Part 18

an affix in Sclav. topography, signifying a town, often annexed to the name of the river near the town, or to the name of its founder; _e.g._ Tobolsk, Tomsk, Pinsk, Vitepsk, Volsk, Omsk, on the Rivers Tobol, Tom, Pina, Viteba, Volga, Om; Irkutsk, Berdiansk, Bielorietzk, Bobroninsk, Illginsk, Miask, Olekminsk, Okhotsk, Olensk, on the Rivers Irkut, Berda, Biela, Bobronia, Ilga, Miass, Olekma, Okhota, and Olenek; Bielozersk (the town on the white island); Jarensk (the town on the Jarenga or strong river); Kesilskaia (on the red river); Krasno-Ufimsk (the beautiful town of the R. Ufa); Petsk (silk town), in Turkey, where the mulberry-tree is extensively cultivated; Yakutsk (the town of the Yakuts, a Tartar tribe); Salskaia, on the R. Sal; Sviajsk (the town on the Sviga, holy river); Sviatskaia (the town of Sviatovid, a Sclav. deity); Dmitrovisk (the town of Demetrius, a Russian saint); Kupiansk and Kupiszki (the town on the promontory, _kupa_).

[Sidenote: SKIP (Scand.), SCHAEF (A.S.),]

a sheep; _e.g._ Skipton, Skipwich, Schaefheim (sheep town); Shapfells (sheep hills); Sheppey (sheep island); Skipsia (sheep’s stream); Schaefmatt (sheep meadow); Shefford (sheep’s ford); Scaefstadt (sheep town).

[Sidenote: SLIABH, SLIEVE, or SLIEU (Gadhelic),]

a mountain or heath, akin to the Ger. _sliet_, a declivity; _e.g._ Slieve-Anieran (the iron mountain), so called from its mines; Slievesnaght (snowy mountains); Slieve-Bernagh (gapped mountain); Bricklive (speckled mountain); Beglieve (small mountain). In all these places in Ireland the original names have been corrupted: Sleaty (the mountains); Sleeven (the little hill); Slievenamon, _i.e._ _Sliabh-na-mban-fion_ (the mountain of the fair women or fairies); Slievebloom (Bladh’s mountain); Slieve-beagh (birch-tree hill); Slieve-corragh (rugged hill); Slieveroe (the red hill); Sliabh-cuailgne, now the Cooley Mountains, in Ireland; Sleibhe-Cuillinn (the Coolin or Cuchullin Hills), in Skye; Slamannan (the _sliabh_ or moor of the district formerly called _Manan_, parts of Stirling and Clackmannanshire).

[Sidenote: SLOG (A.S.),]

a slough or marshy place; _e.g._ Slough, Co. Bucks; Sloby, Slawston, Slaugham (the dwelling on the marshy ground).

[Sidenote: SLUAGH (Gadhelic),]

a multitude, a host; _e.g._ Ballinasloe (the ford-mouth of the hosts), in Co. Galway; Srahatloe, _i.e._ _Srath-a’-tsluagh_ (the river holm of the hosts); Knockatloe and Tullintloy (the hill of the hosts), in Ireland.

[Sidenote: SNAID, SNOED (Teut.),]

a separated piece of land, from the Old Ger. _sniden_ and Modern Ger. _schneiden_ (to cut); _e.g._ Eckschnaid (the oak snaid); Hinterschnaid (behind the snaid); Snaith, in Yorkshire; Snead, Montgomery; Sneyd, Co. Stafford; Sneaton (the town on the snaid); Snodland and Snodlands (the separated lands); Snodhill (the hill on the snaid).

[Sidenote: SOC (A.S.), SOKE (Scand.),]

a place privileged to hold local courts; _e.g._ Thorpe-le-Soke and Kirby-le-Soken (the village and church-town where the courts were wont to be held); Walsoken and Walton-le-Soken (the place near the _wall_, or perhaps the _well_, where the court was held); Sockbridge and Sockburn (the bridge and stream near the court station).

[Sidenote: SOTO (Span.),]

a grove; _e.g._ Soto, the name of several places in Spain; Sotilla (the little grove); Sotilla-de-las-Palomas (the little grove of the doves); Sotilla-de-la-ribera (the little grove of the river-bank).

[Sidenote: SPINA (Lat.), EPINE (Fr.),]

a thorn; _e.g._ Epinac, Epinal, Epinay, in France; Espinosa, in Spain (the thorny place); Epinville (the thorny villa); Epineuil (the thorny fountain, _œuil_); Epinoy, Epineuse, etc., in France; Speen, in Co. Berks, anc. _Spinæ_ (the thorny place).

[Sidenote: SPITAL (Nor.-Fr.), YSPYTTY (Cym.-Cel.), SPIDEAL (Gadhelic),]

an hospital or place of entertainment for strangers or invalids, from the Lat. _hospitium_; _e.g._ Spittal, in Caithness and Co. Pembroke; Spittle, in Cheshire and in Berwickshire; the Spital of Glenshee, in Perthshire; Dalna-Spidal (the field of the hospital); Spittalfields, in Middlesex; Yspytty-Rhew-Ystwith, on the R. Ystwith; Yspytty-Evan (Evan’s hospital), in Wales; Llanspithid, in Brecknock, which derived its name from an ancient _Ysbytty hospitium_ that existed here, supported by the priory of Malvern. These names and many others in England and Scotland derived their names from hospitals attached to religious houses in the Middle Ages.

[Sidenote: SPRING (Teut.), SPRONG (Scand.),]

a water-source; _e.g._ Springthorpe (the farm at the fountain); Adlerspring (the eagle’s fountain); Lippspring (at the source of the R. Lippe); Springe (at the source of the R. Haller); Magdespring (the maiden’s fountain).

[Sidenote: SRATH (Gadhelic), YSTRAD (Cym.-Cel.),]

an extensive valley, Anglicised _strath_; _e.g._ Strathmore and Strathbeg (the great and little valleys); Strathavon, Strathblan, Strathbogie, Strathconan, Strathearn (the valleys of the Rivers Avon, Blane, Bogie, Conan, and Earn); Strathyre, corrupt. from _Srathiar_ (the western valley, with reference to Strathearn, the eastern), in Perthshire; Strathclyde, Strathnaver, Strathspey, Strathallan, Strathpeffer, Strathbran, Strathgriffe (the valleys of the Rivers Clyde, Naver, Spey, Allan, Peffer, Bran, and Griffe); Strath Tary, in Sutherlandshire (the bull’s strath, _tairebb_); Strichen, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from _Srath-Ugie_ (the valley of the R. Ugie); Strathdon, corrupt. from _Srath-domhain_ (the valley of the deep river); Ystrad-Tywy (the valley of the R. Tywy), in Wales; Ystrad-yw (yew-tree valley or the valley of the brook Ywen); Yester, a parish in East Lothian, from _Ystrad_; Ystrad-fflur (the flowery valley), called by the Romans _Strata-Florida_; Ystrad-gwnlais (the valley of the trench, _clais_, through which a stream flows); Straiton, in Ayrshire (the town on the Strath); Traquhair (sheep valley).

[Sidenote: SRON (Gadhelic), TRWYN (Cym.-Cel.),]

a nose, hence a promontory; _e.g._ Stronaba (the cow’s promontory); Stronaclacher (the stony promontory); Stronechrigen (the rocky point); Stronfearn (the point of the alders); Strondeas (the southern point); Strontian (the little promontory); Sorn, in Ayrshire, named from an ancient castle situated on a rocky headland; Troon (the promontory), on the Ayrshire coast; Sroan-keeragh (the sheep’s promontory); Shrone-beha (birch-tree promontory), in Ireland; Duntroon Castle (the fortress on the promontory), in Argyleshire; Turnberry Head, in Ayrshire, from _trwyn_; also Trwyn Point, in Ayrshire; Au-tron (on the point), in Cornwall; Trwyn-y-Badan (the promontory of the boats), in Wales.

[Sidenote: SRUTH, SRUTHAIR (Gadhelic), SROTA (Sansc.),]

a river or flowing water; _sru_, Sansc., to flow--cognate with _stroum_, Teut., _struja_, Sclav.; _e.g._ Srue, Sruh, Shrough, Sroughan (the stream), in Ireland; also Abbeyshrule (the abbey on the stream); Bealnashrura (the ford-mouth of the stream); Sroolane, Srooleen, Sruffan, and Sruffaun (little stream); Killeenatruan, anc. _Cillin-a-tsruthain_ (the little church of the stream); Anstruther in Fife, and Westruther in Berwickshire, probably from the same root; but Strowan, in Perthshire, is named for St. Rowan; Ardstraw, in Tyrone, is a corrupt. of _Ard-sratha_ (the height near the bank of the stream).

[Sidenote: STACKR (Scand.), STUAIC (Gadhelic),]

a projecting rock or point; _e.g._ the Stack Rocks and South Stack, on the coast of Wales; the Stags, on the Irish coast; Stack Island, Wales; and St. Bude’s Stack. In Ireland this word is generally Anglicised into _stook_; thus--the Stookans (the little rock pinnacles), near the entrance of the Giant’s Causeway; Stookan and Stookeen (the little rock).

[Sidenote: STADT and STATT (Ger.), STEDE, or STEAD (A.S.),]

a place or town; _gestade_, a station for ships; _stadel_, a small town; _staeth_, a bank or shore; _e.g._ Carlstadt, TheresienStadt, Christianstadt (towns named after one of the German emperors, Charles, after the Empress Theresa, and after Christian IV. of Sweden); Darmstadt, Illstadt, Stadt-Steinach, Lippstadt (towns on the Rivers Darm, Ill, Steinach, and Lippe); Bleistadt (lead town), near lead mines; Brahestadt, in Russia (founded by Count Brahe); Elizabethstadt, Hung. _Ebes-falva_, named after the Empress Elizabeth; Frederickstadt (Frederick’s town), in Denmark and in Norway; Gerbstadt, in Saxony (the town of Gerbert); Glückstadt, Lat. _Fanum-fortunæ_ (the fortunate town or the temple of fortune); Halbertstadt (the town of Albert); Heiligenstadt (holy town); Hermanstadt (the town of Herman, one of the Germans who colonised certain German cities in Transylvania in the twelfth century); Ingoldstadt, in Bavaria (the town of Ingold)--the name of this town was mistranslated by Latin and Greek authors into _Auripolis_ and _Chrysopolis_ (the golden city); Rudolstadt (the town of Rudolph); Grimstadt, in Norway, and Grimstead, in Co. Wilts (the town of Grim, a common Scandinavian name); Stade (the station), in Hanover; Scoppenstadt, in Brunswick, anc. _Scipingestete_ (the ship station); Stadt-am-hop (the town at the court), in Bavaria; Tennstadt, anc. _Dannenstedi_ (the station of the Danes), in Saxony; Kroppenstadt, the Germanised form of the Sclav. _Grobenstadt_ (the count’s town); Reichstadt (rich town); Altstadt (old town); Elstead, in Sussex and in Surrey (the place of Ella, the Saxon); Stadhampton (the town at the home place), in Oxford; Thaxsted (the thatched place), in Essex; Boxstead (the place of beech-trees, or of the Bokings, a patronymic); Hampstead (the home place); Wanstead (Woden’s place); Armenianstadt, in Transylvania, colonised by Armenians in 1726; Staithes (the banks), in Cumberland; Stathern (the dwelling on the bank), Leicester; Halstead, A.S. _Haelsted_ (a healthy place).

[Sidenote: STAEF, STAUF (Teut.), STAV (Scand.),]

a stake or pole, also, in Germany, applied to a perpendicular rock; _e.g._ Stauffenberg (the mountain with pillar-like rocks), in Lower Hesse; Donaustauff (the steep rock on the Danube); Hohenstauffen (the high rocks), in Wurtemberg; Regenstauf (the rock on the R. Regen); Staufen (a fort situated on a rock), in Baden; Staffa (the island with the pillar-like rocks), off the coast of Argyleshire; Staffenloch (the lake of the pillars), in the Island of Skye.

[Sidenote: STAL, STUHL (Teut.), STELLE,]

a stall, place, or seat; _e.g._ Hohenstellen (the high place); Herstal (the place of the army); Tunstall (the place on the hill, _dun_), in Co. Stafford.

[Sidenote: STAN (A.S.), STEIN (Ger.), STEEN (Dutch),]

a stone or rock, and in topography sometimes applied to a rock-fortress; _e.g._ Staunton, Steynton (the town on the stony ground); Stanton, in Gloucestershire, named from a remarkable stone in the neighbourhood); Fewstone (fire stone), in Yorkshire, said to have been named from a fire-circle near the place; Staines (the stones), in Middlesex, marking the jurisdiction of the mayor of London; Stantz (the stony place), in Switzerland; Steenbeke, Steenbegue, Steinbach (the stony brook); Stanley (stony field), in Yorkshire; Steenbirge, Steenbrugge, Steenhout, Steenkirche (the stony hill, bridge, wood, church), in Belgium; Steenvorde (stony ford); Stein-am-anger (the rock on the field); Steinitz (the German rendering of _Sczenz_, dog town), in Moravia; Offenstein (the fortress of Offa); Lahnstein (the fortress on the R. Lahn); Lauenstein (the lion’s fortress, with reference to some person who bore that sobriquet); Ehrenbreitstein (the broad stone of honour); Stennis (the headland of the stones), in Orkney; Hauenstein, in Baden (the hewn rock), so called because the precipices of the Jura in that locality resemble masonry; Ysselstein (the rock on the R. Yssel); Bleistein (lead rock), near lead mines, in Bavaria; Dachstein, in Alsace, anc. _Dagoberti Saxum_ (the rock of Dagobert); Frankenstein (the rock of the Franks); Falkenstein (of the falcon or of the personal name Falk); Greiffenstein (of the vulture); Schaunstein (the beautiful rock or fortress); Neckar-Steinach (the stony place on the Neckar); Iselstein, on the Isel; Wetterstein, on the Wetter; Buxton, in Derbyshire, was named from the piles of stones called buck-stones, found in the Yorkshire and Derbyshire moors; Standish, in Gloucestershire, corrupt. from _Stonehouse_. In some cases the affix _stone_ is used instead of _town_ or _ton_, as in Maidstone, A.S. _Medwegston_, Cel. _Caer-Medwig_ (the town on the R. Medway); Goodmanstone (the priest’s town), Dorsetshire; and in Cumberland and Westmoreland, where the Norsemen had settlements, this word often marks the site of the grave of one of their heroes, as in Haroldstone, Hubberstone, Thurston, Gamfrestone, Silverstone, Stanton, Drew (the Druid’s stone), in Somersetshire, near an ancient stone-circle; Kingston, in Surrey, where in the centre of the town is still shown the _stone_ on which the A.S. kings were crowned.

[Sidenote: STAN (Pers.), STHANA (Sansc.),]

a district or region; _e.g._ Hindostan (the district watered by the R. Indus, Pers. _hindu_--water); Affghanistan (the district of the Affghans, who are said to have taken their designation from a certain chief called Malik Afghāna); Rajpootana (the district of the Rajpoots or king’s sons); Kurdistan (of the Kurds); Beloochistan (of the Beluchis); Gurgistan or Georgia (the district watered by the R. Kur or Kyros); Kaffaristan or Kaffraria (of the unbelievers); Arabistan (of the Arabs); Bootan (the district of the Highlanders); Dushistan (the south region), also called _Gurmsir_ (warm country); Gulistan (the district of roses); Baghistan (of gardens); Khorasan (the country of the sun); Zangistan or Zanguebar, Pers. and Ar. (the country or coast-lands of the Zangis)--_v._ BAHR.

[Sidenote: STAPLE (Teut.),]

literally a prop, support, or heap; but in the commerce of the Middle Ages it was applied, in the first place, to the buildings or towns in which the chief products of a district were treasured up or sold; and, in the second place, to the commodities themselves; _e.g._ Stapleton (the town of the market); Staplehurst and Stapleford (the wood and ford near the market-place); Dunstable (the market-place on the hill), formerly _Dunstaple_; Whitstable (white market-place); Barnstaple, anc. _Berstable_ (the market-place for the produce of the district--_beor_, what it bears). In France: Etaples, L’étape, Staple, etc.

[Sidenote: STARY (Sclav.),]

old; _e.g._ Stargard, Starogard (the old fortress); Stary-sedlo, Storosele, Starosol (the old settlement); Starodub (the old oak-tree); Starwitz, Staria, Starinka, Stariza (old place); Starobielsk (the old town on the R. Biela); Staro-Constantinov (the old town of Constantine). In places where the population is chiefly German this word takes the form of _stark_, as in Starkenburg, Starkenhorst; Istarda or Starova (old town), in Turkey; Staroi-Oskol (the old town on the R. Oskol, in opposition to Novoi-Oskol, the new town on that river).

[Sidenote: STEIG, STIG, STY (Teut. and Scand.),]

a steep path; _e.g._ Stickney (the island or watery meadow by the steep path); Kirchsteg (the steep path to the church); Durnsteeg (thorny path); Stiegmühle (the mill on the steep path); Amsteg (at the steep path).

[Sidenote: STEORT (A.S.), STERZ (Old Ger.),]

the tail--in topography a point; _e.g._ Startpoint, in Devonshire; Starston (the town on the point); Sterzhausen, Sterzmühle, Staartpolder--_v._ HAUS, MÜHLE, POLDER; Staartven (the marsh on the point).

[Sidenote: STEPPES (Sclav.),]

an uncultivated waste--a word applied to the extensive desert plains in Russia.

[Sidenote: STER, or ESTER,]

in Brittany, a stream; _e.g._ Ster-boueux (the muddy stream); Stercaer (the stream at the fort); Sterpoulder (of the black pool), etc. According to Forsteman, there is a Teutonic river-root, _str_, which he finds in the names of 100 German streams; _e.g._ Elster, Alster, Wilster, Gelster, Laster, and _Ister_--an ancient name of the Danube--Stour, Stura, etc.

[Sidenote: STER (Scand.),]

Old Norse _setr_ (a station or place), contracted from _stadr_ (a place); _bu-stadr_ (a dwelling-place), contracted to _bister_ or _buster_; _e.g._ Grunaster (green place); Keldabister (the place at the well or fountain); Kirkbuster (the dwelling at the church); Hesting-ster (the settlement of Hesting). The same word appears in the names given by the Danes to three of the provinces of Ireland--Ulster, for the Irish _Uladh_, _i.e._ _Ulla-ster_; Leinster, Irish _Laighen_ or _Layn_; Munster, Irish _Mumha_ (named after a king).

[Sidenote: STOC, STOW (Teut.),]

literally a stake or the trunk of a tree, applied at first to a place protected by a stockade, or surrounded by stocks or piles; and in German topography sometimes applied to hills, as in Hochstock (high hill); Stockheim (the home on the hill); sometimes to places built upon stakes, as in Stockholm. In Great Britain, standing alone, it means simply the place, as Stock, in Essex; Stow, a parish in Mid Lothian; Stoke-upon-Trent; Stow-in-the-Wold or waste land; Stoke-Bardolph, Stoke-Fleming, Stoke-Gabriel, Stoke-Poges, Stoke-Edith (named from the proprietors); Stow-market (the market-place); Stow-Upland (the place in the high lands); Kewstoke (at the quay); Elstow, in Wilts (old place); Elstow, in Bedford (St. Helen’s place), the site of a nunnery dedicated to that saint; Basingstoke (the place belonging to the Basings, a patronymic); Bridstow (St. Bridget’s place); Bristol, anc. _Briegstow_ (the place at the breach or chasm, _brice_, through which the R. Avon passes)--its Celtic name was _Nant-Avon_ (on the valley of the Avon); Padstow, in Cornwall, anc. _Petrocstowe_, Welsh _Llan-petroc_ (the place or church of St. Petroc); Tavistock and Tawstock (places on the Rivers Tavy and Taw). As a prefix, _stock_ often denotes the chief place in a district, as in Stockton (the chief town on the Tees), and in Stockport (the chief port on the Mersey).

[Sidenote: STOLL (Ger.),]

a mine-shaft; _e.g._ Stollenberg (the hill of the mine-shaft); Stollenschmeide (the smithy at the mine-shaft); but Stollenkirchen, _i.e._ _Stallinchirchun_, is from Stalla (a person’s name).

[Sidenote: STOLPE (Sclav.),]

a rising ground in a marshy place; _e.g._ Stolpe, the name of a circle and of several towns in Hungary and Pomerania; Stolpen, in Saxony.

[Sidenote: STÖR (Scand.),]

great; _e.g._ Störfiord (the great bay); Störhammer (great hill); Störoe (great island); Störaa (great river); Störsjon and Störsoen (great lake); Störa-kopparberg (the great copper mountain), in Sweden and Norway.

[Sidenote: STRAD (A.S.), STRASSE (Ger.), STRŒDE (Scand.), SRAID (Gadhelic), YSTRAD (Cym.-Cel.),]

a row, a street, a road, borrowed from the Lat. _strata_; _e.g._ Stratford (the ford near one of the great Roman roads, called streets); Stratford-le-Bow (the ford with the bow or bridge near the Roman road); Stratsett (the road station); Streatham and Stretton (the town on the road); Stratton, in Cornwall, and Stradbally, in Ireland (the village of one street); Straid, Strade (the street); Stradeen (little street), in Ireland; Strond, on the R. Strond; Strasbourg, in West Prussia (the town on the highway); but Strasbourg, in Alsace, anc. _Stratiburg_, is the German translation of its Latin name _Argentoriatum_ (the town of silver--_strati_, Teut., silver); Stony Stratford (the stony ford on the great Roman road, called Erming Street); Watling Street is said to have been named from _waedla_ (the mendicant or pilgrim); Icknield Street from the _Iceni_; Erming Street from _earm_ (a pauper).

[Sidenote: STRAZNA (Sclav.),]

a watch-tower, akin to the A.S. _streone_; _e.g._ Straznitz, in Moravia (the town with the watch-tower).

[Sidenote: STRELITZ (Sclav.),]

a huntsman; _e.g._ Strelitz-klein and Strelitz-gross (the great and little town of the huntsman, or of the _Strelitzi_, the name given to the lifeguards), in Russia; Strelitzkaia and Strielinskaia, with the same meaning.

[Sidenote: STROM, STROOM (Teut.),]

a stream or current; _e.g._ the Maelstrom (mill stream, so called from its rushing sound); Rheinstrom (the Rhine current); Stroomsloot (the sluice of the current); Stroma, Stromoe, Stromsoe, Stromay (the island of the current); Stromen and Stromstadt (the place near the current); Stromen-Fiorden (the bay of the current); Stromberg (the town or hill on the stream); Stromness (the headland of the current).

[Sidenote: SU (Turc.),]

water; _e.g._ Ak-su (the white stream); Kara-su (the black stream); Adji-su (bitter water).

[Sidenote: SUD, SUTH, SODER, SOUDEN,]

the south; Buttman traces this word to the sun, the oldest form of the word being _sundar_; _e.g._ Sonnenburg, Sonderhausen, Sundheim, Soudham, Southofen (the south dwelling or enclosure); Southdean (south hollow); Southwark, Dan. _Sydvirche_ (the south fortress); Southover (south shore); Suffolk (the district of the south people, as distinguished from Norfolk); Sutton and Sodbury (south town); Sudborne (south stream); Suderoe (south island); Sudetic Mountains (the southern mountain chain); Sudereys (the southern islands), a name applied by the Norsemen to all the British islands under their rule south of the Orkneys and north of the Island of Man--hence the bishoprick of _Sodor_ and Man; Sutherland (the land to the south of Caithness); Soderköping (the south market-town), in Sweden; Soest, in Prussia (on the Sosterbach); Sidlaw Hills (the south hills, in reference to their forming the south boundary of Strathmore).

[Sidenote: SUMAR, SOMAR (Teut.),]

summer; _e.g._ Somercotes, Somersall, Somerton (summer dwellings); Somerghem in Belgium, and Sommerberg in Bohemia, with the same meaning; but Somarsheim, in Hungary, is the German corrupt. of _Szomorfalva_ (the village of sorrow); Szmarja or Szent-marfa (St. Mary’s town), Germanised into _Sommarein_.

[Sidenote: SUND (Scand.),]

a strait; _e.g._ the Sound, between Sweden and Zealand; Christiansund, at the mouth of a narrow inlet, founded by Christian IV.; Frederichsund, on a narrow inlet in Zealand; Ostersund (the eastern strait), in Sweden; Stralsund (the arrow-like strait--_straele_, an arrow).

[Sidenote: SUNTARA (Teut.),]

privileged land; _e.g._ Frankensundern (the privileged place of the Franks); Beversundern (the privileged place on the R. Bever); Sontra, in Hesse-Homburg (the privileged place); Sunderland (the privileged land), in Durham.

[Sidenote: SZASZ (Hung.),]

Saxon; _e.g._ Szasvaros, Ger. _Sachsenstadt_ (the town or fortress of the Saxons), in Transylvania; Szasz-Sebes (the Saxon-Sebes or swift stream).

[Sidenote: SZENT (Hung.), SANT (Welsh),]

a saint; _e.g._ Szenta, Szentes (the saints’ town or holy town); _e.g._ Szendro (St. Andrew’s town); Mindszent (the town of All Saints); Szent-kercsyt (the town of the holy cross); Santarem, in Portugal, from St. Irene, Santiago (for St. James); St. Denis, named after St. Dionysius, where the remains of this saint were interred; St. Heliers, in Jersey (for St. Hilarius); Szent-György (St. George’s town); St. Ives, in Cornwall, named after an Irish saint called _Jia_, who came to that spot; St. Ives, in Huntingdon, named after Ivon, a bishop.

T

[Sidenote: TA (Chinese),]

great; _e.g._ Ta-kiang (the great river); Ta-Hai (the great lake); Ta-Shan (great mountain); Ta-Gobi (the great desert).

[Sidenote: TABERNA (Lat. and Span.), TAFARN (Welsh),]

an inn; _e.g._ Taberna, in Spain; Zabern-Rhein (the inn on the Rhine); Zabern-berg (the hill inn); Zabern-Elsass (the Alsatian inn), called in French _Savernæ_, corrupt. from the Lat. _Tabernæ_; Tavernes and Taverny, in France.

[Sidenote: TAING, TANGA (Teut. and Scand.), TUNGA,]

a tongue, a point of land; _e.g._ Tongue, a parish in Sutherlandshire; Tong, in Ross; Tongland, in Kirkcudbright, upon a peninsula formed by the Rivers Dee and Tarf; Tonge, in Lancashire; but Tongres, Tongrinnes, and Tongerloo, in Belgium, derive their names from the _Tungri_, a tribe; Tong-fell, in Cumberland, and Tangfjeld, Norway, and Tunga-fell, Iceland (the mountain with the tongue or point); Thong-castle, in Kent, and Thong-castor, near Grimsby.

[Sidenote: TAL (Cym.-Cel.),]

the forehead, or, as an adjective, high; _e.g._ Talgarth (the brow of the hill; Talibont (bridge-end, _pont_); Talbenny (the head of the hill-pen), in Wales. Tal-y-cavn (the head of the trough); Tal-y-Llychan (the head of the pools), in Caermarthen; Talachddu (the head of the black water, a small brook called Achddu), a parish in Brecknock.

[Sidenote: TAMH, TAW (Cym.-Cel.),]

quiet, cognate with A.S. _tam_, found in many river names; _e.g._ the Tame, Tamar, Tamer, Teane, Teign, Thame, Taw, Tawey, Tavoy, Tay, Temesch, Tees, Thames (the quiet water), joined to _uisge_, _a_, _y_, _o_, _or_, _ri_ (flowing water).

[Sidenote: TAMNACH (Gadhelic),]

a green field, common in Irish topography under various forms, such as Tawny, Tawnagh, Tonagh, and Taminy; _e.g._ Tonaghneeve, for _Tamhnaich-naemh_ (the field of the saints), now Saintfield; Tawnaghlahan (broad field); Tawnkeel (narrow field); Tamnaghbane (white field); Tavnaghdrissagh (the field of the briers).

[Sidenote: TANNA (Old Ger.),]

wood; _tanne_ (modern), the fir-tree; _e.g._ Niederthan (the lower wood); Hohenthan (high wood); Thanheim, Thanhausen, Tandorf (the dwellings at the wood); Tanberg (wood hill).

[Sidenote: TARBERT, or TAIRBERT (Gadhelic),]

an isthmus; _e.g._ Tarbet, in Cromarty and Ross; Tarbert, in Harris; Tarbet, on Loch Lomond; East and West Tarbert, in Argyleshire; Tarbetness (the point of the isthmus), in Ross-shire.

[Sidenote: TARBH (Gadhelic), TARW (Cym.-Cel.),]

a bull, cognate with the Lat. _taurus_ and the Grk. _tauros_; _e.g._ Knockatarriv and Knockatarry (the hill of the bull); Clontarf, anc. _Cluain-tarbh_ (the bull’s meadow); Cloontarriff and Cloontarriv, with the same meaning. Some river names, such as Tarf, Tarras, Tarth, Tarn, may have this word as a prefix, or perhaps _tara_, Irish, rapid.

[Sidenote: TARNIK (Sclav.),]

the thorn; _e.g._ Tarnowce and Tarnowitz (thorn village); Tarnau, Tarnow, Tornow, Torniz (a thorny place); Tarnograd (thorn fortress); Tarnopol (thorn city).

[Sidenote: TEACH and TIGH (Gadhelic), TY (Cym.-Cel.),]