Part 6

a town or city, literally an enclosed and fortified dwelling, from _bergen_, Teut. to cover or protect. As these fortified places were often erected on heights for security, as well as to enable their inmates to observe the approaches of an enemy, the word _berg_ (a hill) was frequently used synonymously with _burg_, as in the name of Königsberg and other towns--_v._ BERG. Burgh and borough are the Anglican forms of the word in England and Scotland, while _bury_ is distinctively the Saxon form; _e.g._ Sudbury (south town), as also Sidbury in Salop, but Sidbury in Devon takes its name from the R. Sid. Tewkesbury, from Theoc (a certain hermit); Glastonbury, anc. _Glastonia_ (a district abounding in woad, _glastum_); Shaftsbury (the town on the shaft-like hill); Shrewsbury, anc. _Shrobbesbyrig_ (the fortress among shrubs), being the Saxon rendering of the native name _Pengwerne_ (the hill of the alder grove), which the Normans corrupted into Sloppesbury, hence _Salop_; Tenbury, on the R. Teme; Canterbury, _i.e._ _Cant-wara-byrig_ (the town of the dwellers on the headland), _Cantium_ or Kent; Wansborough, in Herts; Wanborough, in Surrey and Wilts; Woodensborough, in Kent; Wednesbury, Stafford; Wembury, Devon (the town of the Saxon god Woden); Aldeborough, on the R. Alde; Marlborough, anc. _Merlberga_, situated at the foot of a hill of white stones, which our forefathers called _marl_, now _chalk_; Richborough, anc. _Ru-tupium_ (rock town); Aylesbury, perhaps church town, _ecclesia_, or from a person’s name; Badbury (the city of pledges, _bad_), in Dorset; the Saxon kings, it is said, kept their hostages at this place; Malmesbury, the town of Maidulf, a hermit; Maryborough, named for Queen Mary. Burg or burgh, in the names of towns, is often affixed to the name of the river on which it stands in Britain, as well as on the Continent; _e.g._ Lauterburg, Lutterburg, Schwartzburg, Salzburg, Saalburg, Gottenburg, Rotenburg, and Jedburgh (on the rivers Lauter, Lutter, Schwarza, Salza, Saale, Gotha, Rothbach, and Jed). Still more frequently, the prefix is the name of the founder of the town, or of a saint to whom its church was dedicated; _e.g._ Edinburgh (Edwin’s town); Lauenburg, after Henry the Lion; Fraserburgh, in Aberdeenshire, founded by Sir Alexander Fraser of Philorth in 1570; Peterborough, from an abbey dedicated to St. Peter; Petersburgh, named by its founder, Peter the Great; Tasborough, Norfolk, on the R. Thais; Banbury, anc. _Berinburig_ (Bera’s town); Queenborough, in the Isle of Sheppey, named by Edward III. in honour of his queen; Helensburgh, in Dumbartonshire, after the lady of Sir James Colquhoun; Pittsburg, U.S., after Mr. Pitt; Harrisburg, U.S., after the first settler in 1733; Sumburgh, in Shetland, and Svendborg, Sweden (Sweyn’s fortress); Oranienburg, in Brandenburg (the fortress of the Orange family); Bury St. Edmund’s (in memory of Edmund the Martyr); Rabensburg (the fort of Hrafn, a Dane); Marienburg (the town of the Virgin), founded by the Grand Master of the Teutonic order in 1274; Rothenburg, in Prussia, Sclav. _Rostarzewo_ (the town of the Sclav. god Razi); Duisburg, corrupt. from _Tuiscoburgum_ (the town of the Teut. god Tuesco); Flensburg, in Sleswick, founded by the knight of Flenes; Cherbourg, supposed to be Cæsar’s town; Augsburg (the town of the Emperor Augustus); Salisbury, anc. _Searesbyrgg_ (the town of Sarum, a chief); Bamborough (the town of Bebba, the Queen of Ida, of Northumberland); Carrisbrook, corrupt. from _Gwïhtgarabyrig_ (the fortress of the men of Wight); Amherstburg, in Canada, named in 1780 after Lord Amherst; Loughborough, anc. _Leirburg_ (the town on the R. Leir, now the Soar); Hapsburg or Habichtsburg (hawk’s fortress); Schässburg, Hung. _Segevar_ (treasure fort); Luneburg, in Hanover (the fort of the Linones, a tribe); Aalburg (Eel-town) on the Lyme-fiord. There are several towns in Germany named simply Burg (the fortress), also Burgos in Spain, and Burgo in Italy. As a derivative from this Teut. root, there is the Irish form of the word, introduced by the Anglo-Normans--_buirghes_, Anglicised _borris_ and _burris_, as in Borris in Ossory, Burriscarra, Burrishoole (_i.e._ the forts erected in the territories of Ossory, Carra, and Umhal); Borrisokane (O’Keane’s fortress).

[Sidenote: BURNE (A.S.), BURNE (Gadhelic),]

a small stream; _e.g._ Milburn (mill stream); Lambourne (muddy stream, _lam_); Radbourne and Redbourne (reedy stream); Sherbourne (clear stream, or the dividing stream); Cranbourne, Otterbourne (the stream frequented by cranes and otters); Libourne, in France (the lip or edge of the stream); Bourne, in Lancashire (on a stream); Burnham (the dwelling on a stream), in Essex; Melburne, in Yorkshire, in Doomsday _Middelburn_ (middle stream); Auburn, formerly a village in Yorkshire, called Eleburn or Eelburn; Bannockburn (the stream of the white knoll); Sittingbourne, in Kent (the settlement on the stream); Eastbourne, contracted from its former name Easbourne (probably the stream of the water or the cascade, _cas_); Ticheburne (the kid’s stream, _ticcen_, A.S. a kid).

[Sidenote: BUSCH, BOSCH (Ger.), BOSC (A.S.), Low Lat. _Boscus_, BUISSON (Fr.), BOIS, BOSCO, BOSQUE (Span. and Port.), BOD or BAD (Celtic),]

a bushy place or grove; _e.g._ Boscabel (the beautiful grove); Bushey (a par. Co. Hertford); Buscot (the hut in the grove); Badenoch (a place overgrown with bushes), in Inverness; Breitenbusch (the broad grove); Hesel-boschen (hazel grove); Eichbusch (oak grove); Ooden-bosch (old grove), in Holland; Auberbosc (Albert’s grove), in France; Stellenbosch, in S. Africa, founded in 1670 by Van der Stelle, the governor of the Dutch colony; Biesbosch (the reedy thicket), in Holland; Aubusson (at the grove), France. Boissac, Boissay, Boissière, Boissey, etc., in France, from the same root; Bois-le-Duc (the duke’s wood); Briquebosq (birch-wood), in Normandy.

[Sidenote: BWLCH (Welsh),]

a pass or defile; _e.g._ Dwygyflch (_i.e._ the joint passes), in Wales; Bwlch-newydd (the new pass); Bwlch-y-groes (of the cross).

[Sidenote: BYSTRI (Sclav.),]

swift; _e.g._ Bistritza, Bistrica, Weistritz (the swift stream); Bistritz (the town on this river), called by the Germans Neusohl (new station).

[Sidenote: BY, BIE, BIGGEN-BO, BŒUF (Fr.),]

(Scand.), a dwelling, a town--from _biga_ (Norse), to build. This word occurs frequently in town names in the N.E. of England and in some parts of Scotland formerly possessed by the Danes or Normans; _e.g._ Derby, _i.e._ _Dearaby_ (deer town), formerly called _North Worthige_ (the northern enclosure); its Celtic name was _Durgwent_ (the white water), from its river; Whitby (white town), A.S. _Streones-heal_ (treasure-hall, _streone_); Selby (holy town); Danby (Dane’s dwelling); Rugby, anc. _Rochberie_ (the dwelling on the rock, in reference to its castle); Appleby (the town of apple-trees); Sonderby (southern town); Ormsby, Lockerby, Thursby, Grimsby, Lewersby (the dwellings of Ormv, Loki, Ulf, Grimm, Leward); Risby (beech-tree dwelling); Canisby, in Caithness, and Canoby or Cannonbie, Dumfries (the dwelling of the canon), or perhaps Canisby is Canute’s dwelling; Haconby (of Haco); Harrowby, in Doomsday, is _Herigerby_ (the town of the legion), A.S. _herige_; Kirby, Moorby, Ashby (church town, moor town, ash-tree town); Ashby-de-la-Zouch was simply _Ascebi_ or Esseby, perhaps the town of the _Asci_, a tribe. It received the addition to its name from the family of the Zouches, its proprietors. In France: Daubœuf, for Dalby (vale dwelling); Elbœuf (old dwelling); Quittebœuf (white dwelling); Quillebœuf (welltown); Lindebœuf (lime-tree town); Karlby-gamba and Karlby-ny (old and new Charles’ town), in Finland; Criquebœuf (crooked town).

C

[Sidenote: CAE, KAE (Cym.-Cel.),]

an enclosure; _e.g._ Ca-wood (wood-enclosure); Cayton (wood town or hill). This root is frequently used in Welsh names.

[Sidenote: CAELC, or CEALC (A.S.),]

chalk or lime--cognate with the Lat. _calx_, Cel. _cailc_, _sialc_; _e.g._ Challock, Chaldon, Chalfield (chalk place, hill, and field); Chalgrove (the chalk entrenchment, _grab_); the Chiltern Hills (the hills in the chalky district, _ern_); Chockier, corrupt. from _Calchariæ_ (the lime kilns), in Belgium; Kelso, anc. _Calchou_ (the chalk _heugh_ or height), so called from a calcareous cliff at the confluence of the Tweed and Teviot, now broken down.

[Sidenote: CAER, CADAER (Welsh), CATHAIR, CAHER (Gadhelic), KAER, KER (Breton),]

an enclosed fortification, a castle, a town, and in Ireland a circular stone fort; _e.g._ Caer-leon, anc. _Isca-legionem_ (the fort of the legion), on the R. Usk;[3] Caerwent, in Monmouth, anc. _Venta-silurum_ (the fortress in the province of Gwent); Caerwys (of the assizes, _gwys_, a summons); Caermarthen, anc. _Maridunum_ (the fort on the sea-shore); Caernarvon, Welsh _Caer-yn-ar-Fon_ (the fortress opposite to Mona); Cardigan (the fortress of Caredig, a chieftain)--Cardigan is called by the Welsh Aberteifi (the mouth of the R. Teify); Cardiff, on the R. Taff; Carriden, anc. _Caer-aiden_ or _eden_ (the fort on the wing), in Linlithgow; Caerphilly (the fort of the trench, _vallum_), corrupt. into philly; Cader-Idris (the seat of Idris, an astronomer); Caer-gyffin (the border fortress); Grongar, corrupt. from _Caer-gron_ (the circular fortress); Caer-_hen_ or _hun_, corrupt. from _Caer-Rhun_, named from a Welsh prince; Carlisle, anc. _Caergwawl_ (the fort at the trench); its Latin name was _Luguvallum_ (the trench of the legion). It was destroyed by the Danes in 675, and rebuilt by William II. In Mid-Lothian, Cramond, _i.e._ _Caer-Almond_, on the R. Almond; Cathcart, on the R. Cart, Renfrew; Crail, anc. _Carraile_ (the fort on the corner, _aile_), in the S.E. angle of Fife; Caerlaverock (the fort of Lewarch Ogg), founded in the sixth century; Sanquhar, _i.e._ _Sean-cathair_ (old fort); Carmunnock or _Carmannoc_ (the fort of the monks); Kirkintilloch, corrupt. from _Caer-pen-tulach_ (the fort at the head of the hill); Cardross (the promontory fort); Kier, in Scotland, for _Caer_ or _Cathair_; Carew (the fortresses), a castle in Wales; Carhaix, in Brittany, _i.e._ _Ker-Aes_ (the fortress on the R. Aes--now the Hières). In Ireland: Caher (the fortress); Cahereen (little fortress); Cahergal (white fort); Cahersiveen, _i.e._ _Cathair-saidbhin_ (Sabina’s fort); Carlingford, Irish _Caer-linn_, _fiord_ being added by the Danes; its full name is, therefore, the ford of Caer-linn. It was also called _Suamh-ech_ (the swimming ford of the horses); Derry-na-Caheragh (the oak grove of the fort); Caer-gwrle (the fortress of the great legion), _i.e._ _Caer-gawr-lleon_, with reference to the twentieth Roman legion stationed at Chester, or _Caer-gwr-le_ (the boundary-place in Flintshire).

[Sidenote: CALA (Span.),]

a creek or bay--probably derived from _Scala_ (It.), a seaport, Cel. _cala_ (a harbour), and cognate with the Teut. _kille_; _e.g._ Callao, in S. America; _Cale_, the ancient name of Oporto, and probably _Calais_; Scala (a seaport), in Italy; Scala-nova (new port), in Turkey; Kiel, in Sleswick, so called from its fine bay.

[Sidenote: CALO (A.S.), KAHL (Ger.), KAEL (Dut.),]

bald or bare--synonymous with the Lat. _calvus_ and the Fr. _chauve_; _e.g._ Caumont and Chaumont (bald hill), in France; Kahlenberg, anc. _Mons Calvus_ (bald hill), belonging to a branch of the Alps called Kahlen Gebirge.

[Sidenote: CAM (Gadhelic), CAM (Cym.-Cel.), CAMBUS,]

a creek, crooked; _e.g._ Rivers Cam, Camon, Camil, Cambad, Camlin, Cambeck (crooked stream); Kembach, a parish in Fife, so called from the R. Kem or Kame; Cambusmore (the great creek in Sutherland); Cambuscarrig, in Ross, near which a Danish prince (Careg) was buried; Cambuskenneth (the creek of Kenneth, one of the kings of Scotland); Camelon (on the bend of the water), near Falkirk; Cambuslang (the church or enclosure, _lann_, on the bending water), in Lanark; Cambus, in Clackmannan; Cambusnethan (on the bend of the R. Nethan); Campsie, anc. _Kamsi_ (the curved water); but Camus, a town in Forfarshire, is not from this root, but in memory of a Danish general who was slain in battle near the place; Camlyn (the crooked pool), in Anglesea; Cambray or Cambrai, in France, anc. _Camaracum_ (on a bend of the Scheldt); Chambery, in Savoy, anc. _Camberiacum_, with the same meaning; Morecambe Bay (the bend of the sea).

[Sidenote: CAMPUS (Lat.), CAMPO (It., Span., and Port.), CHAMP (Fr.), KAMPF (Ger.),]

a field or plain; _e.g._ Campania, Campagna, Champagne (the plain or level land); Féchamp, Lat. _Campus-fiscii_ (the field of tribute); Chamouni, Lat. _Campus-munitus_ (the fortified field); Kempen (at the field); Kempten, Lat. _Campodunum_ (the field of the fortress); Campvere (the ferry leading to Campen), in Holland; Campo-bello, Campo-chiaro, Campo-hermoso (beautiful or fair field); Campo-felici (happy or fortunate field); Campo-frio (cold field); Campo-freddo (cold field); Campo-largo (broad field); Campillo (little field); the Campos (vast plains), in Brazil; Capua, supposed to be synonymous with Campus.

[Sidenote: CANNA (Lat. and Grk.),]

a reed; _e.g._ Cannæ, in Italy; Cannes, in the south of France; Canneto and Canosa (the reedy place), in Italy.

[Sidenote: CAOL (Gadhelic), CAEL,]

a sound or strait; _e.g._ Caol-Isla, Caol-Muileach (the Straits of Isla and Mull); the Kyles or _Straits_ of Bute; Eddarachylis (between the straits), in Sutherlandshire. As an adjective, this word means narrow; _e.g._ Glenkeel (narrow glen); Darykeel (narrow oak grove).

[Sidenote: CAPEL (Cel.), KAPELLE (Ger.),]

a chapel, derived from the Low Lat. _capella_; _e.g._ How-capel (the chapel in the hollow), in Hereford; Capel-Ddewi (St. David’s chapel); Capel St. Mary and Maria-Kappel (St. Mary’s chapel); Capel-Garmon (St. Germano’s chapel); Chapelle-au-bois (the chapel in the wood); Capelle-op-den-Yssel (the chapel on the R. Yessel), in Holland; Kreuzcappel (the chapel with the cross).

[Sidenote: CAPER (Lat.), CHÈVRE (Fr.), CAPRA, CABRA (Span., Port., and It.), GABHAR, and GOBHAR (Gadhelic), GAFR, or GAVAR (Cym.-Cel.),]

a goat; _e.g._ Capri, Caprera, Cabrera (goat island); Chèvreuse, anc. _Capriosa_ (the place of goats); Chevry, Chevrière, Chevreville, with the same meaning, in France; Gateshead, in Co. Durham, Lat. _Capræ-caput_, perhaps the Latin rendering of the Saxon word (the head of the _gat_ or passage)--the _Pons Ælius_ of the Romans; or, according to another meaning, from the custom of erecting the head of some animal on a post as a tribal emblem. In Ireland, Glengower (the glen of the goats), and Glengower, in Scotland; Ballynagore (goat’s town), in Ireland; Gowrie and Gower, in several counties of Scotland; Ardgower (goat’s height); Carnan-gour (the goat’s crag).

[Sidenote: CAR (Cel.),]

crooked or bending; _e.g._ the Rivers Carron, in several parts of Scotland; Charente and Charenton, in France; also the Cher, anc. _Carus_ (the winding river).

[Sidenote: CARN, CAIRN (Gadhelic), CARN (Welsh), CARNEDD, a heap of stones, such as was erected by the ancient Britons over the graves of their great men; _e.g._ Carn-Ingli (the cairn of the English); Carn-Twrne (the cairn of the turnings). It was named from a stupendous monument which stood on three pillars, within a circuit of upright stones.]

a heap of stones thrown together in a conical form, also a rocky mount; _e.g._ Carnac (abounding in cairns), in Brittany; Carnmore (great cairn); Carnock (the hill of the cairn); Carntoul, Gael. _Carn-t-sabhal_ (the cairn of the barn); Carntaggart (of the priest); Carnrigh (of the king); Cairndow, Cairnglass, Cairngorm (the black, the gray, the blue mountains); Cairnan and Cairnie (little cairn); Carnwath (the cairn at the ford); Carnoustie (the cairn of heroes); Carnbee (the birch cairn), in Scotland. In Ireland: Carntochar (the hill of the causeway); Carn-Tierno (Tigernach’s cairn); Carnbane (white cairn); Carnsore Point, in Irish being simply the _carn_ or monumental heap, _ore_ (a promontory) having been added by the Danes; Carnteel, Irish _Carn-t-Siadhal_ (Shiel’s monument). In Wales: Carn-Dafydd (David’s cairn); Carn-Llewelyn (Llewelyn’s cairn); Carnfach (little cairn), in Monmouth; Fettercairn, perhaps the deer’s cairn, Gael. _feidh_ (deers); Chirnside (the side or site of the cairn), on one of the Lammermuir Hills; Carnoch (abounding in cairns), a parish in Fife; Boharm, in Banffshire, anc. _Bocharin_ (the bow about the cairn). The countries of Carniola and Carinthia probably derived their names from this Celtic root.

[Sidenote: CARRAIG, CARRICK (Gadhelic), CRAG, or CARREG (Welsh), CARRAG (Cornish),]

a rock. The words are usually applied to large natural rocks, more or less elevated. Carrick and Carrig are the names of numerous districts in Ireland, as well as Carrick in Ayrshire; Carrigafoyle (the rock of the hole, _phoill_), in the Shannon; Carrickaness (of the waterfall); Ballynacarrick (the town of the rocks); Carrigallen, Irish _Carraig-aluinn_ (the beautiful rock); Carrickanoran (the rock of the spring, _uaran_); Carrickfergus (Fergus’s rock), where one Fergus was drowned; Carrick-on-Suir (on the R. Suir); Carriga-howly, Irish _Carraig-an-chobhlaigh_ (the rock of the fleet); Carrickduff (black rock); Carrigeen and Cargan (little rock); Carragh (rocky ground); but Carrick-on-Shannon is not derived from this root--its ancient name was _Caradh-droma-ruise_ (the weir of the marsh ridge); Cerrig-y-Druidion (the rock of the Druids), in Wales.

[Sidenote: CARSE,]

a term applied in Scotland to low grounds on the banks of rivers; _e.g._ the Carse of Gowrie, Falkirk, Stirling, etc.

[Sidenote: CASA (It. and _bas_ Lat.),]

a house; _e.g._ Casa-Nova and Casa-Vecchia (new and old house), in Corsica; Casal, Les Casals, Chaise, Les Chaises (the house and the houses), in France; Chassepiare (corrupt. from _Casa-petrea_ (stone house), in Belgium.

[Sidenote: CASTEL, CHATEAU, CASTELLO, CASTILLO, CASTELL (Cym.-Cel.),]

words in the Romance languages derived from the Lat. _castellum_ (a castle). _Caiseal_, in the Irish language, either cognate with the Lat. word or derived from it, has the same meaning, and is commonly met with in that country under the form of _Cashel_; _e.g._ Cashel, in Tipperary; Cashelfean and Cashelnavean (the fort of the Fenians); _Caislean-n’h-Oghmaighe_, now Omagh (the castle of the beautiful field). It is often changed into the English castle, as in Ballycastle, in Mayo (the town of the fort); but Ballycastle, in Antrim, was named from a modern castle, not from a _caiseal_ or fort; Castle-Dargan (of Lough Dargan); Castlebar, Irish _Caislean-an-Bharraigh_ (the fort of the Barrys); Castle-Dillon, Castle-Dermot, and Castle-Kieran were renamed from castles erected near the hermitages of the monks whose names they bear. Castel, Lat. _Castellum_ (the capital of the Electorate of Hesse-Cassel); Castel Rodrigo (Roderick’s castle), in Portugal; Castel-Lamare (by the sea-shore); Castel-bianco (white castle); Castel del piano (of the plain); Castiglione (little castle), in Italy. In France: Castelnau (new castle); Castelnaudary, anc. _Castrum-novum-Arianiorum_ (the new castle of the Arians, _i.e._ the Goths); Chateaubriant, _i.e._ _Chateau-du-Bryn_ (the king’s castle); Chateau-Chinon (the castle decorated with dogs’ heads); Chateau-Gontier (Gontier’s castle); Chateaulin (the castle on the pool); Chateau-vilain (ugly castle); Chateau-roux, anc. _Castrum-Rodolphi_ (Rodolph’s castle); Chatelandrew (the castle of Andrew of Brittany); Chateaumeillant, anc. _Castrum-Mediolanum_ (the castle in the middle of the plain or land, _lann_); Neufchatel (new castle); Newcastle-upon-Tyne, named from a castle built by Robert, Duke of Normandy, on the site of Monkchester; Newcastle-under-Line, _i.e._ under the _lyme_ or boundary of the palatinate of Chester, having its origin in a fortress erected by Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, instead of the old fort of Chesterton; Castleton, in Man, is the translation of _Ballycashel_ (castle dwelling), founded by one of the kings of the island; Bewcastle (the castle of Buith, lord of Gilsland); Old and New Castile, in Spain, so named from the numerous fortresses erected by Alphonso I. as defences against the Moors. Cassel, in Prussia, and various places with this prefix in England and Scotland, owe the names to ancient castles around which the towns or villages arose, as Castletown of Braemar, Castle-Douglas, Castle-Rising, etc.; Castlecary, in Stirlingshire, supposed to be the _Coria Damnorum_ of Ptolemy, and the _Caer-cere_ of Nennius; Barnard Castle, built by Barnard, the grandfather of Baliol; Castell-Llechryd (the castle at the stone ford), on the banks of the R. Wye, in Wales; Cestyll-Cynfar (castles in the air).

[Sidenote: CASTER, CHESTER, CEASTER (A.S.),]

a fortress, city, town, from the Lat. _castrum_ (a fortified place), and _castra_ (a camp); _e.g._ Caistor, Castor, Chester (the site of a Roman fort or camp). The Welsh still called the city of Chester _Caerleon_, which means the city called _Legio_, often used as a proper name for a city where a Roman legion was stationed; Doncaster, Lancaster, Brancaster, Illchester, Leicester, Colchester (_i.e._ the camps on the Rivers Don, Lune, Bran, Ivel, Legre or Leir, Colne); Alcester, on the Alne; Chichester (the fortress of Cissa, the Saxon prince of the province); Cirencester, anc. _Corinium-ceaster_ (the camp on the R. Churn); Exeter, Cel. _Caer-Isc_ (the fortress on the river or water, _wysk_); Towcester, on the R. Towey; Gloucester, Cel. _Caer-glow_ (the bright fortress); Godmanchester (the fort of the priest), where Gothrun, the Dane, in the reign of Alfred, embraced Christianity; Chesterfield and Chester-le-Street (the camp in the field and the camp on the Roman road, _stratum_); Winchester, Cel. _Caer-gwent_ (the camp on the fair plain), p. 38; Dorchester (the camp of the _Durotriges_ (dwellers by the water); Worcester, _Hwicwara-ceaster_ (the camp of the Huiccii); Silchester, Cel. _Caer-Segont_ (the fort of the Segontii); Manchester, probably the camp at _Mancenion_ (the place of tents), its ancient name; Rochester, Cel. _Durobrivae_ (the ford of the water), A.S. _Hrofceaster_, probably from a proper name; Bicester (the fort of Biren, a bishop); Alphen, in Holland, anc. _Albanium-castra_ (the camp of Albanius); Aubagne, in Provence, anc. _Castrum-de-Alpibus_ (the fortress of the Alps); Champtoceaux, Lat. _Castrum-celsum_ (lofty fortress); St. Chamond, Lat. _Castrum-Anemundi_ (the fortress of Ennemond); Chalus, Lat. _Castrum-Lucius_ (the fortress by Lucius Capriolus, in the reign of Augustus); Passau, in Bavaria, Lat. _Batavia-Castra_ (the Batavians’ camp), corrupted first to _Patavium_ and then to Passau; La Chartre, Chartre, and Chartres (the place of the camps), in France; Chartre-sur-Loire, Lat. _Carcer-Castellum_ (the castle prison or stronghold); Castril, Castrillo (little fortress); Castro-Jeriz (Cæsar’s camp); Ojacastro (the camp on the R. Oja), in Spain.

[Sidenote: CAVAN, CABHAN (Irish), CAVA, LA (It.), CUEVA (Span.), a cave, COFA (A.S.), a cove,]

a hollow place, cognate with the Lat. _cavea_ or _cavus_; _e.g._ Cavan (the hollow), the cap. of Co. Cavan, and many other places from this root in Ireland. _Cavan_, however, in some parts of Ireland, signifies a round hill, as in Cavanacaw (the round hill of the chaff, _catha_); Cavanagh (the hilly place); Cavanalick (the hill of the flagstone); Covehithe, in Suffolk (the harbour of the recess); Runcorn, in Cheshire, _i.e._ _Rum-cofan_ (the wide cove or inlet); Cowes (the coves), in the Isle of Wight; La Cava, in Naples; Cuevas-de-Vera (the caves of Vera); Cuevas-del-Valle (of the valley), in Spain.

[Sidenote: CEALD (A.S.), KALT (Ger.), KOUD (Dut.),]

cold; _e.g._ Caldicott, Calthorpe, Calthwaite (cold dwelling); Koudhuizon, Koudaim, with the same meaning; Caldbeck, Kalbach, Kallenbach (cold stream); Kaltenherberg (cold shelter); Calvorde (cold ford); Kaltenkirchen (cold church); Colwell (cold well).

[Sidenote: CEANN (Gadhelic),]

a head, a point or promontory--in topography _kin_ or _ken_; _e.g._ Kinnaird’s Head (the point of the high headland); Kintyre or Cantire (the head of the land, _tir_); Kenmore (the great point), at the head of Loch Tay; Kinloch (the head of the lake); Kincraigie (of the little rock); Kinkell (the head church, _cill_); Kendrochet (bridge end); Kinaldie and Kinalty (the head of the dark stream, _allt-dubh_); Kingussie (the head of the fir-wood, _guith-saith_); Kinnaird (the high headland), the name of a parish in Fife and a village in Stirling. Kinross may mean the point (_ros_) at the head of Loch Leven, with reference to the _town_ or with reference to the _county_, which in early times formed part of the large district called the _Kingdom of Fife_, anciently called _Ross_; and in this sense it may mean either the head of the promontory or of the wood, both of which are in Celtic _ros_. The ancient name of Fife, _Ross_, was changed into Fife in honour of Duff, Earl of Fife, to whom it was granted by Kenneth II., and in 1426 Kinross was separated from it, or, according to Nennius, from _Feb_, the son of Cruidne, ancestor of the Picts. Kintore (the head of the hill, _tor_); Kinneil, _i.e._ _Ceann-fhail_ (the head of the wall), _i.e._ of Agricola; Kinell, Kinellar (the head of the knoll); King-Edward, corrupt. from _Kinedur_ (the head of the water, _dur_); Kinghorn, from _Ceann-cearn_ (corner headland)--Wester Kinghorn is now Burntisland; Kingarth, in Bute, _i.e._ _Ceann-garbh_ (the rough or stormy headland); Kinnoul (the head of the rock, _ail_); Kintail (the head of the flood, _tuil_), _i.e._ of the two salt-water lakes in Ross-shire; Boleskine (the summit of the furious cascade, _boil cas_), _i.e._ of Foyers, in Inverness-shire; Kinmundy, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from _Kinmunny_ (the head of the moss, _moine_); Kinglassie, in Fife, was named after St. Glass or Glasianus); Kenoway, Gael. _ceann-nan-uamh_ (the head of the den); Kent, Lat. _Cantium_ (the country of the _Cantii_, or dwellers at the headland). In Ireland: Kenmare in Kerry, Kinvarra in Galway, and Kinsale in Cork, mean the head of the sea, _i.e._ _ceann-mara_ and _ceann-saile_ (salt water), the highest point reached by the tide; Kincon (the dog’s headland); Kinturk (of the boar); Slyne Head, in Ireland, is in Irish _Ceann-leime_ (the head of the leap), and Loop Head is _Leim-Chonchuillinn_ (Cuchullin’s leap); Cintra, in Portugal, may mean the head of the strand, _traigh_.

[Sidenote: CEFN (Cym.-Cel.),]