Part 20

water; _e.g._ Astura (rocky water), a river which gives its name to the Asturias; Illuria (the town on the water); Illuro, with the same meaning, now _Maturo_, in Spain; Osuno, anc. _Ursonum_, and Tarazona, anc. _Turiaso_ (the place of good waters), in Spain--_osoa_, Basque (good); Oloron, anc. _Illura_ (the town on the water)--_illia_, Basque (a town).

[Sidenote: URBS (Lat.),]

a city; _e.g._ Orvieto, Lat. _Urbs-vetus_ (the old city).

V

[Sidenote: VALLIS (Lat.), VAL and VALLÉE (Fr.), VALLE (Span., Port., and It.),]

a valley; _e.g._ Vallais (the land of valleys), in Switzerland--its inhabitants were formerly called _Nantuates_, _i.e._ valley dwellers; Val-de-Avallano (the valley of hazels); Val-de-fuentes (of fountains); Val-del-laguna (of the lagoon); Val-del-losa (of the flagstone); Val-del-Moro (of the Moor); Val-de-Olivas (of olive-trees); Val-de-penas (of the rocks); Val-de-robles (of the oak-trees), in Spain; Val-de-lys (the valley of streams), in the Pyrenees, from an old Provençal word _lys_ (water); Vallée-de-Carol (of Charles), through which Charlemagne passed from his conquest of the Moors; Vallombrosa (the shady valley); Valparaiso (the valley of Paradise); Valtelline, in Lombardy, consisting of a long valley, traversed by the R. Adda and Teglio; Vaucluse, Lat. _Vallis-clusa_ (the enclosed valley); Orvaux, Lat. _Aure-vallis_ (the golden valley); Riéval, Lat. _Regia-vallis_ (the royal valley); Vals (in the valley of the Volane); Vaucouleurs, Lat. _Vallis-coloris_ (the valley of colour), in a valley of the R. Meuse, whose green and smiling meadows have given it this name; Gerveaux or Yorvaux, in Durham, Lat. _Uri-vallis_ (the valley of the R. Ure); Pays-de-Vaud (the country of valleys or of the Waldenses); Clairvaux, Lat. _Clara-vallis_ (the bright valley); Roncesvalles (the valleys abounding in briers); Vaudemont, Lat. _Vallis-de-monte_ (the valley of the mountain); Val-di-chiana (the valley of the standing pool), in Italy.

[Sidenote: VAR, VARAD (Hung.),]

a fortress; _e.g._ Kolos-var, Ger. _Klausenburg_, anc. _Claudipolis_ (the enclosed fortress, or the city of Claudius); Nagy-varad (great fortress); Vasvar, Ger. _Eisenburg_ (iron fortress); Szamos-Ujvar (the new fortress), on the R. Zamos; Sarivar (palace fortress); Foldvar (the land fortress); Szekes-Fehervar, Ger. _Stuhl-Weissenburg_ (the white fortress of the throne); Karoly-Fehervar or Karlsburg (Charles’s white fortress); Varosvar, Ger. _Eisenthurm_ (the red fortress or iron tower), in Hungary; Ersek-Ujvar, Ger. _Neuhausel_ (the bishop’s new fortress or seat).

[Sidenote: VAROS (Hung.),]

a town; _e.g._ Ujvaros (the new town); Also-varos (lower town); Szasz-varos, Ger. _Sachsenstadt_ (the Saxon’s town.

[Sidenote: VATN and VAND (Scand.),]

a lake; _e.g._ Vatnsdalr (the valley of lakes); Arnarvatn (eagle lake); Fiskvatn (fish lake); Langavat (long lake); Steepavat (steep lake); Sanvatn (sandy lake); Miosen-Vand (little lake); Helgavatn (holy lake); Vatster (the lake dwelling); Myvatn (the lake of the midges); Vatnagaard (the farm on the lake).

[Sidenote: VEGA (Span.),]

a plain; _e.g._ Vega-de-la-neustra-Senora (the plain of our Lady); Vega-Espinarada (the plain surrounded by thorns).

[Sidenote: VELIKA, or WELIKI (Sclav.),]

great; _e.g._ Velikaia (the great river); Velikja-luki (the great marsh), in Russia; Welkawes (the great village or dwelling), in Sclavonia; Welka, Welkow, Welchau, Welchow, etc., with the same meaning.

[Sidenote: VERNUS (Lat.),]

the alder-tree, Cel. _gwern_; _e.g._ Verney, Vernez, Vernois, Vernoy, Verneuil, Vernieres, etc., the names of various places in France.

[Sidenote: VIE, VE, WY (Scand.),]

holy; _e.g._ Wydale (the holy valley); Wyborg, Weighton, Wisby, Wigthorpe (holy dwelling); Wigan, anc. _Wibiggan_ (the holy building), in Lancashire; Wigton, in Cumberland (holy town); but Wigton, in Scotland (the town on the bay, _vig_); Sviga (holy river), in Russia; Sviajsk (the town on the holy river); Sveaborg and Viborg (holy town); Sviatos-nos (holy cape); Sviatskaia (holy town, or of the deity worshipped by the Sclavonians, called _Sviatovid_), in Russia.

[Sidenote: VILLA (Lat.),]

a farm, manor, or town, with its derivatives in the Romance languages; _e.g._ Villa-hermosa (the beautiful town); Villa-franca-de-panades (the free town of the bakers), in Spain. In France: Charleville (named after Charles, Duc de Nevers); Flamanville (founded by a colony of Flemings), in Normandy; Joinville, Lat. _Jovis-Villa_ (the city of Jove, named from a Roman tower near the town); Luneville (the city of the moon), supposed to have been named from a temple to Diana; Offranville, in Normandy, Lat. _Vulfrani Villa_ (the manor of Wulfran); Auberville and Aubervilliers (the manors of Albert); Thionville (the manor of Theodone), Lat. _Theodonis Villa_; La Ville-tertre (hill town); Deville, formerly _Dei Villa_ (the city of God); Marteville, Lat. _Martis Villa_ (of Mars); Villa-Viçosa (abundant town), in Spain and Portugal; Villa-rica (rich town); Yeovil, in Somerset (the town on the R. Yeo); Maxwell, in Kirkcudbright and in Roxburghshire, corrupt. from _Maccusville_ (the manor or settlement of Maccus, to whom the lands were given by David I.); Philipville or Philipstadt, in Belgium (named by Charles V. after his son); Louisville, in the United States (named after Louis XVI., whose troops assisted the Americans in the War of Independence).

[Sidenote: VINEA, VINETUM (Lat.),]

a vineyard; _e.g._ Le Vignæ, La Vignelle, Les Vigneaux, Vigneaux, Vigny, Vinax, and places abounding in the vine; La Vigne, in France.

[Sidenote: VOE (Scand.), VOGR,]

a bay; _e.g._ Leirvogr (mud bay); Laxvoe (salmon bay); Siliavoe (herring bay); Grunavoe (green bay); Westvoe (west bay); Aithsvoe (the bay on the _aith_ or headland); Sandvoe (sandy bay); Kaltenwaag (cold bay); Vaage (on the bay), a town in Norway.

[Sidenote: VORM (Ger.),]

in front of; _e.g._ Vormbach, Vormbusch, Vormhorst, Vormhagen (in front of the brook, thicket, wood, and hedge).

W

[Sidenote: WAD, WATH (A.S.), VAD (Scand.),]

a ford, cognate with the Lat. _vadum_ and the Gadhelic _ath_; _e.g._ Wadebridge (the bridge at the ford), in Cornwall; Wath-upon-Dearne (the ford of the R. Dearne), in Yorkshire; Carnwath (the ford at the cairn), in Lanarkshire; Lasswade (the ford on the pasture-land, _laes_), in Mid Lothian; Wath (the ford), on the Yorkshire Ouse; Langwaden (long ford), in Germany; Wageningen, Lat. _Vadu_ (on the ford), in Holland, on the R. Leck.

[Sidenote: WÂDI, or WADY (Ar.),]

a river-course or ravine; _e.g._ Wâdi-el-Ain (the ravine of the fountain); Wâdi-Sasafeh (of the pigeons); Wâdi-Sidri (of the thorn); Wady-Solab (of the cross); Wâdy-Shellal (of the cataract); Wâdy-Magherah (of the caves); Wady-Sagal (of the acacia); Wady-Mousa (of Moses); Wâdy-Abou-hamad (of the father fig-tree, named from a very old tree); Wady-Mokatteb (of the writing, from the number of inscriptions made by pilgrims); Wady-hamman (of the wild pigeons).

[Sidenote: WALD (Ger.), WEALD, WOLD (A.S.),]

a wood or waste land; _e.g._ Walden-Saffron, in Essex (the waste land on which saffron was afterwards cultivated); the Weald, Wold, and Wealdon (the waste lands), in Essex, Kent, Lincoln, and Yorkshire; Waltham and Walthamstow (the dwelling-place near the wood); Waldstadt, Waldheim, Walddorf (dwellings near the wood), in Germany; Waldeck (woody corner, or corner of the wood); Waldshut (the forest hut), in Switzerland; Boëmerwald (the Bohemian forest); Waldau (woody meadow); Waldsassen (the settlement in the wood); Unterwalden (under or below the wood); Zinnwald-Sachsisch (the wood near the Saxon’s tin mine); Finsterwalde (the dark wood); Greifswald (the griffin’s wood); Habechtswald (hawk’s wood); Lichtenwald (the cleared wood); Rugenwalde (the wood of the Rugii, a tribe), in Pomerania; Regenwalde and Saalwalde (the woody districts of the rivers Rega and Saale); Methwald (in the midst of woods), in Norfolk; Leswalt (the pasture, _laes_, in the wood), in Wigtonshire; Mouswald (the wood near Lochar Moss), in Dumfriesshire; Wooton-Basset, in Wilts (the woody town of the Basset family, so called from the quantity of wood in the neighbourhood).

[Sidenote: WALL (Old Ger.), WEALL (A.S.),]

an embankment, a rampart, a wall, cognate with the Lat. _vallum_, the Gadhelic _balla_, and the Welsh _gwal_; _e.g._ Walton, on the Naze, where there was a walled enclosure to defend the northern intruders from the assaults of their hostile Saxon neighbours; Walton, also, in the east corner of Suffolk (the town near the wall); also Walton, on the Thames; Walton-le-dale and Walton (on the hill), in Lancashire; Wallsend (at the end of the wall), in Northumberland; Walford, in Hereford (the ford near a Roman fortification); Wallsoken (the place near the wall, where the judicial courts were held)--_v._ SOC; Walmer (the sea-wall), in Kent; Wallburg, Walldorf (walled towns), in Germany; Wallingford, in Berks, anc. _Gallena_, Welsh _Gwal-hen_ (the old wall or fortification), A.S. _Wealingaford_; Wallmill, Wallshiels, Wallfoot, Wallhead, places in Northumberland near the wall of Adrian; Walpole (the dwelling, _bol_, near the wall), in Norfolk, a sea-bank raised by the Romans as a defence from the sea; but Walsham and Walsingham, in Norfolk, take their name from the _Waelsings_, a tribe. This place was called by Erasmus Parathalasia, Grk. (by the sea-beach).

[Sidenote: WALSCH (Ger.), WEALH (A.S.), VLACH (Sclav.),]

foreign. These words were applied by the Teutonic and Sclavonic nations to all foreigners, and to the countries inhabited or colonised by those who did not come from a Teutonic stock or speak their language. In the charters of the Scoto-Saxon kings the Celtic Picts of Cambria and Strathclyde were called _Wallenses_; _e.g._ Wales, _Gwalia_--root _gwal_ or _gall_, foreign. The Welsh call their own country _Cymru_ (the abode of the Kymry or aborigines)--(the home of the Cymric Celts), so named by the Saxons; Wallachia (the strangers’ land, _vlach_), so called by the Germans and Sclaves because colonised by the Romans; Walcherin, anc. _Walacria_ or _Gualacra_ (the island of the strangers or Celts); Cornwall (the horn or promontory of the Celts); also Cornuailles (a district in Brittany peopled by British emigrants from Wales); Wallendorf (the town of the strangers), the German name for _Olaszi_ or _Olak_, in Hungary, peopled by Wallachians; Wallenstadt and Wallensee (the town and lake on the borders of the Romansch district of the Grisons, conquered by the Romans under Constantius); Wâlschland, the German name for Italy. The Celts of Flanders were also called Walloons by their German neighbours; and Wlachowitz, in Moravia, means the town of the Wallachs or strangers. The Gadhelic _gall_ (foreign), although used with the same meaning as _wealh_, is not connected with it. It is a word that has been applied to strangers by the Irish from the remotest antiquity; and as it was applied by them to the natives of Gaul (_Galli_), _gall_, in the first instance, might mean simply a native of Gaul. It was afterwards used in reference to the Norwegians, _Fionn-ghaill_ (the _fair_-haired strangers); and to the Danes, _Dubh-ghaill_ (the _dark_-haired strangers); and in connection with them and with the English the word enters largely into Irish topography; _e.g._ Donegal, _i.e._ _Dun-nau-Gall_ (the fortress of the foreigners or Danes); Clonegall and Clongall (the meadow of the strangers); Ballynagall and Ballnagall (the town of the strangers, or English). For the further elucidation of these words _v._ _Irish Names of Places_, by Dr. Joyce, and _Words and Places_, by the Rev. Isaac Taylor. The words _Gaill_ and _Gallda_ are applied by the Highlanders of Scotland to their countrymen in the Lowlands, but they have no connection with the name which they apply to themselves--_The Gaidheil_, derived from an ancestor _Gaodal_.

[Sidenote: WANG (Ger. and A.S.),]

a field or strip of land, allied to the Scottish _whang_, a slice; _e.g._ Feuchtwang (moist field); Duirwangen (barren field); Ellwangen, anc. _Ellhenwang_ (the field of the temple, _eleh_ or _alhs_); Affolterwangen (apple-tree field); Wangford (the ford of the _wang_).

[Sidenote: WARA (Sansc.),]

a dwelling; _e.g._ Kattiwar (the dwelling of the Katties, a tribe); Judwar (of the Juts or Jats); Kishtewar (the dwelling in the wood). In Anglo-Saxon _wara_ means inhabitants--thus _Lindiswaras_ (the inhabitants of Lincoln; _Cantwara_, of Kent).

[Sidenote: WARD, WART, WARTH (Teut.),]

a watch-tower or beacon, or a place guarded, A.S. _waerdian_, Ger. _warten_, to guard--_waering_, a fortification; _e.g._ Hohenwarth, Lat. _Altaspecula_ (the high watch-tower); Warburg (the town of the watch-tower), in Westphalia. In England: Warden, Wardle, Wardley (guarded places, or places where the warden of the district resided); Wardlaw (the beacon hill); Wardoe (beacon island), in Norway; Warwick, _i.e._ _Waering-vic_ (the fortified dwelling, or the fort of the _Waerings_); Wöerden or Warden (the fortified place), in Holland; Vordhill, in Shetland, and Varberg, in Sweden (the hill of the beacon); Warthill, or beacon hill, in Westmoreland; Warburton, found as _Wardeburgh_ (the town near the watch-fort)--here Athelfreda, Oueen of Mercia, built a citadel; Warrington (the town with the fortress, _waering_); Gross-wardein, the German rendering of _Nagy varad_, Sclav. (great fortress). From _guardar_, Span. (to defend), we have Guardamar (the sea guard, with a hill-fort at the mouth of the R. Segura); La Guardia (built as a defence against the incursions of the Moors); Guardia-regia (royal fortress); Leeuwarden, anc. _Lienwarden_ (the guarded place near lime-trees), in the Netherlands.

[Sidenote: WARID, WERID (Old Ger.), WERDER (Mod. Ger.),]

a river island, or sometimes a plot of ground insulated by marshes and secured by dykes. It often takes the forms of _werth_ or _wirth_, cognate with the A.S. _worth_ or _worthing_, _qu. v._; _e.g._ Bischopswerder (the bishop’s island); Elsterwerder, Saarwerder (the islands in the Rivers Elster and Saar); Donauworth (the island in the R. Danube); Kirchwerder (church island); Marienwerder (the island or enclosure dedicated to the Virgin Mary); Falconswaart (the falcon’s enclosure), in Holland; Poppenwarth (the priest’s enclosure); Werden, Werder, Wertheim (dwellings near river islands); Worth (the enclosed place), in Bavaria; Worth-sur-Sauer (the enclosure on the R. Sauer); Nonnenwerth (the nun’s enclosure); Furstenwerder (the prince’s island); Verden (near a large island formed by the R. Aller), in Hanover; Verderbruch (the island bridge); Bolswaard (Bolswine’s river island), in Holland; Wertingen (a town on an island in the R. Schmutter); Schönwerder (beautiful island on the R. Unstruth); Werth-sur-Sauer, in Alsace (on an island formed by the Rivers Sauer and Soultzbach); Borumeler-Waard (an island near the town of Berumel), in Holland, formed by the junction of the Rivers Waal and Maas; but Hoyerswerda, in Silesia, is a corruption of the Wendish name _Worejze_ (the town on the ploughed land).

[Sidenote: WARK, VIRKI (Scand.),]

a fortress; _e.g._ Wark, in Dumfriesshire, Warke Castle, on the Scottish border; Warkthwaite (the enclosure belonging to the fortress), in Cumberland; Aldwark (old fortress); Newark, in Nottingham and in Selkirk (the new fortress); Southwark (the south fortress); Warksburn, Warkton, Warkworth (places named from their vicinity to Warke Castle), in Northumberland.

[Sidenote: WASSER, WAZAR (Teut.), WODA (Sclav.),]

water; _e.g._ Rothwasser (a town on the red river); Schwartzwasser (black water); Whiteadder (white water), river names; Ullswater (named from Ulla or Ulf, a Norse chief); Wasserburg, in Bavaria, on the R. Inn, and Wasserburg on Lake Constance (the town on the water); Waterloo (the watery marsh); Wasserbillig (the plain by the river); Zwishenwassern (between the waters, at the confluence of two streams), in Illyria; Altwasser, Sclav. _Starawoda_ (the old stream), in Moravia. The ancient name of the R. Odra was _Wodra_ (water).

[Sidenote: WEG (Ger.), WAAG (Dutch), WAEG (A.S.),]

a way, a road, cognate with the Lat. _via_; _e.g._ Wegefurt and Wayford (the way to the ford); Bradenwaag, (broad way); Lichtenweg (the cleared road); Wegmühle (mill road); Wainfleet (the way by the harbour); Wakefield (the field by the wayside); Norway, A.S. _Norwaegas_ (the northern districts or paths); Courbevoie, Lat. _Curba-via_ (the curbed way), in France.

[Sidenote: WEIDE (Ger.), WEOD (A.S.),]

pasture; _e.g._ Langenweid (the long pasture); Rathsweide (the councillor’s pasture); Neuweid (new pasture); Mittweyda (the middle pasture).

[Sidenote: WEILER (Ger.),]

a hamlet, Old Ger. _wila_; _e.g._ Kleinweil (the little hamlet); Kurzweil (short hamlet); Langweil (long hamlet), Pfaffwyl (the priest’s hamlet); Weiller, in Alsace, Echzell, in Hesse-Darmstadt, corrupt. from _Achizwila_ (the hamlet on the water); Eschweiler (the hamlet near ash-trees); Dettweiler (the hamlet of the diet, or people’s meeting); Rappersweil (the hamlet of Rappert, a personal name); Rothwell, in Baden, anc. _Rotwili_ (red hamlet). In England this word takes the form of _well_ or _will_, as in Kittlewell and Bradwell. In Normandy, Hardvilliers, Rohrwiller, Neuviller, etc.

[Sidenote: WEIR (A.S.),]

a dam, that which wards off the water, _wearan_, A.S., to guard; _e.g._ Ware, in Co. Hertford, named from a dam on the R. Lea, made by the Danes; Wareham (the town on the Weir), in Dorsetshire; Warminster (the monastery near the weir.)

[Sidenote: WEISS (Ger.), HWIT (A.S.), HVID (Scand.),]

white; _e.g._ Weisshorn (white cape); Weissmaes (white field); Weissenberg and Weissenfels (white rock); Weissenburg and Weissenstadt (white town); Weissenthurm (white tower). Sometimes the word takes the form of _witten_, as in Wittenberg and Wittenburg (white fortress), although this prefix is frequently derived from _vitu_, wood; Whitacre (white field); Whitburne, Whitbourne, Whitbeck (white stream); Witley (white meadow); Whiston, in Worcester, so named because it was originally a convent of _white_ nuns.

[Sidenote: WEND, WIND,]

words applied in German topography to mark the settlements of the Wends or Sclavonians, from the verb _wandeln_, to wander. The Sclavonians call themselves _Slowjane_, which means intelligible men, or _Srb_, which means _kinsmen_; while, by all the Sclavonic tribes, the Germans are called _niemiec_, the dumb men, because their language is unintelligible to their Sclavonic neighbours. The Wends in the sixth century occupied the north-eastern parts of Germany, but are now chiefly confined to Lusatia; _e.g._ Wendischbach (the Wends’ brook); Wendischhausen and Windsheim (the dwellings of the Wends); Wendischgratz (the Wends’ fortress); Wendischkappel (the Wends’ chapel or church); Windecken and Wendischhayn (the Wends’ corner and enclosure).

[Sidenote: WERBA (Sclav.),]

pasture; _e.g._ Werben, on the Elbe.

[Sidenote: WERCH (Sclav.),]

a summit; _e.g._ Werchau (the town on the height), in Prussia; Werch-see (the lake on the height); Werchne-Udinsk (the height on the R. Uda); Verkne-Dnieprevosk (the high town on the R. Dnieper); Werchne-Uralish, on the R. Ural; Verkne-Kolynski, on the R. Kolyma; Verkne-Sousensk, on the R. Sosna; Werchblatt (high marsh).

[Sidenote: WERF, WARF (Teut.),]

a dam or wharf; literally, what is thrown up--_werfen_; _e.g._ Werfen (the town on the embankment), in Upper Austria; Antwerp, anc. _Andoverpum_ (at the wharf); Hohenwerpum (high wharf); Neuwarp (new wharf).

[Sidenote: WERK, WEORC (Teut.),]

a work, applied in topography to places where manufactures are carried on; _e.g._ _Bergwerk_ (a hill work or mine); Konigswerk (the king’s manufactory); Hofwerk and Werkhausen (places connected with mines); Hüttenwerk (the huts of the workmen in the Hartz Mountains); Seifenwerk (the place for washing the metals at the mines); Frederickswerk (a cannon foundry in Denmark established by King Frederick); Wirksworth, in Derbyshire (the enclosure near the mines).

[Sidenote: WESTEN (Ger.),]

the west. This word Buttman traces to an old Ger. root _wesen_, Goth. _visan_ (rest), _i.e._ the quarter of the heavens where the sun sinks to rest; _e.g._ Westphalia (the western plain); Westerwald (west wood); Westerufer (the western shore, _i.e._ of the R. Inn); Westhausen and Westhoffen (the west dwellings and court), in Alsace; Wesen, on the west shore of Lake Wallensee; Westeraas, in Sweden, anc. _Vestra-aros_ (western dwelling), so called to distinguish it from Ostra-aros (the eastern dwelling); Westman’s Isles, Scand. _Vestmanna-eyar_, on the coast of Iceland, so called because peopled by men from the west--Irish pirates; Westbury, Westbourn, Weston, Westbrook, from the same root.

[Sidenote: WICH, WIC, WYK (Teut.), WICK, VIG (Scand.), WAS, WIES (Sclav.),]

a dwelling, a village, a town--a word in general use in the topography of Great Britain, as well as on the continent, but with various meanings. According to Leo, the Teut. _wich_ or _vichs_ arose from the root _waes_, A.S., and _wiese_, Ger. (a moist meadow) and hence was applied to places situated on low lands, often on the bank of a stream; _e.g._ Meeswyk (the town on the Maas); Beverwyk, on the Bever. The primary meaning seems to have been a station--with the Anglo-Saxons a station or abode on the _land_, with the Norsemen a station for _ships_. The root of the word runs through all the Aryan languages--Sansc. _veça_, Grk. _oikos_, Pol. _wies_, Ir. _fieh_, Cym.-Cel. _qwic_, all meaning an abode; _e.g._ Alnwick (the town on the R. Alne); Ipswich, anc. _Gippenswich_, on the Gipping; York, A.S. _Eorvic_, Lat. _Eboracum_, Welsh _Caer-Ebreuc_ (the town on the water, or R. Eure); Hawick (the town on the haugh or low meadow); Noordwyk (north town); Nederwyk (lower town); Zuidwyk and Zuick (south town), in Holland and Belgium; Harwich (army town), so called from having been a Saxon station or military depot; Keswick (the town of Cissa); Wickware, in Gloucestershire (the town of the family of De la Ware). On the other hand, the Scandinavian _wich_ or _vig_ signifies a bay, or a place situated on the coast, or at the mouth of a river--thus Schleswick (on a bay formed by the R. Schlie), in Prussia; Wick (the town on the bay), in Caithness; Sandwich (the town on the sandy bay); Lerwick (on the muddy bay); Greenwich, Scand. _Granvigen_ (the town on the pine bay); Reikjavik, in Iceland (the reeky or smoky bay); Vigo in Spain, and Vaage in Norway (on spacious bays); Swanage, in Dorset, anc. _Swanwick_ (Sweyen’s bay town); Brodick, in Arran (the broad bay town); Wicklow, in Ireland, probably Danish _Vigloe_ (bay shelter), used by the Danes as a ship station; Smerwick (butter bay); Berwick, contracted from _Aberwick_ (at the mouth of the R. Tweed)--_v._ ABER. _Wiche_ also denotes a place where there are salt mines or springs, and in this sense is probably connected with the Scand. _vig_, as salt was often obtained by the evaporation of sea-water in shallow bays; thus Nantwich--_v._ NANT; Middlewich (the middle salt works); Droitwich, Lat. _Salinæ_ (the salt springs, where the _droit_ or tax was paid). In some cases _wich_ or _wick_ is derived from the Lat. _vicus_, cognate with the Grk. _oikos_ and Sansc. _veça_ (a dwelling)--thus Katwyk-sur-mer and Katwyk-sur-Rhin are supposed to occupy the site of the Roman _Vicus-Cattorum_ (the dwelling-place of the Chatti); Vick or Vique, in Spain, from _Vicus-Ausoniensis_ (the dwelling of the Ausones); Vidauban, in France, from _Vicus-Albanus_ (the dwelling of Albanus); Longwy, from _Longus-vicus_ (long town); Limoges, anc. _Lemovicum_ (the town of the Lemovici); also in France: Vic-desprès (the town on the meadows); Vic-sur-Losse and Vic-sur-Aisne, the towns on these rivers. The Sclav. _wice_ is found in Jazlowice (the town on the marsh); and Malschwice (Matthew’s town), etc.

[Sidenote: WIDR, or VITU (Teut. and Scand.),]

wood; _e.g._ Norwood (north wood); Selwood, Lat. _Sylva-magna_ (great wood), Celtic _Coitmaur_; Coteswold (from its sheep-cotes, in the wood); the Wolds, near Wolderness, in Yorkshire; Ringwood, in Hants, Lat. _Regni-sylva_ (the wood or forest of the _Regni_, a tribe); Wittstock and Woodstock (woody place); but Wittingau, Wittingen, Wittgenstein, Wittgensdorf, and other names with this prefix in Germany, come from the patronymic _Wittick_ or _Wittikind_ (_i.e._ the children of the woods). In England the same prefix may mean _white_, as in Witney, or from places where the Saxon _Witangemote_ held their meetings; Holywood, in Dumfriesshire, Lat. _Abbia sacra nemoris_ (the abbey of the sacred wood), called by the Irish _Der-Congal_ (the sacred oak grove of Congal).

[Sidenote: WIECK, or WIKI (Sclav.),]

a market especially for corn; _e.g._ Wieck (the market town), the name of numerous places in the Sclavonic districts; Wikow (the Sclavonic name for Elsterwerder)--_v._ WARID, etc.

[Sidenote: WIESE (Ger.), WAES (A.S.),]

pasture-ground or meadow; _e.g._ Pfaffenwiese (the priest’s meadow); Schaafwiese (sheep pasture); Wiesbaden (the meadow baths); the Wash (near moist pasture-ground); Wismar (beautiful or rich meadow), in Mecklenburg; Wiesflech (the hamlet in the meadow pasture); Ziegelwasen (the goat’s meadow); Wisheim (the dwelling in the meadow or pasture-ground).

[Sidenote: WILIG (A.S.),]

the willow; _e.g._ Wilcrick (willow crag); Wilden (willow hollow); but Willoughby and Willoughton, probably from a personal name.

[Sidenote: WIN (A.S.),]

victory; _e.g._ Winford, Winslow, Wingrave, Wimborne (the ford, hill, entrenchment, and brook of the victory).

[Sidenote: WINKEL (Ger.), WINCEL (A.S.),]

a corner; _e.g._ Winceby (corner dwelling); Winchcomb (the corner hollow); Winchelsea (the island or moist land at the corner); Winchendon (corner hill); Winkleigh (corner meadow); Winkelhorst (corner thicket); Winkeldorf (corner village); Winklarn (the waste field at the corner).

[Sidenote: WISCH, or OSSICK,]

contracted from the Sclav. _hussoki_ (high); _e.g._ Wissek, Weissagh, Wisowice or Wisowitz, Ossiegt, and Ossagh (high village); Wischhrad (high fortress); Wisoki-mazo-wieck (the high middle market-town), in Poland; but in Germany _wisch_ is sometimes a form of _wiese_ (meadow), as in Wischmühle (the meadow mill); Wischhausen (the dwelling in the meadow); Essek, for _Ossick_ (high place), in Sclavonia.

[Sidenote: WITHIG (A.S.),]

the willow; _e.g._ Witham, Withern (willow dwelling); Withybrook (willow stream); Withridge (willow ridge).

[Sidenote: WOH (A.S.),]

a turning; _e.g._ Woburn, Wooburn (the bend of the stream); Woking (the turning at the chink or chine).

[Sidenote: WOL (Sclav.),]