Part 10

a fountain, a well; _e.g._ Fontainebleau, corrupt. from _Fontaine-de-belle-eau_ (the spring of beautiful water); Fontenoy (the place of the fountain); Fontenay (the place of the fountain); Les Fontaines, Fontanas (the fountains); Fontenelles (the little fountains); Fontevrault, Lat. _Fons-Ebraldi_ (the well of St. Evrault); Fuente (the fountain), the name of several towns in Spain; Fuencaliente (the warm fountain); Fuensagrada (holy well); Fuente-el-fresna (of the ash-tree); Fuente-alamo (of the poplar); Fontarabia, Span. _Fuentarrabia_, corrupt. from the Lat. _Fons-rapidans_ (the swift-flowing spring); Fuenfrido (cold fountain); Fossano, in Italy, Lat. _Fons-sanus_ (the healing fountain); Hontanas, Hontanares, Hontananza, Hontangas (the place of springs), in Spain; Hontomin (the fountain of the R. Omino), in Spain; Pinos-fuente (pine-tree fountain), in Granada; Saint-fontaine, in Belgium, corrupt. from _Terra-de-centum fontanis_ (the land of the hundred springs); Spa, in Belgium, corrupt. from _Espa_ (the fountain)--its Latin name was _Fons-Tungrorum_ (the well of the Tungri); Fonthill (the hill of the spring). The town of Spalding, Co. Lincoln, is said to have derived its name from a _spa_ of mineral water in the market-place. The Celtic _uaran_ or _fuaran_ takes the form of _oran_ in Ireland: thus Oranmore (the great fountain near a holy well); Knock-an-oran (the hill of the well); Ballynoran (the town of the well); Tinoran, corrupt. from _Tigh-an-uarain_ (the dwelling at the well); Foveran, in Aberdeenshire, took its name from a spring, _fuaran_, at Foveran Castle; Ffynon-Bed (St. Peter’s well), in Wales.

[Sidenote: FORD (A.S.), FURT, or FURTH (Ger.), VOORD (Dutch),]

a shallow passage over a river; _e.g._ Bradford (the broad ford), in Yorkshire, on the R. Aire; Bedford, _Bedican ford_ (the protected ford), on the Ouse; Brentford, on the R. Brenta; Chelmsford, on the Chelmer; Camelford, on the Camel; Charford (the ford of Ceredic); Aylesford (of Ægle); Hacford and Hackfurth (of Haco); Guildford (of the guilds or trading associations); Hungerford, corrupt. from _Ingle ford_ (corner ford); Oxford, Welsh _Rhyd-ychen_ (ford for oxen); Ochsenfurt, in Bavaria, and probably the Bosphorus, with the same meaning; Hertford (the hart’s ford); Hereford (the ford of the army), or more probably a mistranslation of its Celtic name, _Caer-ffawydd_ (the town of the beech-trees); Horsford, Illford, and Knutsford (the fords of Horsa, Ella, and Canute). Canute had crossed this ford before gaining a great battle; Watford (the ford on Watling Street); Milford, the translation of _Rhyd-y-milwr_ (the ford of the Milwr), a small brook that flows into the haven; Haverford West--_v._ HAVN--the Welsh name is _Hwlfford_ (the sailing way, _fford_), so called because the tide comes up to the town; Tiverton, anc. _Twyford_ (the town on the two fords); Stamford, A.S. _Stanford_ (stony ford), on the Welland; _Stoney Stratford_ (the stony ford on the Roman road); Stafford, anc. _Statford_ (the ford at the station, or a ford crossed by staffs or stilts); Crayford, on the R. Cray; but Crawford, in Lanarkshire, is corrupt. from _Caerford_ (castle ford); Wallingford, anc. _Gual-hen_, Latinised _Gallena_ (the old fort at the ford); Thetford, anc. _Theodford_ (the people’s ford), on the R. Thet; Dartford, on the R. Darent; Bideford, in Devonshire (by the ford); Furth and Pforten (the fords), in Prussia; Erfurt, in Saxony, anc. _Erpisford_ (the ford of Erpe); Hohenfurth (the high ford), Bohemia; Frankfort, on the Maine and on the Oder (the ford of the Franks); Quernfurt and Velvorde (the fords of the Rivers Quern and Wolowe); Steenvoord (stony ford); Verden, in Hanover (at the ford of the R. Aller).

[Sidenote: FORS, FOSS (Scand.),]

a waterfall; _e.g._ High-force, Low-force, on the R. Tees; Skogar-foss (the waterfall on the promontory), in Ireland; Wilberforce, in Yorkshire (the cascade of Wilbera); Sodorfors (the south cascade), in Sweden; Foston (the town of the waterfall).

[Sidenote: FORST, VORST (Teut.),]

a wood; _e.g._ Forst-lohn (the path through the wood); Forst-bach (forest brook); Eichenforst (oak forest); Forstheim (forest dwelling).

[Sidenote: FORT,]

a stronghold; from the Lat. _fortis_, strong--akin to the Irish _Longphorth_ (a fortress), and the French _La Ferté_, abridged from _fermeté_--_v._ p. 79; _e.g._ Rochefort (the rock fortress); Fort Augustus, named after the Duke of Cumberland; Fort-George (after George II.); Fort-William, anc. _Inverlochy_ (at the mouth of the lake), and surnamed after William III.; Fortrose (the fortress on the promontory); Fort-Louis, in Upper Rhine, founded and named by Louis XIV.; Charles-Fort, in Canada, named after Charles I. In Ireland the town of Longford is called in the annals _Longphorth O’Farrell_ (the fortress of the O’Farrells). This Irish word is sometimes corrupted, as in _Lonart_ for _Longphorth_, and in Athlunkard for Athlongford (the ford of the fortress).

[Sidenote: FORUM (Lat.),]

a market-place or place of assembly; _e.g._ Forli, anc. _Forum-Livii_ (the forum of Livius), in Italy; Feurs, in France, anc. _Forum-Segusianorum_ (the forum of the Segusiani); Forlimpopoli (the forum of the people); Ferrara, anc. _Forum-Alieni_ (the market-place of the foreigner); Fornova (new forum); Fossombrone, anc. _Forum-Sempronii_ (of Sempronius); Fréjus and Friuli, anc. _Forum-Julii_ (of Julius); Frontignan, anc. _Forum-Domitii_ (of Domitius), also called _Frontiniacum_ (on the edge of the water); Voorburg, in Holland, anc. _Forum-Hadriani_ (the market-place of Hadrian); Klagenfurt, anc. _Claudii-Forum_ (the forum of Claudius); Fordongianus, in Sardinia, anc. _Forum-Trajani_ (the forum of Trajan); Forcassi, anc. _Forum-Cassii_ (of Cassius); Fiora, anc. _Forum-Aurelii_ (of Aurelius); _Appii-Forum_ (of Appius); Marazion, in Cornwall, or _Marketjeu_, Latinised by the Romans into _Forum-Jovis_ (the forum of Jove or of God), resorted to in former times from its vicinity to the sacred shrine of St. Michael.

[Sidenote: FOSSE,]

a ditch or trench dug around a fortified place, from the Lat. _fodio_, to dig; _e.g._ Fosseway (the road near the trench); Foston (the town with the trench or moat); Fosse, in Belgium; Fos, at the mouths of the Rhone, anc. _Fossæ Marianæ Portus_ (the port of the trench or canal of Marius).

[Sidenote: FRANK (Ger.),]

free, but in topography meaning belonging to the Franks; _e.g._ Franconia (the district of the Franks); France, abridged from _Frankreich_ (the kingdom of the Franks or freemen); Frankenthal (the valley of the Franks); Frankenberg and Frankenfels (the hill and rock of the Franks); Frankenburg and Frankenhausen (the dwellings of the Franks); Frankenstein (the rock of the Franks); Frankenmarkt (the market of the Franks); Ville-franche and Ville-franche sur Saone (free town), in France; Villa-franca (free town), several in Italy; Villa-franca (free town), in Spain.

[Sidenote: FREI, or FREY (Ger.),]

a privileged place, as also _freiheit_ (freedom); _e.g._ Freyburg and Fribourg (the privileged city); Schloss-freiheit and Berg-freiheit (the privileged castle); Oude-Vrijheid (the old privileged place), in Holland; Freystadt, in Hungary, Grk. _Eleutheropolis_ (free city).

[Sidenote: FRÊNE (Fr.), FRASSINO (It.), FRESNO (Span.), FREIXO (Port.),]

the ash-tree; _e.g._ Les Frênes, Les Fresnes (the ash-trees); Frenois, Frenoit, Frenai, Frenay, Fresney (the place abounding in ash-trees), in France; Frassinetto-di-Po (the ash-tree grove on the R. Po).

[Sidenote: FREUDE (Ger.),]

joy; _e.g._ Freudenthal (the valley of joy); Freudenstadt (the town of joy).

[Sidenote: FRIDE,]

a hedge, from the Old Ger. word _vride_--akin to the Gael. _fridh_, and the Welsh _fridd_ (a wood); _e.g._ Burgfried (the hedge of the fortress); Friedberg, anc. _Vriduperg_ (a fortress surrounded by a hedge); but Friedland, in East Prussia, Grk. _Irenopyrgos_ (the tower of peace), is from _friede_, Ger. peace. The prefix _fried_ is also sometimes a contraction for Frederick--thus Friedburg may mean Frederick’s town.

[Sidenote: FRITH, or FIRTH,]

the navigable estuary of a river, akin to _fiord_ and the Lat. _fretum_, a channel; _e.g._ the Firths of Forth, Tay, and Clyde; the Solway Firth. This word Solway has had various derivations assigned to it: one derivation is from the _Selgovæ_, a tribe; Ferguson suggests the Old Norse word _sulla_, Eng. _sully_, from its turbid waters,

## particularly as it was called in Leland’s _Itinera_ Sulway. I would

suggest the A.S. _sol_ (mire), as this channel is a miry slough at low tide, and can be crossed on foot; Pentland Firth, corrupt. from _Petland Fiord_ (the bay between the land of the Picts and the Orkneys).

[Sidenote: FROU, FRAU (Ger.),]

lord and lady; _e.g._ Froustalla (the lord or nobleman’s stall); Frousthorp (the nobleman’s farm); Fraubrunnen (our lady’s well); Frauenberg, Frauenburg, Fraustadt (our lady’s town); Frauenkirchen (our lady’s church); Frauenfeld (our lady’s field).

[Sidenote: FUL (A.S.),]

dirty; _e.g._ Fulbeck, Fulbrook (dirty stream); Fulneck or _Fullanig_ (dirty water); Fulham or Fullenham (either the dwelling on the miry place or, according to another derivation, from _fügel_, a bird).

[Sidenote: FÜRED (Hung.),]

a bath or watering-place; _e.g._ Tisza-Füred (the watering-place on the R. Theis or Tisza); Balaton-Füred, on Lake Balaton.

[Sidenote: FURST (Ger.),]

a prince or the first in rank; _e.g._ Furstenau, Furstenberg, Furstenfeld, Furstenwald, Furstenwerder, Furstenzell (the meadow, hill, field, wood, island, church, of the prince); but Furstberg means the chief or highest hill.

G

[Sidenote: GABEL (Teut.), GABHAL, or GOUL (Gadhelic),]

a fork, applied to river forks; _e.g._ Gabelbach (the forked stream); Gabelhof (the court or dwelling at the forked stream), in Germany. In Ireland: Goul, Gowel, and Gowl (the fork); Gola (forks); Addergoul, Addergoule, and Edargoule, Irish _Eadar-dha-ghabhal_ (the place between two river-prongs); Goule, in Yorkshire (on the fork of two streams).

[Sidenote: GADEN (Ger.),]

a cottage; _e.g._ Holzgaden (wood cottage); Steingaden (rock cottage).

[Sidenote: GADR (Phœn.), KARTHA, KIRJATH (Heb.),]

an enclosure, a city, or fortified place, from _kir_, a wall; _e.g._ Gades or Cadiz, anc. _Gadr_, in Spain; Carthage, anc. _Kartha-hadtha_ (the new city, in opposition to Utica, the old); Carthagena (New Carthage); Kirjath-Arba (the city of Arba, afterwards Hebron); Kirjath-sepher (of the book); Kirjath-jearim (of forests); Kirjath-Baal (Baal’s town); Kirjath-Sannah (of palms); Keriathaim (the double town); Kir-Moab (the citadel of Moab); Cordova, in Spain, Phœn. _Kartha-Baal_ (which may mean the city of Baal).

[Sidenote: GAMA (Tamul),]

a village; _e.g._ Alut-gama (new village), in Ceylon.

[Sidenote: GANG (Ger.),]

a narrow passage, either on land or by water; _e.g._ Birkengang (the birch-tree pass); Strassgang (a narrow street); Gangbach (the passage across the brook); Ganghofen (the dwelling at the ferry), on the R. Roth, in Bavaria.

[Sidenote: GANGA, or GUNGA (Sansc.),]

a river; _e.g._ Borra Ganga or the Ganges (the great river); Kishenganga (the black river); Neelganga (the blue river); Naraingunga (the river of Naranyana or Vishnu); Ramgunga (Ram’s river).

[Sidenote: GARBH (Gadhelic), GARW (Cym.-Cel.),]

rough; _e.g._ Rivers Gara, Garry, Garwe, Garwy, Owengarve, Garonne, Garvault, Yair, Yarrow (rough stream); Garracloon (rough meadow); Garroch head or Ard-Kingarth (the point of the rough headland), in Bute; Garioch (the rough district), in Aberdeenshire.

[Sidenote: GARENNE,]

a word of Germanic or Celtic origin, from the Low Lat. _warenna_, and that from the High Ger. _waran_ (to take precautions), had at first the sense of a protected or guarded place, and more lately of a wood to which was attached the exclusive right of the chase; _e.g._ La Garenne, Garenne, Varenne, Varennes, Warennes, in various departments of France.

[Sidenote: GARIEF (South Africa),]

a river; _e.g._ Ky-garief (yellow river); Nu-garief (black river).

[Sidenote: GARRDH (Gadhelic), GARDD (Cym.-Cel.),]

a garden; _e.g._ Garryowen (Owen’s garden); Gairyard (high garden); Ballingarry (the town of the garden); Garrane and Garrawn (the shrubbery); Garranbane (white shrubbery).

[Sidenote: GARTH (Welsh),]

a hill; _e.g._ Tal-garth (the brow of the hill), in Brecknockshire; Brecknock, named after Brychan, its king, who came from Ireland in the sixth century. Its ancient name was _Garth-Madryn_ (the fox’s hill).

[Sidenote: GARTH, GART (Teut. and Scand.), GARRAD (Gadhelic), GARRD, GARZ (Cym.-Cel.),]

an enclosed place, either for plants or cattle, then a farm. It is sometimes found in the form of _gort_ in Ireland and Scotland; _e.g._ Garton (the enclosure or enclosed town); Applegarth (the apple enclosure or farm); Hogarth (an enclosure for hay); Weingarten (an enclosure for vines, or a vineyard); Stuttgart and Hestingaard (an enclosure for horses); Nornigard (the sibyl’s dwelling, _norn_, a prophetess); Fishgarth or Fishguard (the fisher’s farm), in Wales; Noostigard (the farm at the _naust_ or ship station); in Shetland; Smiorgard (butter farm); Prestgard (the priest’s farm); Yardley (the enclosed meadow); Yardborough (the enclosed town); Gartan (little field); Gordon, a parish in Berwickshire, corrupt. from _Goirtean_ (little farm); Gartbane and Gortban (fair field); Gartfarran (the farm at the fountain, _fuaran_); Gartbreck (spotted field); Gortnagclock (the field of the stones); Gortreagh (gray field); Gortenure (the field of the yew-tree); Oulart, in Ireland, corrupt. from _Abhalghort_ (apple-field or orchard); Bugard (an enclosure for cattle), in Shetland; Olligard (the farm or dwelling of Olaf), in Shetland; Girthon, corrupt. from _Girthavon_ (the enclosure on the river), in Kirkcudbright). On the other hand, _Garda_ or _Warda_ in French names signified originally a fortified or protected place, from an old Teutonic word _warta_; hence Gardere, Gardière, La Garderie, La Garde, La Warde, etc.

[Sidenote: GAT (Scand.), GAEAT (A.S.), GHAT (Sansc.),]

an opening or passage; _e.g._ the Cattegat (the cat’s throat or passage); Margate (the sea-gate or passage), anc. _Meregate_, there having been formerly a _mere_ or lake here which had its influx into the sea; Ramsgate (the passage of _Ruim_, the ancient name of Thanet); Reigate, contraction from _Ridgegate_ (the passage through the ridge); Yetholm (the valley at the passage or border between England and Scotland, _yet_, Scot. a gate); Harrowgate, probably the passage of the army, A.S. _here_, as it is situated near one of the great Roman roads; Crossgates, a village in Fife (at the road crossings); Ludgate did not derive its name from a certain King _Lud_, according to popular tradition, but is an instance of tautology, there having been an ancient A.S. word _hlid_ (a door), hence _Geathlid_ (a postern gate)--_v._ BOSWORTH. In India the word _ghat_ is applied to a pass between hills or mountains, as in the Ghauts (the two converging mountain ranges); Sheergotta (the lion’s pass), between Calcutta and Benares; and Geragaut (the horse’s pass), or to a passage across a river, as well as to the flights of steps leading from a river to the buildings on its banks. Thus Calcutta is _Kalikuti_ (the ghauts or passes leading to the temple of the goddess Kali), on the R. Hoogly; also Calicut, on the Malabar coast.

[Sidenote: GAU, GOVIA (Ger.),]

a district; _e.g._ Sundgau, Westgau, Nordgau (south, west, and north district); Aargau, Rheingau, Thurgau (the districts watered by the Rivers Aar, Rhine, and Thur); Schöengau (beautiful district); Wonnegau (the district of delight); Hainault, Ger. _Hennegau_ (the district of the R. Haine, and _ault_, the stream); Pinzgau (the district of rushes, _binse_), in Tyrol; Oehringen or Oringowe (the district of the R. Ohr).

[Sidenote: GEBEL, or DJEBEL (Ar.),]

a mountain; _e.g._ Gebel-Kattarin, in Sinai (St. Catharine’s mountain), where, according to tradition, the body of St. Catharine was transported from Alexandria; Djebel-Mousa (the mountain of Moses), in Horeb; Djebel-Nimrod (of Nimrod), in Armenia; Jebel-Khal (black mount), in Africa; Gibraltar, Ar. _Gebel-al-Tarik_ (the mountain of Tarik, a Moor, who erected a fort on the rock of Calpe, A.D. 711); Jebel-Libnan or Lebanon (the white mountain), supposed to be so called because covered with snow during a great part of the year; Gebel-Oomar (the mountain of Omar); Gibel-el-Faro (the mountain with the lighthouse), near Malaga; _Djebel-es-Sheikh_ (the mount of the sheik or shah, _i.e._ of the king), the Arabian name for Mount Hermon--_v._ INDEX.

[Sidenote: GEESTE (Ger.),]

barren land; _e.g._ Gaste, Geist, Geeste (the barren land); Geestefeld (barren field); Holzengeist (the barren land in the wood); Nordergast, Middelgast (the northern and middle barren land).

[Sidenote: GEISE (Ger.),]

a goat; _e.g._ Geisa and Geisbach (the goat’s stream); Geismar (rich in goats); Geiselhoring, Geisenhausen, Geisenheim (the goat’s dwelling); Geisberg (goat’s hill).

[Sidenote: GEMENDE (Ger.),]

a common; _e.g._ Gmeind (the common); Petersgemeinde (Peter’s common); Gemeindmühle (the mill on the common).

[Sidenote: GEMUND (Ger.),]

a river-mouth or a confluence; _e.g._ Neckargemund (at the mouth of the R. Neckar); Saaregemund (at the conf. of the R. Saare and the Belise); Gmünd, in Wurtemberg (at the conf. of the two streams); Gemund and Gemunden, in various parts of Germany. In Holland this word takes the form of _monde_, as in Roermonde and Dendermonde (at the mouths of the Roer and Dender); Emden, in Hanover, is a corrupt. of _Emsmünder_ (at the conf. of the Ems and a small stream).

[Sidenote: GEN,]

an abbreviated form of _magen_ or _megen_, the Teutonic form for the Cel. _magh_ (a field)--_qu. v._; _e.g._ Remagen or Rhemmaghen (the field on the Rhine); Nimeguen, for _Novio-magus_ (the new field); Schleusingen (the field or plain of the R. Schleuse); Munchingen (the field of the monks); Beverungen, on the R. Bever; Meiningen (the great field or plain), in the valley of the R. Wara.

[Sidenote: GEN, GENAU (Cel.),]

a mouth or opening; _e.g._ Llanfihangel-genaur’-glyn (the church of the angel at the mouth of the glen), in Wales; Genappe and Gennep (the mouth of the water, _abh_); Geneva (either the opening or mouth of the water, or the head, _ceann_, of the water, where the Rhone proceeds from the lake); Genoa, probably with the same meaning; Ghent or Gend, at the conf. of the Scheldt and Lys, may also mean at the mouth of the rivers, although, according to tradition, it acquired its name from a tribe of Vandals, the _Gandani_, and was called in the ninth century _Gandavum-vicum_, from the name of its inhabitants.

[Sidenote: GENT,]

in French topography, beautiful; _e.g._ Gentilly, anc. _Gentiliacum_ (the place of beautiful waters), on the Bièvre--_v._ OEUIL; Nogent (beautiful meadow).

[Sidenote: GERICHT (Ger.),]

a court of justice; _e.g._ Gerichtsbergen (the hill of the court of justice); Gerichtstetten (the station of the court of justice).

[Sidenote: GHAR (Ar.),]

a cave; _e.g._ Garbo (the cave), in Malta; Trafalgar, _i.e._ _Taraf-al-gar_ (the promontory of the cave).

[Sidenote: GHAR, GHUR, or GORE (Sansc.), NAGAR, a city,]

a fort; _e.g._ Ahmednaghar (the fort of Ahmed); Ramghur (of Ram); Kishenagur (of Krishna); Furracknagur (of Furrack); Moradnagur (of Morad); Jehanagur (of Jehan); Allighur (of Allah or of God); Bisnaghur (triumphant fort); Futtegur (fort of victory); Deoghur (God’s fort); Neelgur (blue fort); Seringagur (the fort of abundance); Chandernagore (the fort of the moon); Haidernagur (of Hyder Ali); Bissengur (the fort of Vishnu); Chunarghur (the fort of the district of Chunar).

[Sidenote: GHARI, or GHERRY (Sansc.),]

a mountain; _e.g._ Ghaur, a mountainous district in Affghanistan; Boughir (the woody mountain); Kistnagherry (Krishna’s mountain); Rutnagiri (the mountain of rubies); Chandgherry (of the moon); Shevagherry (of Siva); Neilgherries (the blue mountains); Dhawalageri (the white mountain), being the highest peak of the Himalayas.

[Sidenote: GILL, GJA (Scand.),]

a ravine; _e.g._ Buttergill, Horisgill, Ormsgill, Thorsgill, etc. (ravines in the Lake District named after Norse leaders); Hrafngia (the ravens’ ravine, or of Hrafan, a Norse leader); Almanna-gja (Allman’s ravine), in Iceland. The Hebrew _gäe_ (a ravine) answers in meaning to this word, as in Ge-Hinnom (the ravine of the children of Hinnom), corrupt. to _Gehenna_. This word, in the form of _goe_, is applied to a small bay, _i.e._ a ravine which admits the sea, as in Redgoe, Ravengoe, in the north of Scotland.

[Sidenote: GLAISE (Gadhelic),]

a small stream; _e.g._ Glasaboy (the yellow stream); Tullyglush (hill stream); Glasheena (abounding in small streams); Douglas, _i.e._ _Dubhglaise_ (the black stream), frequent in Ireland and Scotland; Douglas, in the Isle of Man, is on the R. Douglas; also the name of a parish and village in Lanarkshire, from which the Douglas family derive their name. Glasheenaulin (the beautiful little stream), in Co. Cork; Ardglashin (the height of the rivulet), in Cavan.

[Sidenote: GLAN (Cym.-Cel.),]

a shore, a brink, a side; _e.g._ Glan-yr-afon, Welsh (the river side).

[Sidenote: GLAS (Cel.),]

gray, blue, or green; _e.g._ Glasalt (gray stream); Glascloon (green meadow); Glasdrummond (green ridge); Glaslough (green lake); Glasmullagh (green summit), in Ireland; Glass, a parish in Scotland. In Wales: Glascoed (greenwood); Glascombe (green hollow). Glasgow is said by James, the author of _Welsh Names of Places_, to be a corrupt. of _Glas-coed_.

[Sidenote: GLEANN (Gadhelic), GLYN and GLANN (Cym.-Cel.), GLEN (A.S.),]

a small valley, often named from the river which flows through it; _e.g._ Glen-fender, Glen-finnan, Glen-tilt, Glen-shee, Glen-esk, Glen-bervie, Glen-bucket, Glen-livet, Glen-lyon, Glen-almond, Glen-dochart, Glen-luce, Glen-isla, Glen-ary, Glen-coe, Glen-devon (valleys in Scotland watered by the Rivers Fender, Finnan, Tilt, Shee, Esk, Bervie, Bucket, Livet, Lyon, Almond, Dochart, Luce, Isla, Aray, Cona, Devon). In Ireland: Glennagross (the valley of the crosses); Glenmullion (of the mill); Glendine and Glandine and Glendowan, Irish _Gleann-doimhin_ (the deep valley)--sometimes it takes the form of _glan_ or _glyn_, as in Glin on the Shannon, and Glynn in Antrim; Glennan, Glenann, Glentane, Glenlaun, etc. (little valley). When this word occurs at the end of names in Ireland the _g_ is sometimes suppressed; _e.g._ Leiglin, in Carlow, anc. _Leith-ghlionn_ (half glen); Crumlin, Cromlin, and Crimlin (the winding glen); Glencross or Glencorse, in the Pentlands, named from a remarkable cross which once stood there; Glenelg (the valley of hunting or of the roe); Glengarnock (of the rough hillock); Glencroe (of the sheepfold); Glenmore or _Glenmore-nan-Albin_ (the great glen of Scotland which divides the Highlands into two nearly equal parts); Glenmoreston (the valley of the great cascade, _i.e._ of Foyers); Glenbeg (little valley); Glenburnie (of the little stream); Glenmuick (the boars’ valley); Glenure (of the yew); Glenfinlas (of the clear stream); Glengariff (rough glen); Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, is in Irish _Gleann-da-locha_ (the glen of the two lakes); Glennamaddy (of the dogs, _madadh_); Glinties (the glens), Co. Donegal; Forglen, a parish in Banffshire (the cold or the grassy glen). In Wales, Glyn-Nedd (of the R. Nedd.)

[Sidenote: GLEIZ (Old Ger.),]

shining; _e.g._ Glisbach (shining brook); Gleisberg (shining hill); Gleesdorf, Gleesweiler (shining dwelling).

[Sidenote: GLINA (Sclav.),]

clay; _e.g._ Glinzig, Glindow, Glintock, Glianicke, Glinow (names of places near clay pits); Glina (the clayey stream).

[Sidenote: GLOG (Sclav.),]

the white thorn; _e.g._ Glogau, _Gross_, and Upper Glogau, in Silesia (places abounding in white thorn); Glognitz, with the same meaning.

[Sidenote: GNADE (Ger.),]

grace; _e.g._ Gnadenhütten (the tabernacles of grace), a Moravian settlement on the Ohio; Gnadenthal (the valley of grace), in Africa; Gnadenburg and Gnadenfeld (the city and field of grace).

[Sidenote: GOBHA (Gadhelic),]

a blacksmith--in topography _Gow_ or _Gowan_; _e.g._ Ardgowan (the blacksmith’s height); Balgowan, Balnagowan, Balgownie, Balgonie, in Scotland, and Ballygow, Ballygowan, Ballingown, Ballynagown, in Ireland (the dwelling of the blacksmith); Athgoe (the blacksmith’s ford). In early times the blacksmith was regarded as an important personage, being the manufacturer of weapons of war, and the ancient Irish, like other nations, had their smith god, Goban, hence the frequent use of the word in their topography.

[Sidenote: GOLA, or GALA (Sclav.),]

a wood; _e.g._ Golschow, Goltzen, Golkojye or Kolkwitz, and Gahlen (the woody place); Galinchen (the little Gahlen, _i.e._ a colony from that town); Kallinichen, _i.e._ the colony from Gallun (the woody place); Gollnow, in Pomerania, from this root; but Gollnitz, near Finsterwalde, is corrupt. from _Jelenze_ (stag town), from _jelen_.

[Sidenote: GOLB, GULB (Sclav.),]

the dove; _e.g._ Gulbin, Golbitten, Golembin, Golembecks, Golembki (dove town); Gollombken, in Prussia, Ger. _Taubendorf_ (dove town).

[Sidenote: GORA (Sclav.), Ὁρος (Grk.),]

a mountain or hill; _e.g._ Goritz, Ger. _Goïs_ (the town on the hill), in Hungary, in a province of the same name; Gorlitz (behind the hill), called also _Sgoretz_; Gorigk, Ger. _Bergheide_ (hilly heath); Gorgast (hill inn), _gosta_ corrupt. into _gast_; Podgorze, Podgorach, Podgoriza, Poschgorize (near the hill). This word sometimes takes the form of _hora_, as in Zahora, in Turkey (behind the hill); Czernahora (the black hill).

[Sidenote: GORT (Gadhelic),]

a field, cognate with the Lat. _hortus_ and Span. _huerta_, and the Teut. _garth_--_v._ p. 87; _e.g._ Huerta-del-rey (the king’s orchard), in Spain.

[Sidenote: GRAB (Sclav.),]

the red beech; _e.g._ Grabkow, Grabitz, Grabig, Grabow (the place of red beeches); Grabin, Ger. _Finsterwalde_ (the place of red beeches or the dark wood).

[Sidenote: GRABEN (Ger.), GRAB, GRAEF (A.S.),]

a grave or trench, from _graben_, _grafan_ (to dig); _e.g._ Mühlgraben (the mill trench or dam); Vloedgraben (the trench for the flood); Schutzgraben (the moat of the defence); Grafton and Graffham (the moated town); Gravesend (the town at the end of the moat); Bischofsgraef (the bishop’s trench). In Ireland the prefix _graf_ is applied to lands that have been grubbed up with a kind of axe called a _grafan_--hence such names as Graffan, Graffin, Graffee, Graffy.

[Sidenote: GRAF, GRAAF (Teut. and Scand.),]