Part 40

_History_ has not the effect of weakening man’s belief in Providence, ii, 49; importance of Roman history, i, 78.

_Historical annals_, some existed before the burning by the Gauls, i, 5.

_Historical literature_ of the Germans, the oldest is written in poetry, i, 16.

_Hoche_, general, ii, 14.

_Holidays_ of the senate during September and October, iii, 119.

_Holland_, after the peace of Münster there arose there a wild sort of life and differences between William II. and the city of Amsterdam, i, 308; takes the lead among the seven Dutch provinces, 386; the hereditary Stadtholder Captain General and High Admiral, iii, 119.

_Holstein_, bondage abolished, i, 251.

_Holy Scriptures_, books restored after the destruction of the temple, i, 7.

_Homerides_, a genos in Chios, of no relationship to Homer, i, 159.

_Homoousians_, their persecutions, iii, 309, 315.

_Honoria_, Justa Grata, iii, 335.

_Honorius_, Emperor, iii, 322; holds his court at Milan, 330; hemmed in at Asti, 330; flies across the Alps, 330; triumphal arch, 330; Stilicho’s son-in-law, 332; his death, 335.

_Hooke_ not capable of deep enquiry, i, 4, 72; iii, 94.

_Horatii_ and _Curiatii_, their combat poetical, i, 81; unknown which of them were Romans, and which Albans, 128.

_Horatii_ belong to the _gentes minores_, i, 206.

_M. Horatius_, elected in the place of Collatinus, i, 205.

_M. Horatius Barbatus_, requires the decemvirs to resign their power, i, 308.

_Horatius Cocles_, i, 210.

_Q. Horatius Flaccus_, i, 277; loving mention of his father, ii, 292; ignorant of the history of his own people, 312; not to be compared with Virgil in his knowledge of the Greek writers, 312; turns up his nose at Lucilius, 393; his part in the battle of Philippi, iii, 99; his journey to Brundusium, 104; his most poetical time, 104; his sayings concerning Octavian, 112; his father not foreign, but of Italian origin, 134; his earlier history, 134; does not deserve the reproach of being called a flatterer, 134; chronology of his works, 135; fictitious names, 135; opinion of him, 135.

_Von Hormayr_, his work on the Tyrol, iii, 151.

_Horse_, of the equestrian statue of M. Antoninus, belongs to a race which does not seem to us beautiful, iii, 275.

_Q. Hortensius_, dictator, i, 540.

_Q. Hortensius_, the orator, not free from envy, ii, 394; ready to sell his convictions for money, 395; iii, 26; his son put to death, iii, 99.

_Hostia_, mistress of Propertius, iii, 137.

_Hostilianus_, nephew or son of Decius, colleague of Gallus Trebonianus, iii, 279.

_Hostilius_, Tullus, with him appears a new era in history, i, 126; the legend of his death, 128; one of the Ramnes, 131.

_Hostilius_, his cruelty to the Greeks, ii, 210.

_Hudson_ opposed to Bentley by the university of Oxford, i, 42.

_Hugo_, i, 387.

_Humbert_, Colonel, his excavations in Carthage, ii, 239, 310.

_Von Humboldt_, William, maintains that the Iberians were all of the same stock, ii, 60; believes the poem on the Cantabrian war to be genuine, iii, 150.

_Hume_, ii, 53.

_Huns_, a nomadic tribe of Mongolian race, iii, 317; push on the Goths, 317; their abodes, 338; their wars, 339.

_Hyksos_, under them the old records must have been lost, i, 7; their age forms the boundary of real history, 7.

_Hyrcanus_, king of Judæa, iii, 11.

I

_Iberians_, break into Spain from Africa, i, 367; in Southern Spain, the Balearic Isles, Sardinia, Corsica, western Sicily and Africa, 367; driven by the Celts to the Garonne, 368; send an embassy to Alexander the Great, 469; their personal attachment to their princes, ii, 64.

_Iberians_, on the Caspian sea, brought into subjection by Sapor, iii, 313.

_Icelus_, favourite of Galba, iii, 196.

_Idumæi_, cohort of the, iii, 271.

_Ignominia_, i, 335.

_Ilia_, mother of Romulus, i, 111.

_Ilia_, name of Jerusalem according to the Arab writers, iii, 230.

_Ilium_, destroyed by C. Flavius Fimbria, ii, 373.

_Illiberis_, (also called Helena,) in Roussillon, iii, 305.

_Illiturgis_, near Cordova, ii, 120.

_Illyria_, as far as Scutari, a country of low hills, on the east it has a high ridge of mountains, ii, 152.

_Illyrian empire_, its spread before the Peloponnesian war, ii, 47; war with Rome, 47; peace, 47; second war, 57.

_Illyrians_, see Enchelians; waste the coast of Greece, ii, 46.

_Illyricum_, extensively colonized, iii, 272; there are still some pure descendants of the Goths there, 320.

_Imbrivium_, not Imbrinium, near Subiaco, i, 481.

_Imbros_, Athenian, ii, 164.

_Imperator_, surname of the Emperor, iii, 117.

IMPERIA MANLIANA, i, 343.

INCORPORALES RES, i, 179.

_Indibilis_, a Spanish prince, enters into an insurrection against Scipio, ii, 130.

_Indictions_, iii, 301.

_Informers_, under Tiberius, iii, 173; under Domitian, 213.

_Inghirami_, his forgeries, i, 141.

_Insanity_ of several princes, iii, 179; no means were known in ancient times for its treatment, 179.

_Inscriptions_, under Hadrian, in barbarous Latin, iii, 231; most of the sepulchral inscriptions are from the end of the first to the beginning of the third century, P. C., 274; written characters of a barbarous shape, 276.

_Instinct_ of substituting the fallen off members of political organizations, i, 109.

_Insubrians_, in Italy, ii, 52; conquered by Flaminius, 56; ready for rebellion, 83; declare for Hannibal, 87; in arms against the Romans, 164; submission after two campaigns, 164.

INSULA BATAVORUM, iii, 203.

_Interamnium_ built, i, 497; Roman colony, ii, 106.

_Interdict_, possessory, i, 254.

_Interest_, it is forbidden in Rome to take interest, i, 541; ii, 192.

_Interreges_, were only patricians, i, 454.

_Invading peoples_ not to be found in scattered spots, i, 367.

_Ionia_, with the exception of some towns, comes into the possession of Eumenes, i, 185.

_Ipsus_, battle, i, 553.

_Irak_ Ajemi, has in all probability preserved the language of the Medes, iii, 264.

_Ireland_, after the peace of Limerick, under William the third, ii, 264; the Roman Catholics sacrificed at the time of the Union, 283.

Ἰσηγορία, i, 279.

Ἰσονομία, i, 279.

_Isopolity_, i, 220.

_Issa_, delivered by the Romans, ii, 47.

_Isthmus_ of Corinth, Cæsar wishes to cut it through, iii, 74.

_Istrians_, subjected even before the war of Hannibal, ii, 57.

_Itali_, name of the Pelasgians in Italy, i, 97; principle of the Italians, that the complaint of the breach of treaty was to be made before the injured people, i, 266.

_Italia_, originally the country south of the Tiber or south of Latium, iii, 97; once bounded on the north by a line from the Garganus to Terracina, 97; the name afterwards extended to a wider range, 97.

_Italian towns_, Rome exacts from them military service, i, 571.

_Italians_, begin in the fifteenth century to consider themselves the heirs of the ancient Romans, i, 67, 222; apply themselves to history, 68; their different laws in the middle ages, 228; their tillage, 234; their peasantry worthy and respectable, the herdsmen and townspeople good for nothing, 460; ii, 265; unfit for a sea life, i, 460; make beasts of themselves when they have an opportunity of feasting, ii, 189.

_Italica._ See Corfinium.

_Italica_, in the neighbourhood of Seville, iii, 216; birth place of Trajan and Hadrian, 216.

_Italy_ divided with reference to taxation, i, 573; southern Italy takes the form of a province, owing to the war with Hannibal, ii, 186; the large estates there more profitable than the smaller ones, 272; condition during the Servile war, 405; divided into a number of regions, iii, 124; aversion to military service, 159; fields cultivated by slaves, and the population changed, 187; free from the land-tax, 299; the spirit of bravery died away, 330.

_Ituræi_, iii, 271, note.

_Itzig_, iii, 302.

J

_Jacobi_, F. H., compared with Cicero, iii, 26.

_Janiculum_, the existence of an old town there, i, 121; probably Roman, whilst the territory on the other side of the Tiber was Etruscan, 214.

_Janus_ and _Jana_ (Diana), the heavenly lights, i, 169.

_Janus_, two different ones on the Roman gates, i, 263, note.

_Janus_, his temple closed, iii, 151.

_Janus_, Quirini, i, 187.

_Janus’ head_, symbol of the double state.

_Jerome_, St., iii, 325; his wit, 326.

_Jeremiah_, ii, 252.

_Jerusalem_, under Ezra and Nehemiah, i, 391; conquered by Pompey, the temple plundered, iii, 11; a military colony founded under the name of Ælia Capitolina, 230.

_Jews_, their last struggle with the Romans, ii, 252; rebellion under Claudius, iii, 199; under Hadrian, 230; not allowed to approach Jerusalem, 230; outbreak under Antoninus Pius, 236; divided into Jews and Proselytes, the latter into two classes, the Proselytes of Righteousness, and the Proselytes of the Gate, i, 164.

_Jewish_ tribes, i, 163.

_Johannes_, the first emperor with a Christian name, iii, 335.

_Johannes Saresberiensis_, quotes from Livy, i, 67.

_Josephus_, his notice against Apion from Phœnician chronicles, ii, 1; his book one of the most interesting historical works, iii, 199; throws light on the tactic of the Romans, 199; is a Pharisee, 199.

_Jovian_, emperor, cedes a tract of country to the Persians, ii, 147; becomes emperor, iii, 315; concludes a peace with Persia, 315; gives an edict for freedom of belief, 315; his death, 315.

_Jovinus_, usurper, iii, 333.

_Juba_, ii, 322; king of Mauritania, and client of Pompey, iii, 57; presented by Augustus with the realm of Bocchus, 162.

_Dec. Jubellius_, leader of the Campanian legion at Rhegium, i, 573.

_Jubellius Taurea_, his death, ii, 113.

JUDICES equivalent to _centumviri_, i, 313; delegated by a prætor, 404; elected from the senate, 404.

_Jugera_, five hundred, as much as seventy rubbii now, ii, 277.

_Jugurtha_, son of Mastanabal, ii, 310; sent to Spain, 310; adopted by Micipsa, 311; bribery in Rome, 311; surrenders himself for appearance sake to the Romans, 314; comes to Rome on the strength of Cassius’ word of honour, 315; causes Massiva to be murdered in Rome, 315; his behaviour towards Metellus, 317; goes to Bocchus, 321; given up to Marius, 321.

_Julia_, Cæsar’s aunt, married to Marius, iii, 83.

_Julia_, Cæsar’s daughter, married to Pompey, iii, 39.

_Julia_, Cæsar’s sister, wife of M. Atius Balbus, iii, 83.

_Julia_, Augustus’ daughter, first married to Marcellus, then to Agrippa, iii, 143; her shameful depravity, 146; transported to Pandataria, 147.

_Julia Domna_, wife of Septimius Severus, iii, 252, 254, 259.

_Julia Emerita_ (Merida), a colony, iii, 150.

_Julian_, emperor, taken in by any one who called himself a philosopher, iii, 245; son of Julius Constantius, 304; kept prisoner in Cæsarea, 306; called by the Christian writers apostata, extolled by the Heathen ones, 307; Cæsar, 306; marries Helena, 307; proclaimed emperor by the soldiers, 308; his ostentation, 309; character, 309; Misopogon, 311; war against Persia, 311; his death, 314.

_Julianus_, Claudius, Cæsar, his letter to Maximus and Balbinus, iii, 270.

_Julianus Didius_, Emperor, iii, 250; character, 250; put to death, 251.

_Julii_, an Alban clan, belonging to the _gentes minores_, iii, 29; not to be found in the Fasti from the fourth to the seventh century, 29; sided with the popular party, 29.

_July_, month, origin of its name, iii, 114.

_Julius._ See Cæsar.

_C. Julius_, decemvir, summons the people to pass judgment on one who was not _reus manifestus_, i, 307.

JUNIORES, i, 180.

_Junius._ See Brutus.

_Junius._ See Pennus.

_C. Junius Bubulcus_, consul in the Samnite war, vows to Salus a temple, i, 498.

_L. Junius_, consul, his fleet destroyed by a storm, ii, 34; surprises Eryx, 35.

_Juno_, the worship of Juno on the Capitol Etruscan, i, 148.

_Jupiter_, his worship on the Capitol Etruscan, i, 148.

_Jurisdiction_ in Italy after the Lex Julia is obscure, iii, 255.

_Jurisprudence_, the study of, becomes the province of the French, i, 68; revival in the eighteenth century, 73; has two sides, 388; history of the emperors indispensable for it, iii, 164; foundation of its system under Hadrian, 231; its progress under Antoninus Pius, 237.

_Jury_, in ancient Rome, instituted after the laws of Gracchus, ii, 297.

JUS AGRARIUM, i, 252; the Romans stand alone with regard to it, 253.

JUS CÆRITUM EXULANDI, i, 210.

JUS FLAVIANUM, a sort of “Complete Lawyer,” i, 521.

JUS GENTIUM, had, perhaps originally a much wider meaning than is generally believed, i, 161.

JUS PAPIRIANUM, i, 184, 226.

_Justina_, wife of Valentinian the first, iii, 321.

_Justin_, a careless writer, ii, 2.

_Justin_, the Martyr, iii, 235.

_Juthungi_, the reigning dynasty of the Lombards, iii, 280; pass the Po, 287.

_Juvenal_, reproached with having in his writings chiefly described depravity, iii, 178; his opinion of Otho, 197; one of the greatest minds, 210.

_P. Juventius Thalna_, beaten by Andriscus, ii, 247.

K

_Kant_ assails the eloquence and profession of advocate, iii, 21.

_Kent_, iii, 45.

_Kinburn_, iii, 71.

_Kinna_, a place now unknown, i, 495.

_Klopstock_, his hexameters, ii, 198.

_Kunersdorf_, battle, i, 560; iii, 278.

L

_Labeo._ See Atinius.

_Laberius_, ii, 16.

_Laberius, Dec._, composer of Mimes, iii, 129, 141.

_Labici._ See Lavici.

_Labienus_, in the battle of Munda, iii, 71; his conduct, 106; goes to the Parthians, 106.

_Lacedæmon_, one revolution follows another; Machanidas seizes the government, ii, 145; lose their ancient constitution, 151; a separate state, 165.

_Lacedæmonians_, the general population of Sparta, ii, 249.

_Laco_, favourite of Galba, iii, 196.

_Lactantius_, his work a reproduction of Cicero, iii, 293, 325.

_Lælianus._ See Ælianus.

_Lælius_, supports Masinissa in his attack against Syphax, ii, 137.

_C. Lælius_, gets the surname of Sapiens, ii, 275; fragment of a speech, 292, 394.

_Lænas._ See Popillius.

_Lætorius_, friend of C. Gracchus, ii, 305.

_Lætus Pomponius_ gives an impulse to the study of archæology, i, 67.

_Lætus_, _præfecto prætorio_ under Commodus, iii, 249.

_Lævians_, a people on the Ticinus, i, 365.

_Lævinus_, M. Valerius, restores Agrigentum, ii, 119; takes out, as prætor, a fleet against Philip, 143; his fleet a curse for Greece, 146.

_Lævinus_, P. Valerius, consul, against Pyrrhus, i, 558; battle near Heracles, 558; follows Pyrrhus on the Appian road, 562.

_Lamennais_, iii, 51.

_Lamia_, on the Thessalian side of Thermopylæ, belongs to Ætolia Epictetus, ii, 174; besieged by Philip, 174; the siege given up, 174.

_Lampadius_, C. Octavius, divides Nævius’ history of the Punic war into books, i, 17.

_Lamponius_ M., ii, 382.

_Land tax_, Savigny has done a great deal for its elucidation, iii, 229.

_Language_, Polish and Lithuanian, their relationship, i, 95; that of a conquered people often becomes extinct, 144; the Western part of the Roman empire preserves a kind of unity of language, iii, 163.

_Languedoc_, ii, 308.

_Lanuvians_, full citizenship granted to them, i, 448.

_Lanuvium_ devastated by Marius, ii, 372.

_Lanzi_ supposes Etruscan to have been a sort of Greek, i, 142.

_Larinum_, ii, 126.

_Larissa_, a Pelasgian word signifying borough, i, 101.

_Lars_, probably signifies king or God in Etruscan, i, 136, 208, note.

_Sp. Lartius_, i, 206, 210.

_Latin language_, a medley of Oscan, and Siculo-Pelasgian, i, 105; degenerates, iii, 232.

_Latin form_ of Greek proper names, ii, 194.

_Latins_, had a number of towns, from Tibur to the river Tiber, i, 101; Latins and Sabines settle on the Aventine, 165; the hegemony over them acquired by Tarquin the Proud, not by Servius Tullus, 185; the _feriæ Latinæ_ established on the Alban mount, 185; the sacrifices on the Aventine offered in the temple of Diana, afterwards in a grove near Aricia, 186; bind themselves _ad majestatem populi Romani comiter colendam_, 195; leagued under Octavius Mamilius with Porsena, 210; break the alliance with Rome after the Etruscan calamity, 216; peace concluded in the year 259, 219; receive isopolity, 220; league of Sp. Cassius in the year 261, 220; receive isopolity _jus municipii_, 243; league with the Romans and Hernicans, 246; defeated by the Volscians and Æquians in the valley of Grotta Ferrara, 276; after the spread of the Volscians again subject to the Romans, 293; free themselves after the Gallic calamity from the Roman rule, 386; part of them unite with Velitræ and Antium in hostility against Rome, 390; friendship with Rome restored, 410; the new federation, 411; has for its chiefs two prætors, 412; continue the war against the Samnites alone, 436; their constitution, 437; proposals for a union with Rome, 437; war with Rome, 438; fight near Veseris, 439; battle near Trifanum, 444; conditions of their subjection, 444; last insurrection, 445; battle on the river Astura, 447; the people are born husbandmen, 460; revolt, 480; opposed to the agrarian law of Ti. Gracchus, ii, 283; C. Gracchus wishes to extend to them the full right of citizenship, 299; meaning in the time of Livius Drusus, 346; receive the full franchise by the Lex Julia, 354.

_Latini_, iii, 258.

_Latin fortifications_, i, 146.

_Latin towns_, thirty in number, i, 109; have all of them a council of a Hundred, 120.

_Latium_ extends as far as Campania, i, 102; suffers dreadfully in the war with Cinna, ii, 372.

_Latteen sails_ of the ancients, ii, 39.

LAUDATIONES FUNEBRES, i, 11; owing to them falsifications creep into Roman history, 11; a tissue of repetitions like the λόγοι ἐπιτάφιοι, 261.

_Laurentum_ alone retains the old fœdus, i, 451.

_Lautulæ_, insurrection, i, 430; quelled by Valerius Corvus, 431; battle, 494.

_Lavici_, not Labici, 344; Roman colony, 345.

_Lavinium_ founded by thirty households, i, 109; a general name for Latium, central point of the Prisci Latini, 109; keeps faithful to Rome, 390.

_Lays_, historical, in Roman history, i, 88.

_Leagues_, a clause in those of the ancients, wherein the contracting

## parties prescribed to each other the bounds of their intended

encroachments upon other nations, i, 412.

_Leave of absence_, purchased by the Roman soldiers, iii, 157.

LEGATI AUGUSTI, _pro consule, pro prætore_, &c., iii, 121.

LEGATI _pro prætore_ in the imperial provinces, often remained the whole of their lives in the same province, iii, 244.

LEGES, the resolutions of the patricians, i, 241.

LEGES ANNALES, suspended during the second Punic war, ii, 132; _lex Villia annalis_ rigorously observed, 239; those in force in Cicero’s days, dated from the age of Sylla, 239.

_Leges Liciniæ_, (Licinian Rogations,) i, 205, 396; violated in the year 412 for the last time, 425; enlargement of it, 432.

LEGES POMPEIÆ, iii, 38.

LEGES PORCIÆ, iii, 35.

LEGES PUBLILIÆ, i, 447.

LEGES SACRATÆ, he who violated them was to be sold as a slave at the temple of Ceres, i, 290.

LEGES SEMPRONIÆ, ii, 277, 294.

LEGES VALERIÆ, i, 207.

LEGIO MARTIA, iii, 89.

_Legion_, in the war of Hannibal, consisted of 4,200 men and 200 horse, ii, 98.

_Legions_, the country and city, at the time of the Gallic calamity, i, 375; the country legions armed with pikes, 376; consisted half of Latins and half of Romans, 376; three thousand men strong, 376; their arrangement in the war against the Latins, 441; their division in Cæsar’s time, ii, 326; their time of service, iii, 126; their camps on the frontiers in which they were stationed until superannuated, 169; outbreak in Illyricum and on the Rhine, 169; their degeneracy in the East, 243.

_Legislations_, of old, did not only comprise civil and criminal law and judicial procedure, but political law and transient measures also, i, 278; should be independent of magistracy, 278.

LEMBI, the lightest ships, ii, 17.

_Lentulus_, consul, prætor, accomplice of Catiline, iii, 22.

_Leo the Great_, iii, 327.

_Lepidus_, M. Æmilius, head of the democracy, ii, 395; sets himself up as the avenger of Rome, 396; dies in Sardinia, 397.

_Lepidus_, M. Æmilius, in Gaul, iii, 87; triumvir, 91; confined to Africa, 105; Pontifex Maximus, 110, 118.

_Lepontians_, on the Lake of Como, of Etruscan race, i, 145; stand against the immigrating Gauls, 368.

_Lerida in Catalonia_, battle, iii, 56.

_Lesbos_, allied with Chios and Byzantium, iii, 145.

_Lessing_, endowed with a most philological spirit, i, 73; ii, 245; German literature reaches perfection through Lessing, iii, 127; connecting link between two generations, 130; has no equal among German prose writers, 226.

_Letronne_, ii, 78.

_Letters_, their use known in the earliest times among the Romans, i, 4; a common use not to be thought of previous to the use of the Egyptian papyrus, 4; have a threefold root, 4, _note_; of more ancient date in Europe than Homer, 4.

_Leuco-Syrians_, ii, 360.

_Levesque_, i, 73.

LEX ÆLIA ET FUFIA, ii, 225; repealed by Clodius, 226.

LEX ÆLIA SENTIA, iii, 122, 163.

LEX AGRARIA of Sp. Cassius, i, 256; probably accepted, 257; _lex agraria_ TRIBUNICIA, 346.

LEX ATERNIA TARPEIA, i, 339.

LEX AURELIA _judiciaria_, iii, 4.

LEX CASSIA not to be regarded as an innovation, ii, 285.

LEX CORNELIA _de ambitu_, ii, 227.

LEX FLAMINIA, ii, 87.

LEX FURIA _testamentaria_ may be placed about the year 450, i, 303.

LEX DE GALLIA _Cisalpina_, ii, 165.

LEX GENUCIA, i, 517.

LEX HORTENSIA, i, 322, 542.

LEX DE IMPERIO, ii, 41.

LEX JULIA, i, 120, 172, 311; unites Gallia Cispadana to Italy, ii, 165, 354.

LEX JULIA _de adulterio_, iii, 187.

LEX JULIA _de judiciis_, iii, 124.

LEX JULIA NORBANA, iii, 119.

LEX JUNIA, i, 280; dated by Dionysius thirty years too early, 280.

LEX MÆNIA, made the confirmation by the curies a mere form, i, 406, 539.

LEX MENSIA, i, 173.

LEX MUCIA LICINIA, ii, 344.

LEX OGULNIA, i, 130, 523.

LEX OVINIA TRIBUNICIA, i, 335.

LEX PAPIA POPPÆA, iii, 163, 187.

LEX PEDIA, iii, 91.

LEX PUBLILIA, of the dictator, Q. Publilius Philo, i, 321.

LEX SERVILIA, ii, 345.

LEX TERENTILIA, i, 278.

LEX THORIA, ii, 290.

LEX TREBONIA, iii, 37.

LEX VALERIA, i, 235.

LEX VALERIA HORATIA, i, 320.

LEX VOCONIA, ii, 225.

_Leyden_ inhabited only about the centre, ii, 108.

_Libanius_ appeases the emperor Theodosius, iii, 322.

LIBERTINI and their descendants excluded from the _gentes_, i, 160. See Freedmen.

_Library_ of Ptolemy Philadelphus burnt, iii, 64.

LIBRI AUGURALES, i, 11, 238.

LIBRI FATALES, of Etruscan origin, i, 151.

LIBRI LEGEM, i, 9.

LIBRI MAGISTRATUUM, i, 9.

LIBRI PONTIFICUM, i, 10.

LIBURNÆ, light ships, ii, 17.

_Liburnians_, the name of the earlier inhabitants of the North of Italy, i, 98.

_Libyans_, oppressive neighbours of the Carthaginians, ii, 2; mingle only gradually with the Phœnician settlers, 2, 4; do not differ in their constitution from the inhabitants of Southern Europe, 5; the relation between the Libyans and Pœni analogous to that of the Lettish and the Lithuanians to the Germans, 6; take arms against Carthage, 44; have an alphabet of their own, 310.

_Licinian family_, defends the rights of the plebeians, i, 402.

_Licinius’ laws_ are in fact only a repetition of former ones, ii, 402; conf., ii, 270.

_Licinius._ See Crassus, Lucullus, etc.

_Licinius_, Augustus in Illyricum, iii, 298; war with Maximinian Daza, 300; war with Constantine, 300; married to Constantia, half-sister of Constantine, 300; conquered near Adrianople, executed, 300.

_P. Licinius Calvus_, plebeian senator, i, 340.

_C. Licinius Macer_, writes history from documents, i, 33; one of Pliny’s sources, 33; Cicero speaks unfavourably of him, 33.

_C. Licinius Stolo_, tribune of the people, i, 396; accused of having evaded his own law, ii, 272.

_Lictors_, among the Tuscans the king of each town has a lictor, i, 221; twelve Latin and twelve Roman lictors given to the common dictator, 221; represent the curies, 539.

_Lightnings_, flashing forth from the earth, the fact already known to the Etruscans, i, 154.

_Ligue_ sharpened the wit and quickened the mind of the people, ii, 395.

_Ligurians_ in South of France, Piedmont, and Lombardy, i, 368; pushed on by the Iberians as far as Aix in Provence, 368; a warlike race, 371; war against Rome, ii, 51; new war against Rome, 200; did not extend beyond the borders of Provence, 200; fifty thousand Ligurians led from their homes into Samnium, 200.

_Ligurian peoples_ in Piedmont, ii, 57.

_Lilybæum_, besieged by Pyrrhus, i, 566; its fortifications one of the wonders of the ancient world, 567; siege raised by Pyrrhus, 567; the survivors of Motye become the founders of Lilybæum, 575; besieged by the Romans, ii, 29; etymology of its name, 29; had a good harbour, 29; Roman, 116.

LIMES, made road, iii, 157.

_Limigantes_, a Sarmatian colony, iii, 301.

_Linen manufactures_, iii, 237.

LINGUA RUSTICA, or _vulgaris_, iii, 232.