Part 16

a marsh; _e.g._ Padula and Paduli, towns in Italy; Peel, Lat. _palus_, an extensive marsh in Belgium; La Pala, La Palud, and Paluz, in France; Perugia (the town on the marsh), in a province of the same name in Italy; Pelusium, Coptic _Permoun_ (the muddy or marshy place), on the Delta of the Nile.

[Sidenote: PANT (Welsh),]

a hollow; _e.g._ Pant-y-crwys (the hollow of the cross), in Wales; Pant-yr-Ysgraff for _Pont-yr-Ysgraff_--_v._ PONT.

[Sidenote: PAPA, or PABBA (Scand.), PFAFFE (Ger.), POP (Sclav.),]

a priest; _e.g._ Pabba (the priest’s island), several of this name in the Hebrides; Papa-Stour (the great island of the priest), in Shetland; Papa-Stronsay (the priest’s island near Stronsay), Orkney; Pappenheim, Pfaffenhausen, Pfaffenberg, Pfaffenhofen (the priest’s dwelling), in Germany; Papendrecht (the priest’s pasture); Pfarrkirchen (the priest’s or parish church); Poppowitz, Poppow, Sclav. (places belonging to the priests).

[Sidenote: PARA (Brazilian),]

a river, water, or the sea; _e.g._ Para, Parahiba, Parana, Paranymbuna, rivers in Brazil; Paraguay (the place of waters); Parana-Assu (the great river); Parana-Mirim (the small river); Parahyba (bad water).

[Sidenote: PARA (Sclav.),]

a swamp or marsh, cognate with the Lat. _palus_; _e.g._ Parchen, Parchau, Parchim (places in a marshy locality); Partwitz or Parzow, Paaren (the town on the marsh), in several localities. The letter _p_ is sometimes changed into _b_ as in Barduz, Barzig, Baruth, in Prussia, and Bars or Barsch, in Hungary.

[Sidenote: PATAM, or PATTANA (Sansc.),]

a city; _e.g._ Nagapatam (the city of the snake); Masulipatam (of fishes); Periapatam (the chosen city); Viziapatam (the city of victory); Seringapatam, _i.e._ _Sri-ranja-Pattana_ (the city of Vishnu); Pata or Pattana (the city); Madras or _Madras-patan_ (the city of the college or school; _madrasa_, Ar., a university). Madras is called by the natives _Chenna-patana_ (the city of Chenappa, an Indian prince).

[Sidenote: PEEL (Cel. _pile_),]

a small fortress; _e.g._ Peel, in the Isle of Man, and numerous Peel towers on the border between England and Scotland. The Pile of Foudrig (the peel or tower of the fire island), called Furness, the site of an ancient lighthouse; Les Pilles, in Dauphiny; Ile du Pilier, in La Vendée, with a lighthouse; _Pillas_, in the Lithuanian language also, is a castle, thus--Pillkallan (the castle on the hill), in E. Prussia, as well as the towns of Pillau, in E. Prussia, Pilsen, in Bohemia, and Pillnitz (the towns with fortifications).

[Sidenote: PEN (Cym.-Cel.),]

a head, or a promontory, or hill summit; _e.g._ Pen-carrig (rocky hill or cape); Pen-brynn (hill summit); Pencoid (of the wood); Penmon (the promontory of Mona or Anglesea); Pentir (the headland); Pentyrch (the boar’s head); Pen-y-cwm-gwig (the top of the woody vale), in Wales; Pen-y-groes (the headland of the cross); Penby-diog (land’s end), in Wales; Pencelly (the chief grove); Pen-y-gelly (the head of the grove, _cell_, a grove); Penllech (of the stone or rock); Penhill, Somerset, and Penlaw, Dumfries (the hill summit); Pendarves (the head of the oak-field); Penpont (the head of the bridge), in Dumfriesshire; Penn (a hill), in Stafford; Pencombe (the head of the hollow); Penforfa (of the moor); Pennant (of the valley); Pen-mynnydd (of the mountain); Penrith, anc. _Pen-rhyd_ (of the ford); Penicuik (the cuckoo’s hill); Cockpen (red hill); Pen-maen-maur (the great stone head or hill); Pennigant (windy hill); Penryn and Penrhyn (the head of the promontory); Pentraeth (of the strand); Pen-y-craig or Old Radnor (the head of the rock); Penzance, formerly _Pensans_--it is called the saint’s headland, from a head of John the Baptist (the town’s arms), but Camden thinks it might mean the head of the sands; Pain-bœuf or Penn-Ochen (the ox’s headland); Pendennis (the fort on the headland)--_v._ DINAS. Mount Pindus and the Grampians, Van in Brecknock, and the Vans in Wales, embody this root; also the Apennines and the Pennine Alps, Pena and Penha, in Spain and Portugal are applied to rocks, thus--Penafiel (the loyal rock), in Spain, and also Cape Penas; Penha-verde (green rock) in Brazil.

[Sidenote: PFERCH (Ger.), PEARROC (A.S.), PARC (Fr.), PAIRC (Irish).]

In Germany this word signifies an enclosure for cattle--in England and France, an enclosure for the protection of game or for pleasure; _e.g._ Parkhurst (the enclosure in the wood); Parkfoot (at the foot of the park), Co. Stirling; Parkham (park dwelling); Parkmore (great park or field), in Ireland; Parkatotaun (the field of the burning), Co. Limerick.

[Sidenote: PFERD (Ger.),]

a horse; _e.g._ Pferdsfeld (the horse’s field); Pfersdorf (the horse’s village).

[Sidenote: PFORTE (Ger.), POORT (Dutch), PORTH (Cym.-Cel.), PORT (Gadhelic),]

a haven, landing-place, or passage--cognate with the Lat. _portus_; _e.g._ Seligenpforten (the blessed port); Sassenpoorte (the Saxons’ haven); Himmelpforte (the port of heaven); Pforzheim (the dwelling at the passage or entrance to the Hyrcenian forest), in Baden; Zandpoort (sandy haven); Porlock (the enclosed haven), in Somersetshire; Portsmouth (the mouth of the haven); Porthkerry (rocky haven), in Wales; Porthaethroy (the landing-place of the terrible water), a dangerous ferry in Wales; Portholgoch, corrupt. from _Porth-y-wal-goch_ (_i.e._ the harbour of the red wall); Porthstinian (the port of Justinian), in Wales; Porth-y-cawl, corrupt. from _Porth-y-Gaul_ (the harbour where the Gallic invaders used to land), in Wales. In Ireland: Portraine, now Rathlin (the landing-place of Rachra); Portadown (at the fortress); Portlaw, Irish _Port-lagha_ (at the hill); Portmarnock (the haven of St. Marnock); Port-na-Spania (the port of the Spaniard), where one of the vessels of the Invincible Armada was wrecked, off the coast of Ireland; Port-Arlington, named after the Earl of Arlington in the reign of Charles II.; Port-Glasgow, anc. _Kil-ma-Colm_ (St. Columba’s church). It received its modern name in 1668, when purchased by the merchants of Glasgow; Portmoak, in Kinross (the landing-place of St. Moak); Port-Patrick (the place from which it is said St. Patrick sailed for Ireland); Portree, in Skye, and Port-an-righ, in Ross (the king’s haven); Portnellan (the landing-place of the island), in Loch Tummel; Portmore (the great port), in Wigton; Port-na-craig (of the rock); Port-na-churaich (of the boat), in Iona, where St. Columba landed from Ireland; Port-skerrie (the rocky landing-place), in Sutherland; Snizort, in Skye, corrupt. from _Snisport_, probably named after a Norse leader or pirate; Port-ny-hinsey (the haven of the island), the Celtic name of Peel, in the Isle of Man; Portinscale, in Westmoreland (the passage where the _skaala_ or booths for the Scandinavian _thing_, _i.e._ meeting, were erected); Portobello (the beautiful harbour), in South America, so named by its founder; Portobello, in Mid Lothian, named in commemoration of the capture of the South American town in 1739; Portskewitt or _Porth-is-coed_ (the port below the wood), in Monmouth; Porth-yn-lyn (the port of the pool), in Wales; Portsoy, in Banffshire, _i.e._ _Port-saith_ (the safe port); Port-dyn-Norwig (the port of the Northman), in Wales; Maryport, in Cumberland, named after the wife of its first proprietor; Portlethan, Gael. _Port-leath-an_ (the port of the gray river), Kincardine; Port-Logan, in Wigton, _i.e._ Gael. _Port-na-lagan_ (the port of the hollow). _Port_ became an established Saxon word for a market-town--hence we have such names as Newport, Longport, applied to inland towns; Bridport, on the R. Brit. The Cinque-ports, Fr. _cinq_ (five), were the towns of Dover, Hastings, Hythe, Romney, Sandwich. In Portugal: Oporto (the port); Portugal, anc. _Portus-cale_, both meaning the harbour; Porto-rico (rich port), an island of the Antilles group; Porto-Santo (the holy port), in the Madeira Isles; Porto-seguro (safe port); Porto-Vecchio (old port), in Corsica; Porto-Alegre (the cheerful port), in Brazil; Porto-farina (the port of wheat), in North Africa; Porto-ferrajo (fortified port), in Tuscany, on the coast of the Island of Elba; Port-Vendres, Lat. _Portus-Veneris_ (the port of Venus), in France; Le Treport, corrupt. from the Lat. _Ulterior-Portus_, in Normandy, at the mouth of the Bresle.

[Sidenote: PIC, PIKE (A.S.), PIC and PUY (Fr.), SPITZE (Ger.),]

a peak or promontory; _e.g._ the Pike o’ Stickle (the peak of the high rock); the Peak, in Derbyshire; Pike’s Peak, in the Rocky Mountains, named after General Pike; Spitz, in Austria, built around a hill; Spitzbergen (the peaked mountains); Spithead (the head of the promontory); Le Puy (the peak), a town situated on a high hill; Puy-de-dome (the dome-shaped peak).

[Sidenote: PISCH (Sclav.),]

sand; _e.g._ Pesth, in Hungary (on a dry, sandy soil); but Buttman suggests that the name may be derived from _paz_, Sclav. (a baking place), as the German name for Buda, on the opposite side of the Danube, is _Ofen_ (the oven); Peschkowitz, Peshen, Pisck, Pskov, Peckska, in Russia and Bohemia. _Pies_, Sclav. (the dog), may, however, be the root-word of some of these names.

PITT, PITTEN (Gadhelic),

a hole, a small hollow. This word, as a prefix, occurs very frequently in Scotland, especially in Fife, in which county the most important place is Pittenweem (the hollow of the cave, _uaimh_), the seat of an ancient monastery, near which is the cave from which it was named; Pitcairn (the hollow of the cairn), near Perth, in the neighbourhood of which there are two large cairns of stones; Pitgarvie (the rough hollow); Pitglas (the gray hollow); Pettinain (the hollow of the river), a parish on the Clyde; Pittencrieff (the hollow of the tree, _craobh_); Pitgober (of the goat); Pitnamoon (of the moss); Pittendriech (the Druid’s hollow); Pitcaithly, probably the hollow of the narrow valley, in Perthshire; Pittentaggart (the priest’s portion)--as in ancient times, the word _pitte_ is understood to have also meant a part or portion of land; and it has probably this meaning in Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, anc. _Pittan-cleireach_ (the portion of the clergy or church-land), as well as in Pittan-clerach, in Fife; Pitmeddin, in Aberdeenshire, named after St. Meddane. Pittenbrae (the hollow of the hill); Petty or Pettie, anc. _Petyn_ (the hollow of the island), on Beauly Loch, Inverness; Pettycur (the hollow of the dell, _coire_), in Fife.

[Sidenote: PLESSA (Fr.), PLESSEICUM,]

meaning successively a hedge, an enclosed and cultivated place surrounded by trees, an enclosed garden, a park, a mansion, or country residence; _e.g._ Plessis, Le Plessin, Plessier, Le Plessial, etc.--_v._ Cocheris’s _Noms de Lieu_.

[Sidenote: PLEU, or PLOE (Cym.-Cel.),]

a village, found only in Brittany; _e.g._ Pleu-meur (great village); Pleu-nevey (new village); Ploer-mel (the mill village); Pleu-Jian (John’s village); Pleu, Ploven, Pleven, etc.

[Sidenote: PLÖN, POLSKI (Sclav.),]

a plain; _e.g._ Ploen, a town in Holstein; Plönersee (the lake of the plain); Juriev-Polskoi (St. George’s town on the plain); Poland, _i.e._ _Polskoi_ (the plain or level land); Volkynia (the level country).

[Sidenote: POD (Sclav.),]

near or under; _e.g._ Podgoriza (under the hill); Podmokla (near the moss); Potsdam, from _Pozdu-pemi_ (under the oaks).

[Sidenote: POLDER (Dutch),]

land reclaimed from the sea; _e.g._ Polder and Polders, in Belgium; Beemsterpolder (the meadow of the reclaimed land); Charlotten-Polder (Charlotte’s reclaimed land); Pwlpolder (land reclaimed from a pool or marsh).

[Sidenote: POLIS (Grk.),]

a city; _pol_ (Sclav.), probably borrowed from the Greek; Constantinople, Adrianople, founded by the emperors Constantine and Adrian; Nicopolis and Nicopoli (the city of victory)--the first founded by Augustus to commemorate the battle of Actium, and the second by Trajan to commemorate his victory over the Dacians; Persepolis (the city of the Persians); Pampeluna, corrupt. from _Pompeiopolis_, so called because rebuilt by the sons of Pompey the Great; Decapolis (the district of the ten cities), colonised by the Romans, in Palestine; Sebastopol (the august city); Stavropol (the city of the cross), in Russia; Bielopol (the white city); Bogopol (the city of God, Sclav. _Bog_); Gallipoli, anc. _Calipolis_ (the beautiful city); Naples, Nauplia, Nablous, and Neapolis (the new city); Grenoble, corrupt. from _Gratianopolis_ (the city of Gratian); Heliopolis (the city of the sun), being the Greek name for On, in Egypt, and also for Baalbec, in Syria; Krasnapol (the fair city); Theriasipol, in Hungary (named after the Empress Theresa)--its Hungarian name _Szabadka_ (the privileged); Yelisabetpol (after the Empress Elizabeth); Tripoli, in Syria (the three cities), being a joint colony from Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus; Tripoli, in Barbary, named from its three principal cities, Lepta, Oca, and Sabrata; Tripolitza, in the Morea, built from the remains of the three cities Tegea, Mantinea, and Palantium; Amphipolis, now _Emboli_ (the surrounded city), so called because almost encircled by the R. Strymon; Anapli, in the Morea, corrupt. from _Neapolis_ (new town); Annapolis, in Nova Scotia, named after Queen Anne; Antibes, in Provence, a colony from Marseilles, anc. _Antinopolis_, named after its founder; Stamboul, the Turkish name for Constantinople, means _eis ten polin_ (to the city).

[Sidenote: POLL (Gadhelic), PWL (Cym.-Cel.), POEL (Teut.),]

a pool or marsh, cognate with the Lat. _palus_; _e.g._ Poole, in Dorset, situated on a lagune; Pontypool (the pool at the bridge); Welsh-pool, so called to distinguish it from Poole in Dorset--its Welsh name is _Trellyn_ (the dwelling on the pool); Hartlepool, Danish _Hartness_ (the pool hard by the headland)--the Normans added _le pol_, from a pool called the Slake, by which it is almost insulated; Liverpool, probably _Llyr-pwl_, Welsh (the sea pool); Blackpool, in Lancashire, named from a marsh now drained; Polton and Pulborough (pool town); Polbaith and Polbeath, Gael. (the pool of the birches); Poltarf (of the bull); Pollnaranny and Polrane (of the ferns), in Ireland; Wampool in Cumberland (_i.e._ Woden’s pool); Pwl-helli (the salt pool); Pwll-du (black pool); Pwll-broch-mael (the pool of the warlike weapons), the site of a battle between the Welsh and Saxons; Pwll-tin-byd (the very deep pool, literally the pool at the bottom of the world); Pwll-y-wrach (the hag’s pool), in Wales. _Pill_, in Gloucester, means the mouth of a brook, _e.g._ Cow-pill, Horse-pill, etc.; Polmont, Co. Stirling, corrupt. from _poll-monaidh_ (the pool near the hill).

[Sidenote: POMMIER (Fr.),]

the apple-tree; _pomeratum_ (a place planted with apple-trees); _e.g._ La Pommerée, Pommeray, Pomiers, Pommera, Pommeraie, Pommereau, Pommereuil, in France.

[Sidenote: PONS (Lat.), PONT (Welsh),]

the bridge, with its derivatives in the Romance and in the Welsh languages; _e.g._ Pontefract, Lat. _Ad-pontem-fractum_ (at the broken bridge); Pontoise (the bridge across the R. Oise); Pont-Audemer (the bridge built by Aldemar across the R. Rille); Pont-de-briques (the bridge of bricks); Pont-d’Espagne, corrupt. from _Pont-de-sapins_ (the fir-tree bridge); Ponteland, in Northumberland, corrupt. from _Ad-pontem-Ælianum_ (at the bridge of Ælius); Pontigny (bridge town); Les-Ponts-de-Cé (the bridges of Cæsar), a town in France, with four bridges across the Loire; Negropont, probably a corrupt. of _Egripo_, which the Italian sailors translated into Negripo or Negropont (black bridge), in allusion to the narrow strait called in Greek _Euripos_ (_i.e._ the strait with the violent current), on which the town was built--the name of the town was gradually extended to the whole island, till then called _Eubœa_; Ponte-vedra (the old bridge), and Puenta-de-la-Reyna (the queen’s bridge), in Spain; Grampound, in Cornwall, Welsh _Pout-maur_ (the great bridge), corrupt. from the Fr. _Grand-pont_; Paunton, in Lincoln, anc. _Ad-pontem_ (at the bridge); Pontesbury (bridge town), in Cheshire; Ponte-corvo (the crooked bridge), in Campania; Deux-ponts (the two bridges), in Bavaria. In Wales: Pont-faen (stone bridge); Pont-newydd (new bridge); Pont-glasllyn (the bridge at the blue pool); Pont-y-glyn (the bridge of the glen); Pont-y-pair (the bridge of the cauldron); Pont-ar-ddulas (the bridge on the dark water); Pont-ar-Fynach (the devil’s bridge); Pontypool (the bridge of the pool); Pant-yr-ysgraff, probably corrupt. from _Pont-yr-ysgraff_ (the bridge of boats). In France: Poncelle, Ponchel, Poncelet, Ponceaux, etc.; Pont-à-couleuvre, in the depart. of Oise, probably from an Old Lat. text, in which this place is called _Pont-à-qui-l’ouvre_ (_i.e._ the bridge to whomsoever may open), it being a bridge closed by barriers--Cocheris’s _Noms de Lieu_.

[Sidenote: POOR, PORE, PURA (Sansc.),]

a city; _e.g._ Nagpoor (snake city); Chuta Nagpore (the little snake city); Amarapoora (divine city); Bejapore or Visiapoor (the city of victory); Berampore (of the Mahometan sect called _Bohra_); Bhagulpore (tiger city); Ahmedpore (the city of Ahmed); Ahmedpore Chuta (the little city of Ahmed); Callianpoor (flourishing city); Bhurtpore (the city of Bhurat, the brother of the god Ram); Rampoor (Ram’s city); Bissenpoor (of Vishnu); Ferozepore (of Feroze-Togluk); Huripoor (of Hari or Vishnu); Shahjehanpoor (of Shah Jehan); Mahabalipoor (of Bali the Great); Caujapoor (of the Virgin); Rajapore (of the rajah); Cawnpoor or Khanpur (of the Beloved One, a title of Krishna); Hajipoor (of the pilgrim); Ghazipore (of Ghazi, a martyr); Mirzapoor (the city of the emir); Secunderpoor (of Secunder Lodi); Sidhpoor (of the saint); Singapore (of the lions); Russoulpoor (of the prophet); Chandpoor (of the moon); Joudpoor (war city); Ratnapoor (of rubies); Munnipora (of jewels); Darmapooram (of justice); Dinajpore (of beggars); Futtepoor (of victory); Sudhapura (bright city); Conjeveram, corrupt. from _Canchipura_ (the golden city); Trivandrum, corrupt. from _Tiruvanan-thapuram_ (the town of the holy Eternal One), in Travancore.

[Sidenote: PRAAG, PRAYAGA (Sansc.),]

a holy place; _e.g._ Vissenpraag (the holy place of Vishnu); Devaprayaga (God’s holy place).

[Sidenote: PRADO (Span. and Port.), PRATA (It.), PRAIRIE (Fr.),]

a meadow, derived from the Lat. _pratum_; _e.g._ the Prairies or meadow lands; Prato-Vecchio (the old meadow), in Tuscany; Ouro-preto, corrupt. from _Ouro-prado_ (the gold meadow), near a gold mine in Brazil. In France, Prémol, _i.e._ _pratum molle_ (the smooth meadow); Prabert, _i.e._ _Pratum Alberti_ (Albert’s meadow); Pradelles, Les Prések, Prémontié, Lat. _Pratum-mons_ (the mount in the meadow), the site of an abbey, chief of the order of the Prémontié.

[Sidenote: PUEBLA (Span.),]

a collection of people, hence a village; _e.g._ La Puebla, in Mexico; La Puebla-de-los-Angelos (the village of the angels), in Mexico.

[Sidenote: PULO (Malay),]

an island; _e.g._ Pulo-Penang (betel-nut island).

[Sidenote: PUSTY (Sclav.),]

a waste place; _e.g._ Pustina (on the waste ground); Pusta-kaminica (the stony waste).

[Sidenote: PYTT (A.S.), PFUTZE (Ger.), PYDEN (Welsh),]

a well or pool of standing water, cognate with the Lat. _puteus_ and its derivatives in the Romance languages; _e.g._ Puozzuoli in Italy, and Puteaux in France, anc. _Puteoli_ (the place of wells); Le Puiset, anc. _Puteolis castrum_ (the camp of the well); Pfutzenburg and Pfutzenthal (the town and valley of the wells or pools), in Germany; Poza-de-la-sal (the salt well), near a salt mine in Spain; also in Spain: Pozanca and Pozancos (the stagnant pools); Pozo-blanco and Pozo-hondo (the white and deep pool); Putney, anc. _Puttenheath_ (the pool on the heath), in Surrey; Puttenheim, in Belgium (a dwelling near a well or pool).

Q

[Sidenote: QUELLE (Ger.), WEDEL (Old Ger.), WYL (A.S.), KILDE (Scand.), KILL (Dutch),]

a place from which water flows--from _quellen_, to spring, and _wyllan_, to flow; _e.g._ Mühlquelle (the mill fountain); Hoogkill (corner well), and Bassekill (low well), in Holland; Quillebœuf (well town), in Normandy; Roeskilde (the fountain of King Roe), in Denmark; Salzwedel (salt well); Hohenwedel (high well); Tideswell, in Derbyshire--probably from a personal name, as there is a Tideslow in the neighbourhood; Wells, in Norfolk (a place into which the tide flows); Wells, in Somerset, named from a holy fountain dedicated to St. Andrew; Motherwell, in Lanarkshire, named from a well dedicated to the Virgin Mary; Amwell, in Hants, corrupt. from _Emma’s well_; Holywell, in Wales, named from St. Winifred’s well--in Welsh it is called _Treffynnon_ (the town of the well); Shadwell, in London (St. Chad’s well); Bakewell, anc. _Badican-wylla_ (the bath wells), in Derbyshire; Walston, a parish in Lanarkshire, named from a sacred well near the site of the church; Ashwell (the well among ash-trees), in Hertford; Ewell, in Surrey, found written _Etwell_ and _Awell_ (_at_ the well).

R

[Sidenote: RADE, RODE (Teut.),]

a place where wood has been cut down, and which has been cleared for tillage, from _reuten_, to root out, to plough or turn up. The word in its various forms, _reud_, _reut_, and _rath_, is common in German topography; _e.g._ Wittarode (the cleared wood); Herzegerode (the clearing on the Hartz Mountains); Quadrath (the clearing of the Quadi); Lippenrode (the clearing on the R. Lippe); Rade-vor-dem-walde (the clearing in front of the wood); Randarath and Wernigerode (the clearing of Randa and Werner); Zeulenroda (the clearing on the boundary, _ziel_); Schabert, corrupt. from _Suabroid_ (the Swabian clearing); Pfaffrath (the priest’s clearing); Baireuth (the cleared ground of the Boii or Bavarians); Schussenried (the clearing on the R. Schussen). Royd, in England, means a path cut through a wood, as in Huntroyd, Boothroyd, Holroyd. _Terra-rodata_ (rode land) was so called in opposition to _Terra-Bovata_, _i.e._ an ancient enclosure which had been from time immemorial under the plough, _i.e._ Ormeroyd (Ormer’s rode land).

[Sidenote: RAIN, RAND, RA (Teut. and Scand.), RHYNN (Cym.-Cel.), RINN (Irish), ROINN (Gael.),]

a promontory or peninsula; _e.g._ Rain, a town name in Bavaria and Styria; Randers, on a promontory in Denmark; Hohenrain (high promontory); Steenrain (rock headland); Renfrew (the promontory of the stream, _frew_), anc. _Strathgriff_, on the R. Griff; the Rhinns (_i.e._ the points), in Galloway; Rhynie, a parish in Aberdeenshire; Rhind, a parish in Perthshire, with the parish church situated on a headland jutting into the R. Tay; Rinmore (the great point), in Devon, Argyle, and Aberdeenshire; Rindon, in Wigton; Tynron, Gael. _Tigh-an-roinne_ (the house on the point), a parish in Dumfriesshire; Reay, in Sutherlandshire, and Reay, a station on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, from _Ra_, Norse (a point); Penryn (the head of the point), in Cornwall. This word, in various forms, such as _rin_, _reen_, _rine_, _ring_, is of frequent occurrence in Ireland; _e.g._ Ringrone (the seal’s promontory); Rineanna (the promontory of the marsh, _eanaigh_); Ringville and Ringabella, Irish _Rinn-bhile_ (the point of the old tree); Ringfad (long point); Ringbane (white point); Rineen (little point); Ringagonagh (the point of the O’Cooneys); Rinville, in Galway (the point of Mhil, a Firbolg chieftain); Ringsend, near Dublin (the end of the point).

[Sidenote: RAJA, RAJ (Sansc.),]

royal; _e.g._ Rajamahal (the royal palace); Rajapoor (royal city); Rajpootana (the country of the Rajpoots, _i.e._ the king’s sons--_putra_, a son).

[Sidenote: RAS (Ar.), ROSH (Heb.),]

a cape; _e.g._ Ras-el-abyad (the white cape); Rasigelbi, corrupt. from _Rasicalbo_ (the dog’s cape); Rasicarami (the cape of the vineyards); Ras-el-tafal (chalk cape); Rasicanzar (the swine’s cape); Ras-el-shakah (the split cape); Ras-el-hamra (red cape); Rascorno (Cape Horn).

[Sidenote: RATH, RAED (Teut.),]

council; _e.g._ Rachstadt or Rastadt (the town of the council or court of justice); Rathenau (the meadow of the council): Raithby (the dwelling of the court of justice).

[Sidenote: RATH (Gadhelic),]

a round earthen fort or stronghold, cognate with the Welsh _rhath_, a mound or hill; _e.g._ Rathmore (the great fort); Ratass or Rathteas (the south fort); Rattoo or _Rath-tuaith_ (northern fort); Rathbeg (little fort); Rathduff (black fort); Rathglass (green fort); Rathcoole (the fort of Cumhal, the father of Finn); Rathcormac (of Cormack); Rathdrum (of the ridge); Rathdowney, Irish _Rath-tamhnaigh_ (of the green field); Rathbane (white fort); Rathfryland (Freelan’s fort)--all in Ireland. Rattray, in Perthshire, where there are the remains of an old fortress on a hill, and near what is called the Standing Stones, supposed to have been a Druidical temple; Rathven (hill-fort), in Banffshire; Rathmorail (the magnificent fort), in Aberdeenshire; Raphoe, Co. Donegal, abbrev. from _Rathboth_ (the fort of huts).

[Sidenote: REICH, REIKE (Goth.), RICE (A.S.), RIGH (Scand.),]

a kingdom; _e.g._ France, _i.e._ _Frank-reich_ (the kingdom of the _Franks_, who are supposed to have derived their name from a kind of javelin called _franca_); Austria, _Œstreich_ (the eastern kingdom), as opposed to Neustria (the western); Surrey or _Sud-rice_ (the southern kingdom); Goodrich, in Hereford (Goda’s rule or kingdom); Rastrick (Rasta’s rule), in Yorkshire; Norway or _Nordrike_ (the northern kingdom); Ringerige, in Norway (the kingdom of King Ringe); Gothland, anc. _Gotarike_ (the kingdom of the Goths); Sweden, anc. _Sviarike_ (the kingdom of the Suiones).

[Sidenote: REIDH (Gadhelic),]

smooth, used also as a noun to signify a level field, and Anglicised _re_, _rea_, or _rey_; _e.g._ Remeen (the smooth plain); Muilrea (smooth hill, _mullagh_, p. 145); Rehill for _Redh-choill_ (smooth wood).

[Sidenote: REKA (Sclav.),]

a river; _e.g._ Riga, Rega, Regan, Regnitz (river names); also the R. Spree, Sclav. _Serbenreka_ (the river of the Serbs or Wends); Meseritz and Meseritsch (in the midst of rivers), in Moravia and Wallachia; Rakonitz (the town on the river), in Russia; Reka, the Sclavonic name for _Fiume_, It. (the river), a town on the Adriatic, at the mouth of a stream of the same name.

[Sidenote: RHEDIG (Cym.-Cel.), RUITH (Gadhelic), REO (Grk.), RUO (Lat.), RI, SRI (Sansc.),]