Part 5

a mouth, in its literal sense, but in a secondary sense, signifying an entrance into any place. In Ireland it is often united with _ath_ (a ford), forming _belatha_ (ford entrance). The word _bel_ itself is often used to denote a ford; _e.g._ Belclair, _i.e._ _Bel-an-chlair_ (the ford or entrance to the plain); _Belatha_ (Anglicised _Bella_) is found in many names, as in Bellanagare, _i.e._ _Bel-atha-na-gcarr_ (the ford mouth of the cars); Lisbellaw (the fort at the ford mouth); Bel-atha is often changed in modern names to _balli_ or _bally_, as if the original root were _baile_ (a town), as in Ballinamore (the mouth of the great ford); Ballinafad (the mouth of the long ford); Ballyshannon is corrupt. from _Bel-atha-Seanach_ (Shannagh’s ford); Belfast, anc. _Bel-feirsde_ (the ford of the _farset_ or sandbank); Ballinaboy, _i.e._ _Bel-an-atha-buide_ (the mouth of the yellow ford); Ballinasloe, _Bel-atha-na-sluaigheadh_ (the ford mouth of the armies); _Bel_ (a ford) is not found in Scotland, but a word with a kindred meaning as applied to land, _bealach_ (a pass or opening between hills), is frequent there, as well as in Ireland, and takes the form of _ballagh_ or _balloch_; _e.g._ Ballaghboy in Ireland, and Ballochbuie in Scotland (the yellow pass); Ballaghmore (great pass); Ballaghkeen (the beautiful pass, _cæin_); Ballaghadereen (the pass of the little oak grove); Balloch alone occurs in several counties of Scotland, the best known being Balloch, at the entrance to Loch Lomond; Ballochray (smooth pass, _reidh_); Ballochmyle (the bald or bare pass); Ballochgair (short pass); Ballochcraggan (of the little rock); Balloch-nam-bo (the pass of the cattle), etc.

[Sidenote: BELED, or BELAD (Ar.),]

a district; _e.g._ Beled-es-Shurifa (the district of the nobles); Belad-es-Sûdân (the district of the Blacks); Belad-es-Sukkar (sugar district); _Belad-t-moghrib_ (the district of the West), the Arabian name for Morocco, also called _Beled-el-Djered_ (the land of dates); Beled-el-Sham (the district of the north or on the left), the Arabic name for Syria, to distinguish it from Yemen (to the south or right). Syria was also called by the Turks Soristan, and by the Greeks Suria, _i.e._ the country of Tyre (_Tzur_, the rock). The word in its secondary sense means prosperous or happy--hence the Greeks called it Αραβια ἡ εὐδαίμων, to distinguish it from Arabia deserta (Ar.), _El-Badiah_ (the desert), hence the Bedawees or Bedouins.

[Sidenote: BENDER (Ar.),]

a market or harbour. Bender is the name of several towns on the Persian Gulf, and also of a town on the Dniester; Bender-Erekli (the harbour of the ancient Heraclea), on the Black Sea.

[Sidenote: BENI (Ar.),]

sons of; _e.g._ Beni-Hassan (a town named from the descendants of Hassan); Beni-Araba (belonging to the sons of the desert); Beni-Calaf (to the sons of the Caliph); Beni-Sham (the sons of Shem), _i.e._ Syria; Beni-Misr (the land of Mizraim or Egypt).

[Sidenote: BERG (Ger.), BIERG (Scand.), BRIG, BRAIGH (Celtic),]

a hill, a summit; _e.g._ Ailberg (eagle hill); Bleyberg (lead hill); Schneeberg (snowy hill); Walkenberg (the hill of clouds); Donnersberg (of thunder); Habsberg, Falkenberg, Valkenberg (of hawks); Finsterberg (dark hill); Groenberg (green hill); Teufelsberg (the devil’s hill); Greiffenberg (the griffin’s hill); Geyersberg (of the vulture); Jarlsberg (of the earl); Dreisellberg (the hill of three seats); Kupperberg (copper hill); Heilberg (holy hill); Silberberg (silver hill, near a silver mine); Schoenberg (beautiful hill). The word _berg_, however, is often applied to the names of towns and fortresses instead of _burg_; and, when this is the case, it indicates that the town was built on or near a hill, or in connection with a fortress; _e.g._ Kaiserberg (the hill fort of the Emperor Frederick II.); Würtemberg, anc. Wirtenberg (named from the seignorial chateau, situated upon a hill). The name has been translated (the lord of the hill) from an Old Ger. word _wirt_ (a lord). Heidelberg is a corrupt. of Heydenberg (the hell of the pagans), or from heydel myrtle, which grows in great abundance in the neighbourhood; Lemberg, Lowenburg, or Leopolis (the fortress of Leo Danielowes), in Galicia; Nurnberg, anc. _Norimberga_ or _Castrum Noricum_ (the fortress of the Noricii); Lahnberg (on the R. Lahn); Spermberg (on the Spree); Wittenberg (white fortress); Köningsberg (the king’s fortress), in E. Prussia and in Norway; Bamberg (named after Babe, daughter of the Emperor Otho II.), in Bavaria; Havelberg (on the R. Havel). There are several towns in Germany and Scandinavia called simply Berg or Bergen; _e.g._ Bergen-op-Zoom (the hill fort on the R. Zoom), in Holland; Bergamo (on a hill), in Italy. Berg (a hill) sometimes takes the form of _berry_, as in Queensberry, in Dumfries; also of _borough_, as in Flamborough Head and Ingleborough (the hill of the beacon light). _Gebirge_ signifies a mountain range; _e.g._ Schneegebirge (the snow-clad range); Siebengebirge (the range of seven hills); Fichtelgebirge (of the pines); Erzegebirge (the ore mountain range); Glasischgebirge (of the glaciers); Eulergebirge (of the owls).

[Sidenote: BETH (Heb.), BEIT (Ar.),]

a house; _e.g._ Bethany (the house of dates); Bethphage (of figs); Bethsaida (of fish); Bethoron (of caves); Bethabara (of the ford); Bethlehem (the house of bread), but its present name, _Beit-lahm_, means the house of flesh; Bethesda (of mercy); Betharaba (desert dwelling); Bethjesimoth (of wastes); Bethshemish Grk. _Heliopolis_ (the house or city of the sun); its Egyptian name was _Aun-i-Aun_ (light of light), contracted to _On_; Beit-Allah (the house of God), at Mecca; Beit-el-Fakih (the house of the saint), on the Red Sea.

[Sidenote: BETTWS (Cym.-Cel.),]

a portion of land lying between a river and a hill, hence a dwelling so situated; _e.g._ Bettws-yn-y-coed (the dwelling in the wood); Bettws-disserth (the retreat dwelling); Bettws-Garmon (of St. Germanus, where he led the Britons to the famous Alleluia victory over the Saxons); Bettws-Newydd (new dwelling).

[Sidenote: BETULA (Lat.), BOULEAU (Fr.),]

the birch-tree; _e.g._ Le Boulay, La Boulay, Les Boulages, Les Boulus, Belloy (places planted with birch-trees).

[Sidenote: BIBER, BEVER (Teut.), BOBR (Sclav.),]

the beaver; _e.g._ the Biber, Beber, Biberich, Beber-bach (rivers in Germany); Bober, Boberau, Bobronia (beaver river), in Silesia and Russia; Bobersburg (on the R. Bober); Biberschlag (beaver’s wood clearing); Biberstein (beaver rock); Beverley, in Yorkshire, anc. _Biberlac_ (beaver lake), formerly surrounded by marshy ground, the resort of beavers; Beverstone, in Gloucester; Beverloo (beaver marsh), in Belgium.

[Sidenote: BILL,]

an old German word, signifying plain or level; _e.g._ Bilderlah (the field of the plain); Billig-ham (level dwelling); Wald-billig (woody plain); Wasser-billig (the watery plain); Bilstein (level rock); Bielefeld (level field); Bieler-see (the lake on the plain).

[Sidenote: BIOR (Gadhelic),]

water, an element in many river names; _e.g._ the Bere, in Dorset; Ver, Hereford; Bervie, in Mearns. The town of Lifford, in Donegal, was originally _Leith-bhearr_ (the gray water); Berra, a lake in France; the Ebura or Eure, in Normandy; and in Yorkshire, the Ebro, anc. _Iberus_; Ivry, in Normandy, anc. _Ebarovicus_ (the town on the Ebura).

[Sidenote: BIRCE, BIRKE (Teut.), BERK, (Lat.) BETULA, BEORC (A.S.),]

the birch-tree; _e.g._ Birkenhead (the head of the birches); Birchholt (birch wood); Berkeley (birch field); Birchington, Birkhoff (the birch-tree dwelling and court); Birkhampstead (the home place among the birches); Oberbirchen (the upper birches); but Berkshire is not from this root; it was called by the Anglo-Saxons _Berroc-shyre_, supposed to be named from the abundance of _berroc_ (boxwood), or the _bare-oak-shire_, from a certain polled oak in Windsor Forest, where the Britons were wont to hold their provincial meetings.

[Sidenote: BLAEN (Cym.-Cel.),]

the source of a stream; _e.g._ Blaene-Avon, Blaen-Ayron, Blaen-Hounddu (river sources in Wales); Blaen-porth (the head of the harbour); Blaen-nant (of the brook); Blaen-Bylan, abbreviated from Blaen-pwll-glan (the top of pool bank); Blaen-Sillt, at the top of a small stream, the Sillt, in Wales; Blaen-afon (of the river).

[Sidenote: BLAIR, BLAR (Gadhelic),]

a plain, originally a battle-field; _e.g._ Blair-Athole, Blair-Logie, Blair-Gowrie (the battle-field in these districts); Blairmore (the great); Blaircreen (the little plain); Blairdaff (the plain of the oxen, _daimh_); Blair-burn (of the stream); Blair-craig (of the rock); Blair-linne (of the pool); Blair-beth (of birches); Blair-ingone (the field of spears), in Perthshire; Blair-glass (gray plain); Blarney (little field), in Ireland; Blair-Drummond, Blair-Adam, modern places named after persons.

[Sidenote: BLANC (Fr.), BLANCO (Span.), BIANCO (It.), BRANCO (Port.), BLANC (A.S.), BLANK (Ger.),]

white; _e.g._ Mont-Blanc, Cape-blanco, Sierra-blanca (white mountain-ridge); Castella-bianca (white castle); Villa-bianca (white town); Blankenburg (white town); Blankenham (white dwelling); Blankenhavn, Blankenloch, Blankenrath, Blankenese (white haven, place, wood-clearing, cape), in Germany; Bianchi-mandri (white sheep-folds), in Sicily; Branco (the white stream), in Brazil; Los-Brancos (the white mountains); Cata-branca (the white cove); Casa-branca (the white house), in Brazil.

[Sidenote: BLISKO (Sclav.),]

near; _e.g._ Bliesdorf, Bliesendorf, Blieskendorf (near village); Bliskau (near meadow).

[Sidenote: BLOTO, BLATT (Sclav.),]

a marsh; _e.g._ Blotto, Blottnitz (marshy land); Wirchen-blatt (high marsh); Sa-blatt, Sablater, Zablatt (behind the marsh); Na-blatt (near the marsh). In some cases the _b_ in this word is changed into _p_, as in Plotsk and Plattkow (the marshy place); Plattensee or Balaton (the lake in the marshy land).

[Sidenote: BOCA (Span., Port., and It.),]

a mouth--in topography, the narrow entrance of a river or bay; _e.g._ Boca-grande, Boca-chica (great and little channel), in South America; La Bochetta (the little opening), a mountain pass in the Apennines; Desemboque (the river mouth), in Brazil.

[Sidenote: BOD (Cym.-Cel.),]

a dwelling; _e.g._ Bodmin, in Cornwall, corrupt. from _Bodminian_ (the dwelling of monks); Bodffaris (the site of Varis), the old Roman station on the road to Chester; Hafod, the name of several places in Wales, corrupt. from Hafbod (a summer residence); Bosher or Bosherston, corrupt. from _Bod_ and _hir_, long (the long ridge abode), in Wales.

[Sidenote: BODDEN (Teut.), BOD (Scand.),]

a bay, the ocean swell; _e.g._ Bodden (an arm of the sea which divides the island of Rugen from Pomerania); Bodden-ness (the headland of the bay), on the east coast of Scotland.

[Sidenote: BODEN (Ger.),]

the ground, soil--in topography, a meadow; _e.g._ Gras-boden (grassy meadow); Dunkel-boden (dark meadow). It may sometimes, however, be used instead of _bant_ or _paint_--_v._ p. 18; and in Bodenburg, in Brunswick, it is a corrupt. of _Ponteburg_ (bridge town); and Bodenheim is from a personal name, like Bodensee--_v._ SEE.

[Sidenote: BOGEN (Ger.),]

a bend or bow--in topography, applied to the bend of a river; _e.g._ Bogen, anc. _Bogana_ (the bending river); Bogen, a town of Bavaria, on a bend of the Danube; Ellbogen or Ellenbogen, Lat. _Cubitus_ (the town on the elbow or river bend), in Bohemia; Bogenhausen (the houses on the river bend); Langen-bogen (the long bend); Entli-buch (the bend on the R. Entle), in Switzerland.

[Sidenote: BOLD, BATTLE, or BOTTLE, BÜTTEL, BLOD (Teut.), BOL, or BO (Scand.),]

a dwelling; _e.g._ Newbattle, Newbottle, Newbold (new dwelling), as distinguished from Elbottle (old dwelling); Morebattle (the dwelling on the marshy plain); Bolton, in Lancashire, A.S. _Botl_; Buittle, in Kirkcudbright; Newbald, Yorkshire; Harbottle (the dwelling of the army, _here_), a place in Northumberland where, in former times, soldiers were quartered; Erribold (the dwelling on the tongue of land, _eir_); Maybole, in Ayrshire, anc. _Minnibole_ (the dwelling on the mossy place, Cym.-Cel., _myswn_); Exnabul, in Shetland (a place for keeping cattle); _yxn_, Scand. (a bull or cow); Walfenbuttel (the dwelling of Ulpha); Brunsbottle (of Bruno); Ritzbüttel (of Richard); Griesenbottel (sandy dwelling); Rescbüttel (the dwelling among rushes).

[Sidenote: BONUS (Lat.), BUEN (Span.), BOA, BOM (Port.),]

good; _e.g._ Bonavista, Boavista (good view); Buenos-Ayres (good breezes), in South America; Buenaventura (good luck), in California.

[Sidenote: BOOM (Sansc.),]

_Bhuma_ (land, country); _e.g._ Birboom (the land of heroes); Arya-Bhuma (the noble land), the Sanscrit name for Hindostan.

[Sidenote: BOR (Sclav.),]

wood; _e.g._ Bohra, Bohrau, Borowa, Borow (woody place); Borovsk (the town in the wood); Sabor and Zaborowa (behind the wood); Borzna (the woody district); the Borysthenes, now the R. Dnieper (the woody wall), from _stena_ (a wall or rampart), the banks of the river having been covered with wood; Ratibor (the wood of the Sclavonic god Razi).

[Sidenote: BRACHE (Teut.), BRAK (Scand.),]

land broken up for tillage, Old Ger. _pracha_ (to plough); _e.g._ Brabant, anc. _Bracbant_ (the ploughed district); Brachstadt, Brachfeld, Brachrade (the ploughed place, field, clearing); Brakel (the ploughed land), in Holland; Hohenbrack (high ploughed land).

[Sidenote: BRAND (Ger.),]

a place cleared of wood by burning; _e.g._ Eber-brand and Ober-brand (the upper clearing); Newen-brand and Alten-brand (the old and new clearing); Brandenburg (the burned city), so called, according to Buttman, by the Germans; by the Wends corrupted into _Brennabor_, and in their own language named _Schorelitz_ (the destroyed city), because, in their mutual wars, it had been destroyed by fire. _Bran_ and _Brant_, in English names, are probably memorials of the original proprietors of the places, as in Brandon, Cumbran, Brandeston; Brantingham (the home of the children of Brand)--_v_. ING, INGEN.

[Sidenote: BRASA (Sclav.), BERESA,]

the birch-tree; _e.g._ Briesnitz, Beresoff, Beresek, Beresenskoi, Beresovoi (places where birches abound); Gross-Briesen (great birch-tree town); Bresinchen (little Briesen), a colony from it; Birsa and Beresina (the birch-tree river); Birsk, a town on the R. Birsa; Brzesce-Litewski (the house of mercy at the birches); the letter _b_ in this word is often changed into _p_ by the Germans, as in Presinitz for _Brezenice_ (birch-tree village), in Bohemia; also Priebus, with the same meaning, in Silesia; Priegnitz, _i.e._ the town of the Brizanen (dwellers among birches); Briezen (the place of birches), in Moravia, is Germanised into Friedeck (woody corner); Bryezany (abounding in birches), in Galicia.

[Sidenote: BRAY (Cel.),]

damp ground, a marshy place; _e.g._ Bray, in Normandy; Bray sur Somme and Bray sur Seine, situated on these rivers; Bray-Maresch, near Cambray; Bré Côtes-de-Nord; Bray-la-Campagne (calvados, etc.)

[Sidenote: BREIT (Ger.), BRAD (A.S.), BRED (Scand.),]

broad; _brede_, Dutch (a plain); _e.g._ Breitenbach and Bredenbeke (broad brook); Breda (the flat meadowland), in Holland; Breitenbrunn (broad well); Breitenstein, Breitenburg (broad fortress); Bradford, in Yorkshire, and Bredevoort, in Holland (broad ford); Bredy (the broad water), in Dorset; Brading, in Isle of Wight, and Bradley (broad meadow); Bradshaw (broad thicket); Broadstairs, corrupt. from its ancient name _Bradstow_ (broad place).

[Sidenote: BRIA (Thracian),]

a town; _e.g._ Selymbria, Mesymbria.

[Sidenote: BRIGA (Cel.), BRIVA,]

a general name among the Celts for a town--so called, apparently, from the Celtic words _braigh_, _brugh_, _brig_ (a heap, pile, or elevation), because the nucleus of towns, among uncivilised tribes in early times, were merely fortified places erected on heights; cognate with the Teut. and Scand. _burg_, _byrig_, the Sclav. _brieg_ (an embankment or ridge), and the Scottish _brae_ (a rising ground). Hence the name of the _Brigantes_ (dwellers on hills); the word _Brigand_ (literally, a mountaineer); Briançon, anc. _Brigantium_ (the town on the height); Brieg, a town in Silesia; Braga and Bragança, fortified cities in Portugal; Talavera, in Spain, anc. _Tala-briga_, the town on the _tala_, Span. (a wood clearing); Bregenz, anc. _Brigantium_, in the Tyrol; Breisach Alt and Neuf (the old and new town on the declivity), in the duchy of Baden--the old fortress was situated on an isolated basalt hill; Brixen (the town among the hills), in the Tyrol. In Scotland there are Braemar (the hilly district of Mar); Braidalbane (the hill country of _Albainn_, _i.e._ Scotland); Braeriach (the gray mountain, _riabhach_); the Brerachin, a river and district in Perthshire; Brugh and Bruighean, in Ireland, signifying originally a hill, was subsequently applied to a palace or a distinguished residence. The term, as applied to the old residences, presupposed the existence of a fortified brugh or rath, several of which still remain. The word has suffered many corruptions: thus Bruree, in Limerick, is from _Brugh-righ_ (the king’s fort); and _Bruighean_ (little fort) has been transformed into Bruff, Bruis, Bruce, or Bryan. The word _briva_, on the other hand, was generally applied to towns situated on rivers--as in Amiens, anc. _Samarabrina_, on the R. Somme--and was gradually used as synonymous with _pons_ (bridge), as in Pontoise, anc. _Briva-Isara_ (the bridge on the Ouse); Briare, anc. _Brivodurum_ (the bridge over the water); Brionde, anc. _Brives_.

[Sidenote: BRINK (Ger.),]

a grassy ridge; _e.g._ Osterbrink (east ridge); Mittelbrink (middle ridge); Zandbrink (sand ridge); Brinkhorst (the ridge of the thicket).

[Sidenote: BRO (Cym.-Cel.),]

a district; _e.g._ Broburg (the fort of the district), in Warwickshire; Pembroke (the head, _pen_, of the district, it being the land’s end of Wales).

[Sidenote: BROC (A.S.),]

a rushing stream; _e.g._ Cranbrook (the stream of the cranes); Wallbrook (probably the stream at the wall); Wambrook (Woden’s stream).

[Sidenote: BROC (A.S.), BROX,]

the badger; _e.g._ Brox-bourne and Broxburn, Brogden, Brokenhurst, Brockley, Broxholme (the stream, hollow, thicket, meadow, and hill of the badger).

[Sidenote: BROD (Sclav.),]

a ford; _e.g._ Brod and Brody (at the ford), the name of several towns in Moravia, Bohemia, Hungary, and Turkey; Brod-sack (ford dwelling); Brod-Ungarisch (the Hungarian ford), on the Olsawa; Brod-Deutsch (the German ford), on the Sasawa; Brod-Bohmisch (the Bohemian ford), on the Zembera; Krasnabrod (beautiful ford); Eisenbrod (the ford of the Iser); Brodkowitz (ford station).

[Sidenote: BROEK, BRUOCH (Teut.),]

a marsh; _e.g._ Broek, a town in Holland; Bogen-brok (the bending marsh); Breiden-bruch (the broad marsh); Aalten-broek (the old marsh); Eichen-bruch (the oak marsh); Broekem and Broickhausen (marsh dwelling); Bruchmühle (the mill on the marsh); Brussels or Bruxelles, anc. _Bruoch-sella_ (the seat or site on the marsh); Oberbruch and Niederbruch (upper and lower marsh).

[Sidenote: BROG (Sclav.), BROW,]

a dam; _e.g._ Biesenbrow and Priebrow, from _Pschibrog_ (elder-tree dam), by the Germans called _Furstenberg_, on the Oder; Colberg, Sclav. _Kola-brog_ (around the dam).

[Sidenote: BRON (Welsh),]

the slope or side of a hill; _e.g._ Brongest (the slope of the _cest_ or deep glen); Bronwydd (the slope covered with trees); _Wydd_, in Wales.

[Sidenote: BRÜCKE (Ger.), BRIGGE (A.S.), BRO, BRU (Scand.),]

a bridge; _e.g._ Brugg-Furstenfeld (the bridge at the prince’s field); Brugg-an-der-Leitha (the bridge across the Leitha); Brugg-kloster (the bridge at the monastery); Langenbrück, Langenbrücken (long bridge); Bruges, in Belgium (a city with many bridges); Saarbrook (on the R. Saar); Osnaburg, in Hanover, anc. _Osnabrücke_ or _Asenbrücke_ (the bridge on the R. Ase); Voklabrück (on the R. Vökle); Bruchsal, in Baden (the bridge on the Salzbach); Zweibrücken or Deux-ponts (the two bridges); Zerbruggen (at the bridge). In England: Bridgenorth, anc. _Brugge-Morfe_ (the bridge at the wood called Morfe, on the opposite bank of the Severn); Brixham, Brixworth, and Brigham (bridge town); Brixton, A.S. _Brixges-stan_ (the bridge stone); Cambridge, Cel. _Caer-Grant_ (the fort and bridge on the R. Granta, now the Cam); Tunbridge (over the R. Tun or Ton), a branch of the Medway; Colebrook, in Bucks (the bridge over the R. Cole); Oxbridge (the bridge over the water, _uisge_); Staley-bridge (at a bridge over the R. Tame), named after the Staveleigh, a family who resided there; Bridgewater, corrupt. from _Burgh-Walter_ (the town of Walter Douay, its founder); Bridgend and Brigham, villages in different parts of Scotland; Brora (bridge river), in Sutherlandshire, named when bridges were rarities; Trowbridge, however, did not get its name from this root, but is a corrupt. of its ancient name, _Trutha-burh_ (the loyal town).

[Sidenote: BRÜEL (Teut.), BRÜHL,]

a marshy place, overgrown with brushwood, cognate with the French _breuil_ and _bruyère_ (a thicket), the Welsh _pryskle_, and the Breton _brügek_; _e.g._ Bruel, Bruhl, and Priel, in Germany; Bruyères, Broglie, and Brouilly (the thicket), in France; also Breuil, Bruel, Breuillet, Le Brulet, etc., with the same meaning, or sometimes a park. St. Denis du Behellan, in Eure, was formerly _Bruellant_, _i.e._ the _breuil_ or park of Herland.

[Sidenote: BRUNN, BRUNNEN (Ger.), BRONGA (Scand.),]

a well, especially a mineral well; _e.g._ Heilbroun (holy well); Frau-brunnen, Lat. _Fons-beatæ-Virginis_ (the well of Our Lady); Brunn-am-Gebirge (the well at the hill-ridge); Haupt-brun (well-head); Lauter-brunnen (clear well); Salz-brunn, Warm-brunn, Schoen-brunn, Kaltenbrunn (the salt, hot, beautiful, cold, mineral wells); Baldersbrunnen, Baldersbrond (the well of the Teutonic god Balder); Cobern, corrupt. from _Cobrunnen_ (the cow’s well); Paderborn (the well or source of the R. Pader), in Germany. In the north of France, and in the departments bordering on Germany, we find traces of this German word; _e.g._ Mittel-broun (middle well); Walsch-broun (foreign well); Belle-brune (beautiful well); Stein-brunn (stony well), etc.

[Sidenote: BRYN (Cym.-Cel.),]

a hill-ridge; _bron_ (a round hill); _e.g._ Brincroes, Brin-eglwys, Bron-llys (the cross, church, palace, on the hill); Bryn-gwynn (fair hill); Brynn-uchil (high hill); Bron-Fraidd (St. Bridget’s hill); Brown-Willy, in Cornwall, corrupt. from _Bryn-huel_ (the tin mine ridge); Brindon-hill, in Somerset (merely the hill), with synonymous word _dun_ added to _Bryn_; and Brandon, in Suffolk, with the same meaning; Bryn-mawr (the great hill), in Wales; Bron-gwyn (white hill); Bryn-y-cloddian (the hill of fences, _clawd_), so called from its strong fortifications; Bryn-Barlwm (the bare-topped mountain); Bryn-Gwyddon (the hill of Gwyddon, a mythological philosopher); Bryn-kinallt (a mountain without trees); Bryn-berian (the kite’s hill, _beri_, a kite); Bryn-bo, with the same meaning, _boda_ in Wales; Bryn-chwarew (the hill of sports); here the ancient inhabitants of Wales used to meet to play different games in competition; Brienne-la-château (the castle on the hill), in France; Brientz, in Switzerland, on the Brienz See (a lake surrounded by hills); Brendenkopf (hill-head), and the Brennen Alps, the culminating points in the mountains of Tyrol.

[Sidenote: BUCHE (Ger.), BOC (A.S.), BOG (Scand.), BUK (Sclav.),]

the beech-tree; _e.g._ Buch-au, Buch-berg, Buch-egg (the meadow, hill, corner of the beeches); Buchholtz and Bochholt (beech-wood); Bockum, Bucheim (beech-dwelling); Butchowitz (the place of beeches), in Moravia; Bochnia and Buchowina (with the same meaning), in Poland; Bickleigh (beech-meadow). But Bocking in Essex, and the county of Buckingham, as well as Bouquinheim in Artois, and Bochingen in Wurtemberg, were named from the Bocingas (a tribe), probably the dwellers among beeches.

[Sidenote: BUDA, BUS (Sclav.), BWTH, BOTH (Gadhelic), BOD (Cym.-Cel.), BUDE (Ger.), BOTHY (Scotch), BOT (Brez.),]

a hut or dwelling; _e.g._ Budin, Budzin, Bautzen, or Budissen (the huts); Budweis (the district of hut villages), in Bohemia; Budzow, Botzen (the place of huts); Briebus (birch-tree dwelling); Trebus and Triebus (the three dwellings); Putbus (under the hut); Dobberbus (good dwelling, _dobry_, good); but Buda, in Hungary, took its name from Buda, the brother of Attila, as well as Bud-var and Bud-falva (Buda’s fort and village). The island of Bute, in the Firth of Clyde, is said to have derived its name from the _bwth_ or cell of St. Brandon, but its earlier name was Rothsay, from a descendant of Simon Brek (_i.e._ Rother’s Isle), while its Gaelic name is _Baile-Mhoide_ (the dwelling of the court of justice); Bothwell, anc. _Both-uill_ (the dwelling on the angle of the R. Clyde). In Ireland we meet with Shanboe, Shanbogh (the old hut, _sean_); Raphae, in Donegal, is _Rath-both_ (the fort of the huts); Bodoney, in Tyrone, is _Both-domhnaigh_ (the tent of the church); Knockboha (the hill of the hut); Bodmin, in Cornwall, anc. _Bodmanna_, p. 27 (the abode of monks, the site of an ancient priory); Merfod, corrupt. from _Meudwy-bod_ (the dwelling of a hermit); Bodysgallen (the abode of the thistle, _ysgallen_); and Bod-Ederyryn (Edryn’s dwelling). In Lancashire the word takes the form of _booth_, as in Barrowford booth and Oakenhead booth, etc.

[Sidenote: BÜHIL, BÜCKEL (Ger.),]

a hill; _e.g._ Dombühil (the dwelling on the hill); Grünbühill (green hill); Eichenbühil (oak hill); Birchenbühil (birch hill); Holzbühil (wood hill); Dinkelsbühil (wheat hill); Kleinbühil (little hill).

[Sidenote: BÜHNE, BÖHEN (Ger.),]

a scaffold, sometimes in topography a hill; _e.g._ Hartböhen (wood hill); Bündorf (hill village); Osterbeuna (east hill).

[Sidenote: BUN (Gadhelic),]

the foot, in topography applied to the mouth of a river; e.g. Bunduff (at the mouth of the dark river, _dubh_); Bunderan and Bunratty, the mouth of the R. Dowran and Ratty; Bunowen (at the mouth of the water). The town of Banff is a corrupt. of _Bunaimh_ (the mouth of the river); Bunawe (at the opening of Loch Awe); Buness (of the cascade, _cas_).

[Sidenote: BURG, BURGH (Teut.), BOROUGH, BURY, BORG (Scand.), BOURG (Fr.), BORGO (It. and Span.),]