Part 42

_Military service_, the obligation for it lasted in Sparta until the sixtieth year, i, 180; regulated by general laws, 572.

_Military tribunes_, law, that he who had been military tribune should no more become a centurion, i, 434; appointed part of them by the tribes and part by the consuls, 434.

_Military tribunes with consular power_, i, 327; inferior to the consuls, 329; their number changes, 330; their election seems to have passed from the centuries to the tribes, 331, 347, 416; were almost without any exception patricians, 401.

_Milo_, general of Pyrrhus in Tarentum, i, 568; character, 570; sells Tarentum, 570,

_Milo_, T. Annius, iii, 38, and _note_; insurrection, 65.

_Mimes_, consisted very much of improvisation, iii, 129, 141.

_Minerva_, her worship on the Capitol Etruscan, i, 148.

_Minervina_, Constantine’s first wife, iii, 298.

_Minority_ decides in the constitution of Servius Tullius, i, 183.

_Minturnæ_, Roman fortress, i, 510.

_Minucius_, consul, surrounded by the Æquians on the Algidus, i, 282.

_Minucius_, magister equitum, defeated by Hannibal, ii, 97.

_L. Minucius Augurinus_, præfectus annonæ, i, 337.

_Misenum_, peace, iii, 105.

_Misitheus_, præfectus prætorio of young Gordian, iii, 270; others call him Timesicles, or Timesitheus, 270, 271; father-in-law of Gordian, 271; is said to have owed his death to the arts of Philip, 271.

_Mithridates_ of Pontus, gets Great Phrygia, ii, 268; by bribery, 268.

_Mithridates_, king of Pontus, descent, ii, 360; his earlier history, 361; outbreak of the war with Rome, 363; conquers, 363; brought up in the Greek manner, 364; on his coins there is the sun and the moon, 364; received with rapture in Greece, 364; accepts the peace, 376; second war, 407; third war, 408; iii, 5; extent of his empire, iii, 1; overrated in history, 5; besieges Cyzicus, 6; flies to Tigranes, 7; breaks into Cappadocia, 8; conquered by Pompey, 10; his death, 11.

_Mitylene_, free, ii, 151.

_Mnaseas_, pupil of Aristarchus, i, 100.

_Modena_, probably fortified after the battle of Clastidium, afterwards lost again, ii, 57; Roman colony, 165; must have been of very great extent, iii, 89; war of Mutina, 89.

_Mœsia_, war of Crassus, iii, 151.

_Möser_, Justus, i, 175; his remark concerning the ancient Germans, iii, 154.

_Mohammed_, an inspired enthusiast, or a crafty impostor, ii, 123.

_Mohocks_, in the times of Queen Anne, i, 281.

MOLES HADRIANI, iii, 235; the tower still existed in the middle ages, 235.

_Molossians_, their empire first rising from insignificance in the Peloponnesian war, i, 552; their princely race branches into two lines, that of Arymbas and that of Neoptolemus, 552.

_Mons sacer_, i, 236.

_Montbeliard_, in its neighbourhood there are magnificent ruins of a place, iii, 203.

_Monte Sasso di Castro_, i, 414, _note_.

_Monte Testaccio_, iii, 330.

_Montesquieu, sur les causes_, &c., a masterly work, i, 71, 186, 251; mistaken with regard of the struggle of the _optimates_ and the _equites_, ii, 341.

_Moors_, disturbances under Hadrian, iii, 229; under Antoninus Pius, 236; invade Spain under M. Antoninus, 268; have never been quite subject to Roman rule, 268.

_Moreau_, was general of division already in his first campaign, iii, 30.

_Morelli_, abbate, i, 64, 279.

_Morgetians_ of the same stock as the Pelasgians, i, 116.

_Mortgage_, the Roman law of mortgage borrowed from the Athenian, i, 229.

_Mosaic_, its rise, iii, 275; peculiar to the West, 327.

_Mosheim_, iii, 126.

_Motye_, conquered by Dionysius, i, 575; Carthaginian, ii, 4; Phœnician settlement, 4; destroyed, 4.

_Movement_, trochaic or iambic, of native use among the Romans, ii, 198.

_Mucianus_, Licinius, in Parthia, against Vitellius, iii, 198; of noble birth, 200; character, 200.

_Mucias Scævola_, i, 211; the Mucii Scævola plebeians, 211; Mucius was, in the old poems, certainly called only C. Mucius, 211.

_P. Mucius_, a tribune, causes his nine colleagues to be burnt alive, i, 294; criticism on this statement, 294, 325.

_P. Mucius Scævola_, consul, ii, 279; called upon by Scipio Nasica to take strong measures, 286; a great lawyer, iii, 16.

_Q. Mucius Scævola_, in great danger of being condemned guiltless, ii, 342; pontifex maximus, murdered, 381.

_Von Müller_, Johannes, i, 165, 214.

_Mulcta_, regulations concerning its amount, i, 339.

_Mummius_, _novus homo_, ii, 255; takes Corinth, 255.

_Mummius_, tribune of the people, ii, 285.

_Munatia Plancina_, daughter of Munatius Plancus, wife of Piso, iii, 172.

_Munatius Plancus_, iii, 37; in Gaul, 87; a native of Tiber, a man of distinguished intellect, a Cæsarian, 107; a flatterer, 117; a skilful orator, 130.

_Municipia_, i, 449.

_Murcia_, dependent on Carthage, ii, 5.

_L. Murena_, general against Mithridates, ii, 407.

_Mursa_, the present Essek in Slavonia, iii, 306.

_Musicians_, i, 177.

_Mutina._ See Modena.

_Mutines_, a Numidian Captain, treacherously goes over to the Romans, ii, 119.

_Mylæ_ (Milazzo), naval victory of Duilius, ii, 15; battle, iii, 109.

_Myonnesus_, sea fight, ii, 175.

_Mysia_, in the possession of Eumenes, ii, 183.

_Mysians_, push forward after the destruction of Troy to the coast of Asia Minor, i, 144.

N

_Nabis_, tyrant of Lacedæmon, ii, 151; peace with Rome, 163; slain in a riot, 163.

_Cn. Nævius_, his _bellum Punicum_ in Saturnian rhythm, i, 16; ii, 196; the year in which he first brought out a play undecided, i, 16; libellous verses against the Metelli, 17; cannot have died in Utica, 18; Varro places his death at a later period than others did, 18; gives the legend of the Troian settlement, 105; has himself served in the first Punic war, ii, 21; has written tragedies and comedies, 196; an eminent poet, 196.

_Names_, too great a stress should not be laid on their resemblance, i, 99; those ending in _-ing_ and _-ung_, names of dynasties, iii, 280.

_Naples_, saying of Prince Canosa, ii, 298; butchery of 1799, 306; the dregs of the populace armed in 1799, 386.

_Napoleon_, negotiation between him and Fox in the year 1806, i, 565; twenty-seven or twenty-eight years of age when he undertook the Italian campaign, ii, 64; battle of Marengo, 84; his plight after the battle of Borodino, 106; in the Russian campaign the Italian troops suffered less than the northern nations did, 330; falls into the hands of an Austrian patrol, iii, 47; his opinion of Tiberius, 174; knew Roman military history very well, 174; sometimes sick of war, 220; charge of cowardice unfounded, deficient in moral courage, 294; should have died at Waterloo, 294.

_Narbo_ acquires the Roman franchise by the lex Julia, ii, 354; _colonia civium Romanorum_, 354.

_Narcissus_, iii, 183.

_Narni_, conf., Nequinum.

_Nasidienus_ in Horace, means Salvidienus, iii, 135.

_Nasos_, of Syracuse, ii, 117.

_National Convention_, iii, 173.

_Naupactus_, siege, ii, 174.

_Navius._ See Attus.

_Navigation laws_, first traces of them among the Romans, ii, 45.

_Neapolis_, founded, i, 470; of Chalcidian origin, 470; situation, 471; receives Samnite auxiliaries, 472; betrayed to the Romans, 473; obtains a favourable alliance, 473.

_Neapolis_, suburb of Syracuse, ii, 117.

_Nebrodian_ mountains, ii, 8.

NEGOTIATORES, bankers, i, 515; bloodsuckers in the provinces, ii, 297.

_Nemesian_, poem on the chase, iii, 292.

_Nemi_, its lake higher than that of Alba, i, 359; aqueduct made by Augustus, iii, 149.

_Neniæ_, i, 91; two of them still preserved in the tombs of the Scipios, 91.

_Neodamodes_ in Sparta, ii, 22.

_Neoptolemus_, prince of the Molossians, father of Olympias, i, 552.

_Nepet._ See Sutrium.

_Nepheris_, ii, 237.

_Nepos_, Julius, emperor, iii, 346.

_Nequinum_, Latin colony under the name of Narnia, i, 509, 524.

_Nero_, emperor, in his time the style of architecture first changed, iii, 148; son of Agrippina by her first marriage, 183; adopted by Claudius, 183, 184; mannerism of his writing, 186; emperor, 188; his parents, 188; pupil of Seneca and Burrhus, 189; his profligacy, 189; uncertain whether he set Rome on fire, 190; builds the golden palace, 190; seems to have been insane, 192; strolls about Greek towns, 192; kills himself, 194.

_Nero_, C. Claudius, sent to Spain, ii, 122; opposes Hannibal, 126; his bold expedition against Hasdrubal before Sena Gallica, 126.

_Nero_, Ti. Claudius, husband of Livia, tries to get up an insurrection in favour of the proscribed, iii, 99, 102; compelled by Augustus to give up to him Livia, 142; quæstor with Cæsar, 156; flies to Naples, 156.

_Nerva_, M. Cocceius, his history imperfectly known, iii, 214; character of his government, 215; adopts Trajan, 215; dies, 217.

_Nervians_, seems to have had no serfs, iii, 44.

_Nestor_, Russian chronicle of the eleventh century, i, 14.

_Netherlands_, their growing prosperity at the time of the thirty years’ war, i, 459; horrors of year 1576, 577; constitution, ii, 248.

_New-Platonism_, iii, 293, 310.

_Newton_, Sir I., assigns seventeen years as an average to each king, i, 83.

_Nexum_ and _Nexus_ i, 230; done away with, 522.

_Niall_, the Great of Ireland, fabulous tales concerning him, i, 86.

_Nibelungen_, existing only in the form in which the poem was composed in the thirteenth century, i, 13; interpreted as an historical war of the Burgundians, 29; historical characters appear in it, but nothing of the whole poem belongs to history, 85; it cannot be chronologically placed anywhere, 214; originally Gothic, iii, 317.

_Nice_, council, iii, 303.

_Nicomedes_, king of Bithynia, ii, 181.

_Nicomedes_, son of Prusias, hostage in Rome, ii, 221; his territory enlarged, 267.

_Nicomedes_, king of Bithynia, ii, 362; leaves his kingdom to the Romans, iii, 1.

_Nicomedia_, destroyed by the Goths, iii, 278; residence of Diocletian, 296.

_Nicopolis_, besieged by the Goths, relieved by Decius, iii, 278.

_Niebuhr_, B. G., his attention directed to Roman history by political affairs, i, 74; relied too much on Varro’s authority, wherefore he arrived only late at clear views, 103, _note_; searches for the old churches in Rome, 122, _note_; deemed at first Rome to be an Etruscan colony, 148; first led to critical researches on Roman history by the _jus agrarium_, 250; his researches on Roman topography arisen from the discovery of the spot of the Curia Hostilia, 270, _note_; retracts his opinion, first expressed in the first edition of his Roman history, that three envoys had been sent to Athens to collect the Greek laws, 295; understands the first Punic wars from the campaign of the English in 1812, ii, 9; takes much trouble to become acquainted with farming in Italy, 273; makes out the place on the Palatine where Cicero’s house stood, iii, 36; puts up Cæsar’s Commentaries as subjects for a prize essay, 40; intended to continue his Roman history down to the institution of the Feriæ Augustæ, 115; keeps the laurel from the grave of Virgil as a dear relic, 133; lived in Rome beside the theatre of Marcellus, 149; on Petronius, 276.

_Niebuhr_, Carsten, meets in Arabia with positive news of the seven years’ war, i, 469; conf. d’Anville.

_Night marches_, people always arrive later than is calculated, i, 568,

_P. Nigidius Ficulus_, iii, 127.

_Nisibis_, the ancient Zobah, iii, 8; border fortress of the Romans against Persia, 8.

_Nissa_, on the borders of Bulgaria and Servia, battle, iii, 284.

_Nizza_, taken, ii, 220.

_Nobility_, ii, 268.

_Nola_, Samnite colony, i, 426; hellenized, 472; conquered by the Romans, 496; taken by Papius Mutilus, ii, 355; destroyed, 406.

NOLANUM BELLUM, ii, 365.

NOMEN DARE, ABNUERE, i, 233.

_Nomentans_, acquire the full right of Roman citizenship after the Latin war, i, 448.

_A. Nonius_, elected tribune, murdered by the influence of Saturninus, ii, 336.

_Nonius Asprenas_, iii, 158, 159.

_Nonius Marcellus_, iii, 323.

_Norba_, i, 344.

_C. Norbanus Balbus_, consul, democrat, ii, 378; defeated by Sylla near Canusium and the Mount Tifata, 380.

_Noricans_, i, 369; of Celtic descent, 370.

_Normandy_, the excavations there betoken towns of great extent, iii, 203.

_Normans_, gain settlements in Neustria, ii, 181; devastations in the ninth and tenth centuries, iii, 280.

_North America_, hardly any homebred population, i, 163; there are in the United States similar sentiments said to prevail as in Carthage, ii, 7.

_Notarii_, see Scribæ.

NOTA CENSORIA, i, 336.

_Nubia_ becomes a Roman province under Trajan, iii, 221.

_Nuceria_, yields itself up to the Romans, but afterwards falls off again, i, 479; reconquered by the Romans, 504; the story of the murder of the senate unauthenticated, ii, 65; conquered by Papius Mutilus, 355.

_Nuremberg_, the guilds crushed, i, 168.

_Numa Pompilius_, poetical account of him, i, 80; born on the day of the foundation of Rome, 84; first sæculum at Rome ends with his death, 84; belongs, as husband of Egeria, to the cycle of the Gods, 85; the account of his election merely a representation taken from the books of rituals, 123; compromises the dissension between the Romans and Sabines, 124; doubles the number of augurs and pontiffs, 124; all the spiritual law traced back to him, 156; imagined to have been a Pythagorean, a truly Sabine tradition, 489, _note_.

_Numantia_, town of the Arevaci, ii, 260; situation, 260; the peace with Pompey not approved by Rome, 261; delivers up Mancinus out of regard for Ti. Gracchus, 262; destruction by Scipio, 263.

_Numeri_, original meaning, i, 81.

_Numerian_, son of Carus, well educated, but unwarlike, iii, 290.

_Numerical systems_, two different ones in the Roman legends, i, 106.

_Numidia_, united with the province of Africa, most of it an independent kingdom, ii, 321.

_Numidians_, ruthless and reckless, ii, 66; excellent for foraging, reconnoitring, harassing the enemy, by no means fitted to stand the shock of the battle, 101; have an alphabet of their own, 310; extent of their kingdom, 310.

_Numidian kings_ receive the Carthaginian library, ii, 310.

_Numidian horsemen_, the Cossacks of the ancients, ii, 11.

_Numitor_, prænomen, i, 112.

NUMMI RESTITUTI of Trajan, i, 403.

_Numonius Vala_, iii, 158.

_Nundines_ are no more to be the same as court-days, i, 520.

_Nursia_, Val di Norcia, constitution anterior to the French revolution, ii, 397; its inhabitants of the present day, 398; in Cicero’s times, 398.

NURSINA DURITIES, ii, 397; iii, 200.

_Nymphius_, i, 473.

O

_Obrecht_, one of the ornaments of Germany, i, 70.

OBSESSIO, i, 354.

OBTORTO COLLO, i, 267.

_Oceanus_, statue on the Forum Martium, iii, 211.

_Ocellus_, the Lucanian, has hardly written all the works attributed to him, i, 18.

Ὄχλος, the mass of the poor, i, 169.

_Octavia_, half-sister of Octavian, widow of Marcellus, marries Antony, iii, 104; divorce, 110; the most respectable of all the Roman matrons, 143.

_C. Octavianus_, (conf. C. Octavius,), makes particular advances to Cicero, iii, 85; gets prætorian power, 88; the war of Mutina, 89; suspected of having caused the death of Hirtius and Pansa, 90; consul, 91; triumvirate, 91; battle of Philippi, 97; accused of not having taken the least share in the battle, 98; his cruelty after the war, 99; the Perusian war, 103; peace of Brundusium, 103; receives the West, 104; peace of Misenum, 105; war against S. Pompey, defeated near Taurominium, 108; his fleet, 111; battle of Actium, 111; to Egypt, 113; conf. Augustus.

_C. Octavius_, grandson of the sister of Julius Cæsar, his heir _ex dodrante_, iii, 83; of the equestrian order, 84; his age, 84; sent to Apollonia, 84; from Velitræ, 147; conf. Octavian and Augustus.

_C. Octavius_, C. F., a worthy man, dies early, iii, 83.

_Cn. Octavius_, consul, colleague of Sylla, ii, 367, 368; opposes Cinna, 370; murdered, 373.

_M. Octavius_, tribune of the people. friend of Ti. Gracchus, ii, 281; turns against Gracchus, 281; deposed 281.

_M. Octavius_, Pompey’s best general, iii, 58, 59.

_Octavius Mamilius_, son-in-law of Tarquinius Superbus, i, 210, 216, 218.

_Odenathus_, king of Palmyra, justly reckoned among the great men of the East, iii, 281; princeps Saracenorum, 281.

_Odoachar_, iii, 347.

_Œnomaus_, leader in the servile war, ii, 406.

_Œnotrians_, earliest inhabitants of Southern Italy, i, 98.

_Œnotria_ proper, the present Basilicata and Calabria, i, 143.

_Ofella._ See Lucretius.

_Ofellus_ in Horace, ii, 396; iii, 134.

_Officers_, the class of officers one of the best things in the Roman military system, i, 434.

_Olybrius_, emperor, iii, 345.

_Olympiads_, the reckoning by them very late among the Greeks, i, 149.

_Olympiëum_, iii, 230.

_Olympus_, Mount, ii, 212.

_Opicans_, crush the Siculians in Central Italy, i, 98; in Samnium and Campania, 98; held in great contempt by the Greeks, 489, note.

_L. Opimius_, prætor, destroys Fregellæ, ii, 292; consul, 303; persecutes the partisans of C. Gracchus, 305; declares for Jugurtha, 311; condemned, 316.

_Oppidum_, town wall, also a town surrounded by walls, i, 330, note.

_C. Oppius_, author of the book, _de bello Africano_, iii, 40; Cæsar’s friend, 40.

_Sp. Oppius_, decemvir, president of the senate, i, 307; becomes obnoxious, 308; dies in prison, 316.

_Orbi_, _orbæque_, pay a tax for the equites, i, 351.

_Orchomenes_, in the power of Philip, ii, 155.

_Orchomenus_, in Arcadia, ii, 250.

_Orders_ in Cologne, i, 161.

ORDINANZA DELLA GIUSTIZIA in Florence, i, 542.

_Orestians_, well inclined to the Romans, ii, 153; free, probably united with Thessaly, 163.

_Orestes._ See Aurelius.

_Orestes_, a patrician, iii, 346.

_Oreus_, taken by the Romans, ii, 146.

_Oricum_, situation, iii, 58.

_Origen_, addresses letters to the emperor Philip, iii, 272.

_Orkney_ islands, visited by Agricola, iii, 211.

_Orleans_, besieged by Attila, relieved by Aëtius, iii, 340; conf. Genabum.

_Oropians_, quarrel with the Athenians, ii, 249.

_Orosius_ seems to have written from an abstract of Livy, but assigns dates which clash with him, i, 59; exaggerates, 553; an unadulterated source for the history of the Cimbri and Teutones, ii, 329.

_Osca_, (Huesca,) town in Northern Spain, academy there, ii, 400.

_Oscan_, histories of Italy, not written in the Oscan but in Greek, i, 18; Oscan language distinguished from the Sabine by Varro, 99; Oscan language still existing in some monuments, 105; Oscan people receive isopolity, 572; Oscans in the service of Agathocles, 577.

_Osroëne_, Persian vassal kingdom, iii, 253; Roman province, 258.

_Ossaja_, the name does not refer to the battle of the Trasimene lake, but was formerly called Orsaria, ii, 91.

_Ostia_, founded by Ancus, i, 132; holds out against the Gauls, 381; devastated, ii, 372; the harbour bad, iii, 73; filled with silt, 222.

_Ostrogoths_, iii, 317; rush into the places left by the Visigoths, 318; in Illyricum, 329.

_Otho_, M. Salvius, his person, iii, 195; proclaimed emperor, 196; war against Vitellius, 197; battle near Bedriacum, 197; puts an end to his life, 197; character, 197.

_Otho_, emperor, makes a question rising out of the law of inheritance to be decided by an appeal to the judgment of God, i, 132.

_Ottilienberg_ in Alsace, the heathen wall there evidently an Etruscan work, i, 146.

_Ovid_, the greatest Roman poet after Catullus, iii, 139; influence of his age on him, 140.

P

_Pacuvius_, nephew of Ennius, composes only in imitation of Æschylus and Sophocles, ii, 199; tragic writer, 392.

_Pacuvius_, tribune of the people, iii, 118.

_Padua_, see Patavium.

_Pæstum_, Roman colony, ii, 106; conf. Posidonia.

_Pætus_, Thrasea, iii, 190.

_Paganism_, the attempt of Julian to revive it a downright absurdity, iii, 310.

PAGI, subdivision of the tribes in the country, i, 174.

_Paix_ of Fexhe, i, 243.

_Palæopolis_, a Cuman colony, i, 470; its situation, 471; receives Samnite auxiliaries, 472; betrayed by Rome, disappears from the face of the earth, 473.

_Palazzo Savelli_, iii, 149.

_Palatine_ and Aventine hostile to each other, i, 113; Palatine, seat of the noblest patrician tribe, 115.

_Palestrina_, see Præneste.

_Pallas_, iii, 183.

_Palmerius_, see Paulmier.

_Palmyra_, makes head against Sapor, iii, 281; the empire acknowledged by Gallienus, 282; its extent, 283; protects the eastern frontier, 284; destroyed, 286.

_Pamphylia_, whether, after the peace of Antiochus with the Romans, it remained under the rule of Antiochus, uncertain, ii, 180; Roman, iii, 3.

_Panætius_, ii, 238.

_Panegyrists_, iii, 324.

_Pangæus_, gold mines, iii, 97.

_Pannonia_, subjected, iii, 151.

_Pannonians_, of Liburnian race, called by the Greeks Pæonians, had a language of their own, iii, 151; revolt, 155; had Roman manner, 155.

_Panormus_, (Palermo,) Carthaginian, ii, 4; taken by the Romans, 27; a thoroughly Greek city, 29; Roman, 116.

_Pansa_, a generous and wise man, iii, 80; a commonplace soldier, 85; consul, 87; the war of Mutina, 89; wounded, 89.

_Pantheon_ of Agrippa, the finest relic of ancient Rome, iii, 144, 148.

_Panvinius_, Onuphrius, elucidates the Roman antiquities, i, 68; weak in Greek literature, 68.

_Paphlagonia_, ii, 376.

_Papinian_, murdered by Caracalla, iii, 263; a great jurist, 275; excellent with regard to language, 275.

_Papirius_, see Carbo.

_L. Papirius_, a written law attributed to him, i, 5.

_L. Papirius Cursor_, dictator, character, i, 482; consul, 493; appointed dictator by the consul Fabius, 501; defeats the Samnites, 501.

_L. Papirius_, the younger, completes the reduction of the Samnites, i, 569; takes Tarentum, 570.

_Papius Brutulus_, the life and soul of the Samnite campaign, i, 485; makes away with his own life, 486; the Samnites send his corpse to Rome, 486.

_C. Papius Mutilus_, a Sabine, consul in the Italian state, ii, 353, 355; coins existing with his likeness, 354.

_Papus_, see Æmilius.

_Parætonium_ in Libya, iii, 113.

_Parentationes_, see Laudationes.

_Parma_, colony founded, ii, 165.

_Paros_, Athenian, ii, 164.

_Parthamasiris_, king of Armenia, pays homage to Trajan, iii, 219.

_Parthamaspates_, made king of the Parthians by Trajan, iii, 220.

_Parthians_, foundation of their empire, ii, 222; spread, 267; iii, 2; are not without Greek learning, ii, 310; war against them, iii, 105; commanded by Labienus, driven back by Ventidius, 107; hostages of theirs among the Romans, 161; expel a king given to them by Tiberius, 171; war against them in Nero’s times, 191; Trajan’s war against them, 219; deserve but little our esteem, 220; hostilities under Antoninus Pius, 236; burst into Armenia, 240; peace, 241; had excellent cavalry, 244; defeated by Avidius Cassius, 244; war of Septimius Severus, 253; of Caracalla, 259; downfall of the Parthian dynasty, 263; their light cavalry seldom spoken of in later times, 263; vanish, 264; the downfall of their empire commemorated by a bas relief and an inscription, 264.

_Pasion_ in Athens, i, 227.

_Patavium_, (Padua,) capital of the Venetians, ii, 56; destroyed by the Huns, iii, 341.

_Patres_, synonymous with the patricians, i, 224, _note_; ambiguous use of the word, 330.

PATRES CONSCRIPTI, i, 104.

_Patricians_ are in the centuries, i, 174; do not belong to the classes, i, 183; were tenants _in capite_, not freeholders, 183; forbidden by Servius Tullius to dwell on the Esquiline, 193; their money trade, 227; cannot have possessed such immense moneyed resources, 227; had different civil rights from the plebeians, 227; in cases of difficulty their clients or kinsmen had to step in, 231; their proceedings, 236; _usurpatores agri publici_, 255; origin of this matter, 255; go over to the plebes, 315; in the tribes since the time of the second censors, 315; connubium with the plebeians sanctioned by law, 326; _coëunt ad interregem prodendum_, 340; the appeal from the dictator to the curies open to them, 484; relations to the plebeians in the fifth century of the city, 512; in the times of Dionysius there are not more than fifty patrician families left, ii, 268; their number increased by Julius Cæsar, iii, 75.

_Patrician falsifications_ of history, i, 287.

_Patriots_, the so called, in the times of George I. and II., intrigue and secretly correspond with the Pretender, i, 63.

_Paul_, Vincent de, iii, 24.

_Paullus_, not to be spoken of in the same breath with Papinian and Ulpian, iii, 275.

_Paullus_, see Æmilius.

_Paulmier_ de Grentemesnil, (Palmerius,) his criticism on the end of Regulus, ii, 25.

_St. Paul_, church of, built by Ricimer, iii, 347.

_Pausanias_ writes in the days of the Antonines, very useful and important, iii, 235.

_Pavia_, was not Etruscan, i, 147.

_Pax Augusta_, (Badajoz,) founded, iii, 150.

_Pax Julia_, (Beja,) iii, 150.

_Pay_ of the soldiers raised by Cæsar and Augustus, iii, 126; by Domitian, 210.

_Peace_ of the patricians and plebeians, i, 238.

_Peasants_, their landed property could not pass to the noblemen, i, 171.

_Peasants’ wars_ in Gaul, iii, 332.

_Pecuniary embarrassments_ of the plebeians only to be understood of the mortgages which encumbered the landowners, i, 169.

_Q. Pedius_, iii, 91.