

_Voss_, J. II., the truth of his remarks on Tibullus not admitted owing to party spirit, iii, 137.

_Vossius_, Ger. John, i, 38; misled by Pighius, 69.

_Vulcanus_ and _Vesta_, deities of fire, i, 169.

_Vulsinii_, the insurrection there betokens the condition of a vanquished people, i, 152; war with Rome, 361, 390, 509.

_Vulturnum_, another name for Capua, i, 343.

W

_Walch’s_ emendations on Livy, i, 57.

_Wall_ of Servius Tullus, i, 190; that which is called after Trajan, probably built by Augustus, iii, 61.

_Wallace_, ii, 53.

_Wallachia_, language of the country, iii, 219.

_Wallia_, iii, 345.

_Walpole_, i, 464.

_Warnefrid_, Paul, Eutropius continued by him, i, 66.

_War_, a different notion of waging war has come into vogue since the end of the seventeenth century, ii, 119.

_War_, declaration of war by the Fetiales, its formula in Livy, i, 104.

_War_, art of war was of a far higher order in the Seven-Years’ war than it is now, ii, 17.

_Wars_ in the French revolution conducted with sluggishness and want of design on the part of the enemy, ii, 82.

_Waterloo_, battle, i, 560.

_Wattignies_, battle, turning point of the modern history of warfare, ii, 14.

_Well_, on the Capitol, i, 378.

_Wendes_, in Germany, have most of them adopted the German language without colonization, i, 367.

_Western Asia_, ruled over by Syrian kings, ii, 145.

_Western Goths_, see Visigoths.

_Westerwald_, iii, 46.

_Wieland_, his commentary on Horace, iii, 134.

_Will_, double form of it, i, 301; _in procinctu_, 301; auguries requisite for it, 302; the free disposition of property gave rise to the most shameful abuse, 303.

WINKELMANN, i, 73; led astray by Dempster, 141; belongs from his style to the period before Lessing, iii, 127.

_Winter_, severe, in Rome, i, 357.

_Wittekind_, of Corvey, in his time all memory of the Roman wars entirely vanished, iii, 150.

_Wolf_, F. A., i, 73, 251.

X

_Xanthippus_, not a Spartan, but a Neodamode, ii, 22; becomes general of the Carthaginians, 23; defeats Regulus, 24; leaves Carthage, 24.

_Xanthus_, in Lycia, iii, 96.

_Xanthus_, of Lydia, his work unjustly suspected of not being genuine, i, 143.

_Xenagoras_, i, 223.

_Xiphilinus_, extracts from Dio Cassius, i, 64.

Y

_Year_, the oldest year of the Romans had ten months, i, 84, 387; that of the Etruscans likewise, 387.

_Yellow fever_, in Cadix in 1800, i, 276.

_Yemen_, etymology, iii, 281.

Z

_Zama_, battle, ii, 140.

_Zanclæans_, their curse on Messana, i, 577.

_Zarmizegethusa_, capital of Dacia, Roman colony under the name of Colonia Ulpia, iii, 219.

_Zeno_, iii, 68; by far inferior to Plato and Aristotle, 239.

_Zenobia_, widow of Odenathus, iii, 282; war with Aurelian, 286; must have had bad infantry, 286; taken prisoner, 286.

_Zeuxis_, ambassador of Antiochus to Scipio, ii, 179.

_Zonaras_, follows in the track of Dio Cassius, i, 20; his extract from it has a slight admixture from Plutarch, 64; character of his work, 64; statements of his of a marked character are taken from Fabius, ii, 62.

_Zorndorf_, battle, 531.

_Zurich_, the guilds the ruling power there in the fourteenth century, i, 168.

-----

Footnote 1:

Ad Cornelianam p. 78. Ps. Asconius ad Cic. Divin. Verr: p. 103. Or. and in other places, see Orellii Onom. Ind. Leg. p. 142.—German Edition.

Footnote 2:

Ch. viii. 3.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 3:

1749.

Footnote 4:

There is a story that Cicero, when going to Rhodes, consulted the Delphian oracle concerning his life, and that the Pythia replied, that he ought not to trouble himself about the opinion of others but always to follow his own. If this be an invention, it was devised by a man of profound penetration; if the Pythia said it, it is one of those cases in which one feels tempted to believe in her inspiration.

Footnote 5:

Lydus de Magistr. II, 6.—Germ. Edit.

Footnote 6:

Lucan, Pharsal. I, 125.

Footnote 7:

It is remarkable, that of Cæsar not one witty saying indeed is recorded, whilst of Cicero an immense number are known, all of which have a particular stamp, so that their genuineness is not to be doubted.

Footnote 8:

This unaccountable expression is found in the MSS., and therefore I did not choose to suppress it. Milo was, as is well known, from Lanuvium, and had been adopted into the family of the Annii; but in fact he was sprung from the _gens Papia_. The epithet _Syllanian_ seems to refer to his marriage with Fausta, the daughter of the dictator Sylla.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 9:

Servius on Virg. Æn. XI, 743.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 10:

This view is contradicted by Bunsen in his Description of the City of Rome,—Vol. III, 2d div., p. 110.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 11:

320 against 22. App. B. C. II, 30.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 12:

_V. Id. Sextil._ consequently on August 9th, according to the _Kalendar. Amiternin._ in Foggini p. 112. 153. Not having access to the book itself, I have borrowed the quotation from _Fischer’s Römische Zeittafeln_, p. 278. Orelli (_Inscript._ II, p. 397) agrees with it.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 13:

Licinus was a barber, an upstart who had amassed an immense fortune, and had caused himself to be splendidly buried.

Footnote 14:

When Dio Cassius, XLIII, 47, says, ὥστε καὶ ἐννακοσίους τὸ κεφάλαιον αὐτῶν γενέσθαι, he does not mean by it a regularly fixed amount, but an accidental maximum.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 15:

The same friendly affection Cicero had shown also to Virgil, of whom he is said to have used the expression, _Magnæ spes altera Romæ_: Virgil, at the death of Cicero, was twenty-six years old. (Donat. vit. Virgil. XI.)

Footnote 16:

The other prætorships were unimportant, their occupants being mere chairmen of the courts of justice.

Footnote 17:

Against Demosthenes also similar calumnies were uttered, and the lines (Plut. Demosth. c. 30),

Εἴπερ ἴσην ῥώμην γνώμη, Δημόσθενες, εἶχες, Οὔποτ’ ἂν Ἑλλήνων ἦρξεν Ἄρης Μακεδών,

have been misrepresented, as having reference to it.

Footnote 18:

Posthumous Works, XIII, 68., “How little even the better men among them (the Romans) understood what government means, may be seen from the most absurd deed, which was ever done, even from the murder of Cæsar.”

Footnote 19:

Plut. Brut., c. 40.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 20:

See vol. I., p. 406.

Footnote 21:

According to Cic. Brut. c. 64. and 94. Hortensius had made his first speech in the consulship of L. Crassus, and Q. Scævola (657 according to Cato), ten years before the birth of Brutus, who was therefore born in 667, and as he died in 710, must have been in his forty-fourth year. The other statement is that of Velleius Paterculus.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 22:

The ode

_O sæpe mecum tempus in ultimum Deducte_ II, 7.

is to be dated either from the time when Domitius Ahenobarbus united with Asinius Pollio (712), or more likely somewhat later, when Sextus Pompey made peace with the triumvirs, 713, Horace being then twenty-five years old. The punctuation in the edition of Lambinus is incorrect in the passage

_Cum fracta virtus et minaces Turpe solum tetigere mento._

There ought to be a comma after _minaces_, and a note of admiration after _turpe_, which is not an adjective but an adverb, according to the Horatian usage. The passage refers to those who in their flight stumble and fall.

Footnote 23:

De Orat. III, 12, 45.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 24:

I.,—7.

Footnote 25:

In several manuscripts, there is here only a very short reference to the Fasti Prænestini; but as these do not contain the month of August, I conjecture that the _Kalendarium Amiterninum_ is meant (Orellii II, p. 397), where it is stated, _Feriæ ex S. C. Q(uod) E(o) D(ie) Cæsar Divi F. Rempublic(am) tristissim ... periculo liberat_.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 26:

Lammas day.

Footnote 27:

Gell. XIV, 7, 8.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 28:

For details on the subject, see Strabo XVII, towards the end; Dio Cassius, LIII, 12.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 29:

Conf. Plin. H. N. III, 4, 5.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 30:

Here there seems to be some mistake. The passage of Quintilian, X, 1, 115, runs as follows, _Inveni qui Calvum præferrent omnibus, inveni qui Ciceroni crederent, eum nimia contra se calumnia verum sanguinem perdidisse: sed est et sancta et gravis oratio et custodita et frequenter vehemens quoque_. On the other hand, in the _Dial. de Orat._ c. 18. _Sunt enim (antiqui) horridi et impoliti et rudes, et informes et quos utinam nulla parte imitatus esset Calvus vester, aut Cælius, aut ipse Cicero!_ And _Legistis utique et Calvi et Bruti ad Ciceronem missas epistolas, ex quibus facile est deprehendere, Calvum quidem Ciceroni visum exsanguem et attritum—rursumque Ciceronem e Calvo quidem male audivisse tanquam solutum et enervem_. In those writings of Cicero which are still extant, there occur two larger passages, _Brut._ c. 82, _Epist. ad Famil._ XV, 21, 5, where Calvus indeed is judged with great leniency, but is certainly not spoken of with unqualified praise.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 31:

Should Seneca perhaps be meant here? conf. Gell. XII, 2.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 32:

Weichert Poet. Lat. Rel. p. 361, not. 20.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 33:

Plin. Ep. I, 18.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 34:

Dio Cass. LXI, 20, LXIII, 8; but indeed in quite a different meaning—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 35:

According to vol. I. p. 45. to his seventy-ninth.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 36:

Pro Cluentio, c. 56.

Footnote 37:

Humboldt, in Adelung’s Mithridates, vol. IV. p. 351, &c.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 38:

I. 15.

Footnote 39:

Here ended the winter lectures on Roman history, April 1st 1829. Those which follow on the history of the emperors, were delivered in the following summer one hour every week; which accounts sufficiently for their greater conciseness—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 40:

Goethe’s Faust, Hayward’s Translation.—TRANSL.

Footnote 41:

Basiliscus?—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 42:

This name is supplied by conjecture. N. very likely had said of the sun and the moon: one MS. has “of Apollo and ...” (here follows an illegible name). The emendation is correct beyond a doubt, according to Descript. of Rome III, 1, 104.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 43:

Posthumous Works, vol. XIII. p. 68. “The Romans, from a narrow, moral, easy, comfortable, bourgeois state had risen to the broad range of the dominion of the world, without losing their narrow-mindedness.—To the same source we may trace their luxury. Underbred men who acquire a great fortune, will always make a ridiculous use of it: their pleasures, their pomp, their profusion, will be absurd and overdone. Hence also arises that fondness for the Strange, the Innumerable, the Immense. Their theatres which turn round with the spectators; the second population of statues, with which the town was thronged, as well as the gigantic bowl in after times, in which the large fish was to be kept entire, are all of the same origin: even the insolence and cruelty of their tyrants mostly partakes of the absurd.”

Footnote 44:

The so-called Marforio. See Descript. of the city of Rome, III, 1. p. 138.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 45:

Plin. Ep. IV. 22.—Germ. Edit.

Footnote 46:

Aurel. Vict. Imp. Rom. Epit. c. 12.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 47:

195 palms, according to Platner in Bansen’s Description of the City of Rome, III, 1. p. 289. 10 _Palmi_ = 99 Parisian Lines.—Conf. however, on this matter, Platner and Urlich’s Description of Rome. Stuttg. and Tüb. 1845, pp. 24, 25.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 48:

N. namely reads instead of _laudati essent, capitale fuisse_, laudati capita_les_ fuis_sent_; and previously, in c. 1. instead of _at mihi nunc_, at mihi nu_per_. See “Two classical Latin Writers of the Third Century, P. C.” (_Kleine historische und philolog. Schriften_ I, p. 331.)—Germ. Edit.

Footnote 49:

Any one who writes High German, must feel that phrases and words are wanting, for which the popular dialect has very apt expressions, only they are not used in High German. This is most keenly felt by an inhabitant of Lower Saxony, as in Upper Germany people write very nearly as they speak.

Footnote 50:

That is, from Bonn.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 51:

Alfieri, in one of his pieces, makes Pliny address a speech to Trajan in which he calls upon him to restore the republic.

Footnote 52:

Three months and six days, according to Dio Cassius.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 53:

Laurentum, according to Herodian I. 12. 1.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 54:

In Rome there is an amulet which has not been described before, a silver plate with magic inscriptions, having on it the silver candlestick of Jerusalem and the usual Christian monogram. It is in Greek, mingled with quite barbarous words in an unintelligible language. There is written on it, that he who wore this plate, was sure of being in favour with gods and men. This medley of Christianity, Judaism, and paganism, is of particularly frequent occurrence in the beginning of the third century of the Christian era.

Footnote 55:

In the dissertation “Two Classical Latin Authors of the Third Century, P. C.” (Lesser Historical and Philological Writings, I. p. 321)—Germ. Edit.

Footnote 56:

One of the _Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ_ (Vit. Maximin. jun. c. 7.) is as ignorant as to make Maximus and Pupienus two different persons.

Footnote 57:

In Schmitz II, 320, this passage is given in the following version, “if he had been a Bedouin, he could not have been enlisted in a Roman legion, but would have remained in the cohorts of the _Ituræi_.” As my sources already begin to be more scanty, and in the ancients themselves very few notices are to be found, from which one might arrive at a correct opinion, I feel particularly bound to quote here this variation.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 58:

Schmitz has Jotapianus, whereas my MSS., one and all, give the right version.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 59:

According to the _Fasti consulares_, C. Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 60:

In some MSS., Cassianius, which form Eckhel lays down as the correct one.—Germ. Edit.

Footnote 61:

The MSS. give Ælianus and Lælianus, both forms, as is well known, being found of these names.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 62:

X, 9. Niebuhr, Two Classical Writers, &c. (Lesser Histor. and Philol. Writings, I, p. 304. sqq).—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 63:

IV. 4.

Footnote 64:

A mistake for Florianus, Quintilius being brother to Claudius Gothicus.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 65: