Part 43

_Pelasgians_, dwell from Italy to Asia Minor, i, 96; on the other hand as far as Liguria, Sardinia, and Corsica, 97; vanish in the age of history, 97; their migration, 98; settle at the mouth of the Po at Spina, from whence they cross to Etruria, 142; their old abodes, 418.

_Pelasgus_, son of Palæchthon, rules in Argos, i, 143.

_Pelignians_, from Sabine stock, i, 120, 419; faithful to the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109; revolt against Rome in the Social war, 352; make a separate peace with Rome, 357.

_Pella_, destroyed, ii, 247.

_Pella_, the real centre of the Jewish-Christians, ii, 272.

_Pennus_, M. Junius, tribune of the people, his decree concerning the allies, ii, 290.

_Pentalides_ in Mitylene, i, 281.

_Pentameter_, the Roman poets have peculiarities in its construction, iii, 129.

_Penteconters_, manned with fifty men, open, ii, 12, and note.

_Pentrians_, i, 419; carry on the Marsian war, ii, 358.

PEREGRINI, may be received in the gentes, i, 160.

PEREGRINITAS, abolished, iii, 258.

_M. Perennis_, præfect under Commodus, iii, 247; death, 248.

_Perinthus_, acquired by Syria, ii, 148.

_Peripatetics_, fallen to nothing in the times of the emperors, iii, 239.

_Perizonius_, Jacob, historical criticism, i, 3; his _animadversiones historicæ_, a thoroughly classical work, 71; a real genius for history, 71; conf. 88, 111, 263, 282.

_M. Peperna_, defeats Aristonicus, ii, 267.

_M. Peperna_, an Italian, becomes consul and censor, ii, 343, and note.

_M. Peperna_, lieutenant of M. Lepidus, ii, 397; conspires against Sertorius, 403; conquered by Pompey, 404.

_Perrhæbia_, detached from Thessaly, ii, 163.

_Persepolis_, iii, 264.

_Persians_, insurrection against the Parthians, iii, 264; Tadjicks (inhabitants of towns) of the Iran race, 264; their later worship very different from the former one, 264; war of Gordian, 271; peace, 271; burst into the Roman empire, 279; defeat Valerian, and overrun Asia Minor and Syria, 280; their relations with their eastern neighbours hidden from us, 281; peace with Rome, 286; war with Carus, 290; campaign of Galerius, 296; wars of Constantius, 305, 306; war of Julian, 312; peace, 315.

_Perseus_, son of Philip, ii, 205; maddened against the Romans, 205; character, 206; wins the hearts of the Greeks, 206; marries the daughter of Antiochus Epiphanes, 207; war with Rome, 208; defeats Crassus, 208; allows himself to be taken in by Marcius Philippus, 210; successful in the second and third years of the war, 210; battle of Pydna, 213; flies, 214; made prisoner, 214; declension of his name, 215, note; a prisoner at Alba on the Lake Fucinus, 245; his son becomes a clerk at Alba, 245.

_Persian_ families, seven noble, ii, 360.

PERSONA, in its legal meaning, i, 227.

_Pertinax_, Helvius, distinguished in the administration, iii, 247; emperor, 249; murdered, 249; not of noble birth, 266.

_Perusia_, (Perugia,) concludes a peace with Rome, i, 509; breaks it, 526; fate of the town, iii, 103; rebuilt as a Julian military colony under the name of Perusia Augusta, 103.

_Perusian war_, iii, 103.

_Peruvians_, their name transferred upon the Spaniards, i, 143.

_Pescennius Niger_ in the East, iii, 246; proclaimed emperor, 250; defeated near Issus by Septimius Severus, 253.

_Pestilence_, in the Volscian war, i, 276; after the Samnite wars, 536. See _Plague_.

_Petelia_, i, 479; the only place which remained faithful to the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109; destroyed by the Carthaginians, and the other Lucanians, 109.

_Peteline grove_, i, 395, 435.

_Petilia_, battle, ii, 406.

_Petrarch_, read the war of Hannibal in Livy, and also Cæsar’s Commentaries with passionate fondness, i, 67; felt for the old Romans as an old Roman himself would have done, 79; iii, 94.

_M. Petreius_, against Catiline, iii, 24; general of Pompey in Spain, 54; defeated near Lerida, 56; in Africa, 66; his death, 67.

_Petronius Arbiter_, witty but profligate, lived in the reign of Alexander Severus and Gordian, iii, 276; the greatest poetical genius of Rome since the days of Augustus, 276.

_Petronius Maximus_, emperor, iii, 342.

_Peucetians_ i, 98.

Φαίσολα in Polybius, must have been situated in the neighbourhood of Aquapendente, ii, 54.

_Phalanx_, its meaning explained, i, 176; was not one compact mass, but advanced by smaller divisions, 569, note.

_Phameas._ See Himilco.

_Pharnaces_, son of Mithridates, iii, 11; peace with Pompey, 11; mixes himself up with the civil wars, 11, 65.

_Pharsalus_, battle, iii, 60.

_Pherecydes_, the philosopher, ii, 390.

_Philemon_, poet, legend of him, ii, 48, note.

_Philinus_ of Agrigentum wrote the first history of the first Punic war, highly exasperated against the Romans, i, 19; always represents the Carthaginians as generous, ii, 37.

_Philip II._ of Spain, ii, 390; plots in his family, iii, 167.

_Philip_, son of Amyntas, had crossed the Hellespont even before Alexander, ii, 176.

_Philip III._ of Macedon negotiates with Hannibal, ii, 111; we read the treaty in Polybius, 143; war with the Romans, 144; his character, 144; overcomes the Asintanians and Ardyæans, 146; invades Ætolia, 147; peace, 147; peace with the Romans, 147; allies himself with Antiochus the Great against Ptolemy Epiphanes, 147; conquers the whole of the Thracian coast, 148; applied to by Crete for his mediation, 148; second war with Rome, 150; defeated by Flaminius near the _fauces Antigoneæ_, 155; flies, 155; keeps Orchomenus, without asking leave of the Achæans, 155; defeated near Cynoscephalæ, 160; concludes peace with the Romans, 161; a pretender opposed to him by Antiochus, 169; seizes the fortress of Demetrias, 172; must have had a secret treaty with the Romans, 172; union with Rome, 173; besieges Lamia, 174; left in the lurch by the Romans, 174; reduces the Athamanians and Dolopians, 174; supports Scipio, and receives for his reward the towns on the Thracian coast, 177; extent of his empire, 203; his death, 205.

_Philip_, M. Julius, emperor, præfectus prætorio under Gordian, murders him, iii, 207; from Bostra in Arabia Petræa, 207; called an Arabian, 207; peace with the Persians, 207; is assumed to have been a Christian, 207; his coins bear heathen emblems, 272; tradition of his having done penance, 272; rebellion in Pannonia, 272; is killed in a fight near Verona, 273.

_Philippi_, battle, iii, 96.

_Philippus_, consul, enemy of Livius Drusus, ii, 348; ὅρκος Φιλίππου, 348; plot to murder him, 351.

_Philippus_, Q. Marcius, Roman general against Perseus, ii, 210; crosses Olympus, 210.

_Philocles_, Macedonian governor of Corinth, takes Argos, ii, 156.

_Philology_, blighted in Germany by the Thirty Years’ war, i, 70; grammatical, 73.

_Philopœmen_, ii, 156, 162, 209; his hatred against Sparta, 248.

Φιλοστοργία, iii, 26.

_Phintias_, prince of Agrigentum, i, 576.

_Phlius_, Achæan, ii, 151.

_Phocæa_, free, ii, 183.

_Phocæans_, beaten by the Agyllæans and the Carthaginians in Corsica, i, 147.

_Phocis_, during the war of Hannibal, well-affected to Hannibal, ii, 145; dependent on Macedon, 151; a separate state, 163, 256.

_Phœnicians_ had settlements on Cyprus, ii, 1; may have frequently emigrated under the Persian to Carthage, 3; subjected by Pompey, iii, 11; did not fetch their tin from India, 45.

_Phœnician_ chronicles known to the Romans, after the destruction of Carthage presented to the Numidian kings, ii, 1.

_Phraata_, town in Media, iii, 108.

_Phraortes_, king of the Parthians, iii, 108.

Φράτραι, i, 161.

_Phrygia_, on the Hellespont, and Great Phrygia (afterwards made one under the kingdom of Asia) falls to Eumenes, ii, 183, 377.

_Phthiotis_, for the greater part Ætolian, ii, 151, 163.

_Phthiriasis_, ii, 390.

_Piali_, Stefano, iii, 148.

_Picenians_, from Sabine stock, i, 120.

_Picentians_, i, 418; acknowledge the supremacy of Rome, 571; faithful to the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109.

_Picenum_, the commotion in the Social war fiercest there, ii, 351; revolt against Rome, 352; had to suffer most grievously, 356.

_Pictor_, mentioned in Cicero as a Latin annalist, i, 21; _de jure pontificio_ in Macrobius, 21.

_Picts_, of Cimbrian stock, ii, 322.

_St. Pierre_, Bernardin de, iii, 186.

_Pighius_, Steph., historical criticism, i, 3; his annals a chimerical undertaking, 69.

PILANI in the Roman army, ii, 326.

_Pillars_, colossal pillars, formerly thought to have been portions of the temple of Jupiter Stator, belong to the Curia Julia, iii, 148.

_Pilum_, its practice not easy to learn, ii, 92.

_Pindar_ sings the achievements of Gelon and Theron, ii, 3.

_Pinnes_, son of Agron, ii, 47.

_Pinnes_, leader of the Pannonians, iii, 155; treacherously given up to the Romans, 156.

_Pirates_, iii, 8; encouraged by Mithridates to make prizes, 9; land at Ostia, 9; reduced by Pompey, 9.

_Pisa_, the valley there was at one time a great marsh, ii, 53; is now inhabited only in the centre, 108.

_Pisidia_, Roman, iii, 3.

_Piso_, C. Calpurnius, conspiracy under Nero, iii, 192.

_Piso_, Cn. Calpurnius, his conduct to Germanicus, iii, 172; will not give up Syria, 172.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, author of a work De continentia veterum poëtarum, i, 25; doubts on it, 25.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, Frugi Censorius tries to bring consistency into the earliest history, i, 29; historicises the birth of Romulus, 81; ii, 121.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, consul, ii, 237.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, consul, ἀλιτήριος, iii, 35; buys the province of Macedonia from Clodius, 35; Cæsar’s father-in-law 82; not among his heirs, 83.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, _præfectus urbi_, iii, 123.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius adopted by Galba, iii, 195.

_Pitt_, after the loss of America, with redoubled courage undertakes the task of infusing new strength into his country, ii, 58.

_Placentia_, Roman colony, ii, 57, 75; destroyed by the Boians, 164; colony or municipium, 385.

_Placidia_, sister of Honorius, married to Adolphus, iii, 334; flies to Constantinople, 335.

_Plague_ in the Peloponnesian war, i, 176; iii, 241; in Greece at the time of Antigonus Gonatas, i, 536; iii, 241; epoch in literature owing to it, 241; not in Africa, 246; its intensity, 246, 284; ceases, 289.

_Plancius_, quæstor, his conduct to Cicero when outlawed, iii, 36.

_Plania_, mistress of Tibullus, iii, 137.

_Platen_, count, his metrical art, ii, 198; iii, 24; the tomb in Busento, 334.

_Plato_, his letters old but not genuine, i, 576; attached to the uncle of his mother, iii, 29; his Phædon does not give the faith of immortality, 69.

_Platonists_ had sunk into thaumaturgi and theurgi, iii, 239.

_Plautus_ and _Terence_, in their iambic and trochaic verses, observed the rhythmical measure only, and not the quantity, i, 90; P. is one of the greatest poetical geniuses of ancient times, ii, 196; his irony, 196; very poor, 197; his metres by no means Greek, 197.

_Plebeians_, in the tribes, i, 174; constitute a fourth order, 190; oppressed by the patricians, 225; had different civil rights from patricians, 227; were no rabble, 234; in possession of the Capitol, conquerors, after the downfall of the decemvirs, 312; connubium with the patricians, 326; may become military tribunes, but the election always foiled, 330; have a share in the senate, 334; in the consulship, 397; ii, 269; curule ædiles, i, 405; prætors, 454; add to their names those of their fathers and grandfathers, 513; their distinguishing character is that of being landowners, 513.

_Plebs sincera_, 516; sedition, 540; two plebeians for the first time censors together, ii, 268.

_Plebeian forgeries_ of history, i, 226.

_Plebeity_, the notion of it changed, ii, 97.

_Plebes_, its origin, i, 133; does not by any means consist of the poorest classes of the people, 169; existed even before the reign of Ancus, 173; _sciscit_, 269; assembles in the forum, afterwards in the Area Capitolina, 269; ii, 285; votes _tabellis_, i, 269; plebs urbana distinguished from the tribes, ii, 295.

PLEBISCITA, rules at pleasure, i, 241; had not at first any authority over the whole community, 241; the spelling, _plebisscita_, incorrect, 270, note; acquire general validity, 320; _ut omnes Quirites tenerent_, 447; there is no longer any mention made of them under Augustus, iii, 118.

PLEBISCITUM CANULEIUM, i, 326; that a tribune could be elected two years running, ii, 293.

_Pleias_, Alexandrine tragedy, iii, 138.

_Pleminius_, his cruelty against Locri, i, 445.

_Pleuron_ in Ætolia has isopolity with the Achæans, ii, 250.

_Pliny_, the elder, mentions Licinius among his sources, i, 33; his excerpta little weighed by him, 98; has seen the treaty of Porsena, 212.

_Pliny_, the younger, mentioned along with Tacitus, iii, 226; vain, 226; his letters most instructive, 226; striking likeness to the Parisian writers of the eighteenth century, 226.

_Plotina_, wife of Trajan, an excellent woman, iii, 217; has perhaps only spread the report of Hadrian’s adoption, 221.

_Plutarch_, made, like Montaigne, for quiet and cheerful contemplation, i, 59; his lives most delightful reading, 59; no critic, 59; follows at one time one authority and at another time another, 60; understood little Latin, 60; conf. 175; had a keen perception of individual character, ii, 191; wrote the life of the Gracchi without any knowledge of the state of affairs, 271; very detailed on the Cimbric war, 329; has made use of Sylla’s memoirs, 367; his life of Cæsar is ἀκέφαλοι, iii, 29; life of Antony, 108; the only writer of eminence since Polybius from old Greece, 142; his defects, 228; character, 228.

_Plutei_, i, 354.

_Poetical traditions_, source of the early Roman history, i, 12.

_Poggius_, the letters to him most affecting, i, 67.

_Police_ in Rome, iii, 122.

Πόλις, its original meaning, i, 166.

Πολῖται, i, 166.

Πολιτεία, union of the clans and the community, i, 166.

_Political views_ hereditary in certain families, i, 401.

_Political delinquencies_, for many of them no penalty fixed, i, 318.

_Politorians_, i, 171.

_Pollentia_, in Montferrat, battle, iii, 330.

_Pollnumber_, the ancients never voted according to accidental pollnumber, i, 421, and note.

_Polyaratus_, ii, 219.

_Polybius_, i, 36, 133; a very good officer, 530; does not mention the first misunderstanding between Rome and Carthage, 574; his list of the Roman reserve in the war with the Cisalpine Gauls wrongly written, ii, 52; has made use of a brass tablet of Hannibal in the temple of Juno Lacinia, 62; his work leaves nothing to desire, 62; his account of the battle of Cannæ, 63; two editions of his work, 69; acquitted of the charge of partiality for the Romans, 71; his clear exposition of the state of political affairs, 209; taken to Rome, 217; the second edition added the war against Corinth and the third Punic, besides an introduction, 220; tutor of Scipio, 238; obtains fair conditions for his countrymen, 256; his share in framing the constitution of Achaia, 256.

_Polybus_, or Polybius, very likely not as contemptible as he is generally represented, iii, 183.

_Pomerania_, extinction of the Vandal (Wendish) language, i, 145.

_Pometia_, i, 222, 223.

_Pomœrium_ of Romulus, i, 187.

POMPÆ, in connexion with the prætextatæ, ii, 195.

_Pompædius_, (Poppædius,) Silo, consul in the Italian state, ii, 353.

_Pompeia_, wife of Julius Cæsar, iii, 27.

_Pompeii_, conquered by Papius Mutilus, ii, 355; the so-called barracks there a _ludus gladiatorius_, 405; destruction, iii, 209.

_Pompeian_ race, iii, 109.

_Cn. Pompeius Magnus_, (Pompey,) in Picenum, ii, 380; character, 401; held in particular esteem by Sylla, 402; against Sertorius, 402; ends the war, 403; consul, 404; reconciled with Crassus, 404; restores the tribuneship, iii, 5; war against the pirates, 9; against Mithridates, 10; had Mithridates buried with kingly pomp, 11; against Tigranes, 11; goes to Egypt, 11; dismisses his army, 11; his surname of Magnus conferred on him by Sylla, 12; his indifference to Cicero, 25; sets on Clodius against Cicero, 28; falls out with Clodius and friend with Cicero, 37; consul for the second time, 37; his laws, 37; congress at Lucca, 39; marries Cæsar’s daughter, 39; dangerously ill, 51; receives the command in Italy, 52; goes to Brundusium, 54; tyranny of the Pompeians, 55; betakes himself to Illyricum, 55; defeats Cæsar near Dyrrachium, 59; battle of Pharsalus, 60; flies, 62; goes to Egypt, 62; murdered, 63; his statue, 63.

_Cn. Pompeius_, Cn. F., a by far more able general than his father, iii, 70; cut down, 71.

_Cn._ and _Sex. Pompeius_ in Spain, iii, 70; battle of Munda, 70.

_Cn. Pompeius Strabo_, father of Magnus, prætor with proconsular power, is the first who had any brilliant success in the Social war, ii, 356; victory near Ascalum, 356; Cicero’s opinion of him, 369; ambiguous, 372; defeated by Sylla, 372; dies of the plague, 372.

_Q. Pompeius_, A. F., consul, in Spain chief of the aristocracy, ii, 261; brought to great straits by the Numantines, offers peace, 261; hand and glove with Scipio Nasica, 279.

_Q. Pompeius_, Sylla’s colleague, receives the command in Italy against Cinna, ii, 369; murdered, 369.

_S. Pompey_, hides himself among the Celtiberians, iii, 71; master of Sicily, 104; peace of Misenum, 105; _sermone barbarus_, 105; war with Octavian, 109; battles near Mylæ and Taurominium, 109; murdered, 109.

_Pomponius_, friend of C. Gracchus, ii, 305.

_Pomponius_, see Atticus, Lætus.

_Pondemate_, (Pound-mead) i, 179.

_Ponte di Sanguinetto_, wrongly referred to the battle of the Trasimene lake, ii, 91.

_Ponte Mollo_, iii, 300.

_Pontifex Maximus_, lived below in the town, i, 7.

_Pontifices_, their number doubled by Numa, two Ramnes, two Tities, i, 124; number at a later period, 130, 523; their number is increased by Sylla from nine to fifteen, ii, 389; their jurisdiction must have been done away with, iii, 27.

_Ti. Pontificius_, tribune of the people, puts a veto to the levy of soldiers, i, 260.

_Pontian_ isles, Roman colony there, i, 489.

_Pontine_ marshes, Ap. Claudius cuts a canal through them, i, 517; object of it, 517.

_C. Pontius_, general of the Samnites, one of the greatest men of ancient times, i, 487; victory in the Caudine passes, 488; gives to the departing Romans beasts of burden for the wounded 490; sends back the prisoners, 492; the account of his having been conquered in Luceria, 493; put to death, 534.

_Pontius_, Herennius, father of Caius, friend of Archytas, i, 489; occurs as a speaking personage together with Archytas in a philosophical dialogue of a Pythagorean, 489, _note_.

_Pontius Glaucus_, a poem written by Cicero in his youth, iii, 16.

_C. Pontius Telesinus_, ii, 353; against Rome, 382; battle at the Colline gate, 382.

_Pontus_, population, ii, 361.

_Poor_, the poor received corn in the temple of Ceres, ii, 259; care taken by C. Gracchus for them, 259.

_M. Popillius_, ambassador of Rome to Antiochus Epiphanes, prevents him from the conquest of Egypt, ii, 221.

_P. Popillius Lænas_, consul, persecution of the adherents of Gracchus, ii, 287; goes into exile, 294.

_Popillius Lænas_, iii, 93.

_Popolanti_, in the middle ages, no Romans but Albanians and Illyrians, i, 236, note.

POPOLO, in Italian, union of the clans and the community, i, 168.

_Poppæa Sabina_, wife of Nero, iii, 189.

_Poppædius_, see Pompædius.

_Populonia_ destroyed, ii, 383.

POPULUS ROMANUS QUIRITES, i, 104, 123.

_Populus_, πολῖται, _citadini_, i, 166; etymology, 166; populus and plebes without a doubt in all the towns of Italy, and also in the Greek colonies of Lower Italy and Sicily, 171; assembles in the comitium and in the Lucus Petelinus, 269; _jubet_, 269.

_Porcia_, wife of Brutus, iii, 77, 80.

_Porcius_, see Cato.

_Porsena_, Martial’s incorrect scansion of the name, i, 208, note; his mausoleum at Clusium, 209; his war is fabulous, 210; his peace quite a different thing from what the Romans would make us believe, 211; acquires the _septem pagi agri Veientium_, 213; seems to have failed against Aricia, 213; his goods symbolically sold before every sale by auction, 213; his war very likely happened ten years later than is generally presumed, 215, 232.

_Porta Carmentalis_, i, 263, note.

_Portico_ of Octavia, the entrance still standing, iii, 149.

_Portogallo_, i, 384.

_Portugal_, down to the times of Pombal, had many negro slaves, wherefore also many Mulattos there, ii, 274.

_Portus_ Julius, iii, 144.

_Posidonia_, i, 458; see Pæstum.

_Posidonius_, i, 36; not inferior to Polybius, 252; history of the Gracchi, 252.

_Posidonius_, contemporary of Perseus, has described the war of Perseus, ii, 214.

POSSESSIO and property distinguished, i, 254.

_Postumius_, see Albinus.

_Postumius Regillencis_, dictator in the battle at the Lake Regillus, i, 217; an interpolation, 219; consul, according to some, 219.

_L. Postumius_, consul, given up to the Samnites, i, 492; insults old Fabius, 543; impeached by the tribunes, 543; head of an embassy to Tarentum, 550; mocked by the Tarentines, 550.

_A. Postumius Tubertus_, dictator, conquers the Æquians and Volscians, i, 343.

_M. Postumius_, military tribune, slain by the soldiers, i, 346.

_C. Postumius Megillus_, ii, 272.

_Postumus_, M. Cassianus, (Cassianius) Latinius, severs Gaul, Spain, Britain, from the Roman empire, iii, 282; an eminent man, 282; loses his life, 282.

_Pothinus_, eunuch, guardian of Ptolemy, iii, 63; wishes to overpower Cæsar, 64.

_Potitii_, extinct in the times of Appius Claudius, i, 140.

_Pouilly_, i, 3.

_Pound_ of the Romans weighed about twenty-three half-ounces of Cologne, i, 382.

PRÆFECTURA ANNONÆ, seems to have been a temporary magistracy, i, 337; præfectura explained, 450; præfectures with Cærite rights, ii, 185; _præfectura ærarii_, iii, 123; _præfectura Galliæ_, 282, 295.

PRÆFECTURA URBI, his office abolished during the decemvirate, i, 299; has jurisdiction, and probably likewise the presidency in the senate, 330; _Latinarum causa_, ii, 351; under Augustus, iii, 123; has since Hadrian a district of a hundred Italian miles round Rome, 255.

_Præneste_, disappears in the Volscian war, i, 275; independent since the Gallic invasion, 384; seems to have been united with Tibur, 390; together with part of the Æquians hostile to Rome, 390, 451; the citadel occupied by Pyrrhus, 562; receives Roman citizenship by the Lex Julia, ii, 354; declares for Marius, 372; the present Palestrina is a part only of the ancient arx, 381; reduced by hunger by Q. Lucretius Ofella, 381; fate after the conquest, 383; military colony, 385.

_Prærogativa_, decided by lot, i, 162; ii, 366.

_Prætextatæ_, native tragedies in Italy, ii, 195; historical pieces in the manner of Shakspeare, 393.

PRÆTOR URBANUS, a new magistracy instead of the _præfectus urbi_, patrician, i, 403; is not so called merely in contradistinction to the _prætor peregrinus_, 403; his functions, 403; was called _collega consulum_, six lictors, 404; appointed by the centuries, 406; the office accessible to the plebeians, 454; the office of prætor peregrinus created, ii, 42; the phrase is a barbarism, 42; the prætor not limited to civil jurisdiction, 42; their number raised from four to six, 186; the patrician privilege done away with, 190; their number increased by Sylla, 389; raised to ten, and again to sixteen, iii, 74.

_Prætores_, the original name of the consules, i, 203.

_Prætorians_, their increase by Sejanus is the most momentous event in the later Roman history, iii, 175; their despotism, 179; tale of their having offered the empire for sale, 249; cowardly, 251; transformed by Septimius Severus into a guard, 257; accompany Severus and Caracalla in their expeditions, 257.

_Prætorian cohorts_, iii, 125.

_Prætura urbana_, honourable and lucrative, iii, 78.

_Priestly offices_, the nomination for them transferred upon the smaller half of the tribes, ii, 342; co-optation restored by Sylla, 388.

_Primus_, Antonius, tribune, excites the Mœsian legions to rebellion against Vitellius, iii, 198; is victorious near Cremona, 200; conspires against Vespasian, and thereby loses his life, 206.

_Principes_, i, 441.

_Prisci_, name of the Cascans, i, 104.

PRISCI LATINI, i, 104.

PRISCUS, quaint, i, 104; a common name with the Romans, 136.

_Priscus_, see Helvidius.

_Priscus_, Statius, iii, 240.

_Priscus_, historian, iii, 327.

_Privernum_, Volscian town, i, 353; seems not to have entered into the league of the Latins, 444; rises against Rome, 466; receives the citizenship and constitutes the tribus Ufentina, 466.

_Privilegia_, laws against individuals abolished by the laws of the Twelve Tables, i, 303.

_Probus_, emperor, iii, 288; wars, 288; his popularity, 289; came from the neighbourhood of the Limes Illyricus, 289; murdered, 289.

_Proconsular power_, its origin, i, 473.

_Proconsuls_, in the senatorial provinces, iii, 244.

_Procopius_, general of Julian, iii, 312.

_Proculeius_, an officer of Octavian, iii, 113.

_Procuratores Cæsaris_, iii, 125.

_Prodigality_ never became rife again among the Romans since Vespasian, iii, 206.

_Profuturus_, Renatus, historian, iii, 325.

PROLETARII, i, 178; paid no taxes, 182.