Part 19

a house or dwelling, cognate with the Lat. _tectum_, Ger. _dach_, and Scand. _tag_, a roof; Anglicised _tagh_, in the genitive, _tigh_. This word, under various forms, is common in Irish topography; _e.g._ Tagheen (beautiful house); Taghboy and Taghbane (the yellow and white house); Taghadoe (St. Tua’s house); Tiaquin, in Co. Galway, _i.e._ _Tigh-Dachonna_ (St. Dachonna’s house); Timahoe, for _Tech-Mochua_ (St. Mochua’s house or church). Joined to the genitive of the article, it takes the form of _tin_ or _tinna_, thus--Tinnahinch (the house of the island or river holm, _innis_); Tincurragh (of the marsh); Tinakilly (of the church or wood); Timolin (of St. Moling); Tigh-na-bruaich, in Argyleshire (the dwelling on the edge of the bank); Tynron, in Dumfries, _i.e._ _Tigh-an-roinne_ (the house on the point); Tyndrum, in Perthshire (the dwelling on the ridge); Tisaran, anc. _Teach-Sarain_ (the house of St. Saran), in King’s Co. Stillorgan, also in Ireland, corrupt. from _Tigh-Lorcain_ (the house of St. Lorcain or Lawrence); Saggard, from _Teach-Sacra_ (of St. Mosacra); Cromarty, anc. _Crum-bachtyn_ (the dwelling on the winding bay); Tinnick, in Ireland, _i.e._ _Tigh-cnuie_ (the house on the hill). In Wales: Ty-gwyn (white house); Ty-Ddewi (St. David’s house); Great Tey and Little Tey (great and little dwelling); Tey-at-the-elms, in Essex.

[Sidenote: TEAMHAIR (Irish),]

a palace situated on an elevated spot; _e.g._ Tara, anc. _Teamhair_, the ancient capital of Meath, and several other places called Tara, in Ireland. This word sometimes takes the form of _tavver_, _tawer_, or _tower_, as in Towerbeg and Towermore (the little and great palace).

[Sidenote: TEAMPULL (Gadhelic),]

a temple or church, derived from the Lat. _templum_; _e.g._ Templemichael, Templebredon (the churches of St. Michael and St. Bredon); Templemore (the great church or cathedral); Templecarriga (of the rock); Temple-tochar (of the causeway), in Ireland; Templemars and Talemars, in France, anc. _Templum-Martis_ (the temple of Mars).

[Sidenote: TEINE (Gadhelic), TÂN (Cym.-Cel.),]

fire. In topography this word is found in the forms of _tin_ and _tinny_, and must indicate spots where fires of special importance were wont to be kindled. Whether these fires were beacon-fires, or whether they referred to the Beltane fires kindled by the ancient Celts on May Day, cannot, in special cases, be determined; but that the Beltane fires were connected with the religious rites of the Druids is allowed, even by those who do not derive the word _Beltane_ from the name of a Celtic deity, or trace the observance of these rites to the sun and fire worship once alleged to have existed among the Celtic tribes, but now held to be an untenable theory by Celtic scholars.[5] In Ireland, near Coleraine, we find Kiltinny (the wood of the fire); Tamnaghvelton (the field of the Beltane sports); Clontinty, Co. Cork (the meadow of the fires); Mollynadinta, anc. _Mullaigh-na-dtaeinte_ (the summit of the fires); Duntinny (the fort of the fire), Co. Donegal. In Scotland _tinny_ is also found in topography, thus--Ardentinny and Craigentinny (the height and rock of the fire); Auchteany, and perhaps Auchindinny (the field of the fires); Tinto (the hill of the fire), in Lanarkshire.

[Sidenote: TEPETL (Astec),]

a mountain; _e.g._ Popocatepetl (the smoky mountain), in Mexico; Citlaltepetl (the star-like mountain--_citaline_, a star); Naucampatepetl (the square-shaped mountain), in Mexico.

[Sidenote: TEPLY (Sclav.),]

warm; _e.g._ Tepla (the warm stream); Tepel, on the R. Tepla (in the neighbourhood of warm mineral waters); Teplitz, the name of towns in Hungary, Bavaria, and Illyria, sometimes written Toplitz; Teplik and Teplovka, in Russia; Teflis, in Georgia, celebrated for its warm baths.

[Sidenote: TERRA (Lat., It., and Port.), TIERRA (Span.), TERRE (French), TIR (Gadhelic and Cym.-Cel.),]

land; _e.g._ Terciera (the rough land), in the Azores; Terranova (the new land), in Sicily, supposed to be on the site of the ancient Gela; Tierra-del-fuego (the land of fire), so named on account of the numerous fires seen on the land by the first discoverers; Terregles (church land); Tiree Island, Gael. _Tir-ith_ (the land of corn); Terryglas, _i.e._ _Tir-da-ghlas_ (the land of the two rivers), Co. Tipperary; Terryland, _i.e._ _Tir-oilein_ (the land of the island); Tyrone, anc. _Tir-Eoghain_ (Owen’s land); Tir-Rosser, _i.e._ _Tir-Rhos-hir_ (the long peat land), in Caermarthen; Pentir (the headland); Gwydir, from the roots _gwy_, water, and _tir_, a general term for moist land in different places in Wales. It was the ancient name of Glastonbury; Tiranascragh (the land of the sand hill, _esker_), Co. Galway; Tyrconell (the land of Conell), the ancient name of Co. Donegal; Carstairs, in Lanarkshire, anc. _Casteltarras_, probably corrupt. from _Castelterres_ (the castle lands), the castle in the village having been the site of a Roman station; Culter, in Lanarkshire, anc. _Cultir_ (the back of the land); _Finisterroe_ (land’s end), now Cape Finistère, the north-west extremity of France; Blantyre (warm land--_blane_, warm), in Lanarkshire; Terrebonne (good land), in Canada; Terre-haute (high land), in Indiana.

[Sidenote: THAL (Ger.),]

a valley--_v._ DAL.

[Sidenote: THING, or TING,]

a term applied by the Scandinavians to the legislative assemblies of their nation, and also to the places where these assemblies met, from an old word _tinga_, to speak. Traces of these institutions appear in the topography of certain districts in Great Britain formerly occupied by Danes or Norwegians. The Norwegian Parliament is still called the _Storthing_ or great assembly; smaller courts are called _Lawthings_, and the _Althing_ was the general assembly of the whole nation. These meetings were generally held on some remote island, hill, or promontory, where their deliberations might be undisturbed. The Swedish Parliament used to assemble on a mound near Upsala, which still bears the name of _Tingshogen_, Scand. _haugr_; Thingveller (the council-plains), in Iceland; Sandsthing (the place of meeting on the sand), in Iceland; Aithsthing (the meeting-place on the headland), in Iceland; Dingwall, in Ross-shire, has the same derivation--its Gaelic name is _Inverpeffer_ (at the mouth of that stream); Tingwall, in Shetland, Tynwald Hill, Isle of Man, Thingwall in Cheshire, and Dinsdale in Durham, from the same root; Tinwald, in Dumfries (the wood of the meeting); Tain, in Ross-shire, Norse _Thing_--its Gaelic name is _Baile-Duich_ (St. Duthic’s town).

[Sidenote: THOR and THUR,]

prefixes derived from the Saxon and Scandinavian deity _Thor_; _e.g._ Thorley, Thurley, Thursley, Thorsby, Thurlow, the valley, dwelling, and hill, named after Thor, or perhaps from a people or family name derived from the god, _i.e._ the _Thurings_, from whence also probably come Thorington in England, and Thorigné and Thorigny in France; Thüringerwald, in Germany; Thurston, Thursford, Thurscross, Thurlstone, etc.; Thorsoe (Thor’s island); Thurso (Thor’s stream, on which the town of Thurso is situated); Thorshaven (Thor’s harbour), in Norway and in the Faroe Islands. On the continent the god Thor was worshipped under the name of Thunor, hence the English word _thunder_ and the German _Donner_ (supposed, in the Middle Ages, to be Thor’s voice). From this word are derived Thunersberg and Donnersberg (the mountain of Thor); Donnersbach (Thor’s stream), in Styria; Torslunde (Thor’s sacred grove), in Denmark.

[Sidenote: THORPE (A.S.),]

an assembly of people, cognate with the Welsh _torf_ (a crowd or troop), Gael. _treubh_ (a tribe), and _troupe_, French; and then gradually coming to denote a farm or village; _e.g._ Thorp, in Northamptonshire; Calthorpe (cold village); Langthorpe (long village); Ingelthorpe, Kettlesthorpe, Swansthorpe, Bischopsthorpe (the farm or village of Ingold, Kettle, Sweyn, and the bishop); Nunthorpe (the nun’s village); Raventhorpe (Hrafen’s village); Thorparch, in Yorkshire (the village bridge), on the R. Wharfe; Milnethorpe (the village of the mill); Althorpe (old villages); Basingthorpe (the village of the Basings, a patronymic); Copmanthorpe (of the merchant).

[Sidenote: THWAITE (Scand. _thveit_),]

a cleared spot or an isolated piece of land, akin to the Danish _tvede_, a peninsula; _e.g._ Harrowthwaite, Finsthwaite, Ormathwaite, Sattersthwaite, places cleared and cultivated by the Scandinavians, whose names they bear; Applethwaite (of apples); Calthwaite (cold clearing); Birkthwaite (of birches); Micklethwaite (great clearing); Crossthwaite, in Cumberland, where St. Kentigern is said to have erected a cross; Lockthwaite (Loki’s clearing).

[Sidenote: TOBAR (Gadhelic),]

a fountain or well, from the old word _doboir_, water. Wells and fountains were held in great veneration by the Celts in heathen times, and are the subjects of many traditions in Ireland and Scotland. Many of the early preachers of Christianity established their foundations near these venerated wells, which were the common resorts of the people whom they had come to convert. In this way the new religion became associated in the minds of the converts with their favourite wells, and obtained the names of the saints, by which they are known to this day; _e.g._ Tobermory (St. Mary’s well), in the Island of Mull; Tobar-na-bhan-thighern (the chieftainess’s well), in Badenoch; Ballintobar (the town of the well), Co. Mayo, now called Tobermore (the great well), which had a well blessed by St. Patrick; Tibbermore or Tippermuir (the great well), in Perthshire; Tobar-nam-buadh, in Skye (the well of virtues); Tipperary, anc. _Tiobrad-Arann_ (the well of the district of Ara); Tipperkevin (St. Kevin’s well); Tipperstown, anc. _Baile-an-tobair_ (the town of the well); Tobercurry (the well of the cauldron); Toberbilly (the well of the old tree); Tobernaclug (the well of the bells, _clog_). Bells were held sacred by the Irish on account of a certain bell favoured by St. Patrick. Perhaps the rivers Tiber and Tiverone, as well as Tivoli, anc. _Tibur_, may come from this root.

[Sidenote: TOFT, TOT (Scand.),]

an enclosure or farm; _e.g._ Lowestoft, Dan. _Luetoft_ (the enclosure or place of the beacon-fire, which in early times was placed on the promontory where the town stands); Langtoft (long farm); Monk’s Tofts (the monk’s farm), and West Tofts, in Norfolk; Ecclestofts (the church farm buildings), in Berwickshire; Ivetot, anc. _Ivonis-tot_ (the farm of Ivo and Hautot (high farm), in Normandy; Sassetot (the Saxon’s farm); Littletot (little farm); Berguetot (birch farm), in Normandy.

[Sidenote: TOM (Gadhelic and Welsh),]

a knoll or mound; _e.g._ Tomintoul (the knoll of the barn), Gael. _Tom-an-t-sabhail_, Co. Banff; Tomachuraich (the boat-shaped knoll), Inverness-shire; Tom-ma-Chessaig (St. Kessag’s mound), at Callander; Tom-na-faire (the knoll of the watch-tower), on Loch Etive; Tomatin (the knoll of the fire, _teine_); Tomnacroiche (of the gallows); Tom-da-choill (of the two woods); Tombreck (speckled knoll); Tomgarrow (rough knoll); Tomnaguie (windy knoll), in Ireland; Tom-bar-lwm (the mound of the bare hill); Tommen-y-Bala (the mound of Lake Bala, having been raised as representative of Mount Ararat); Tommen-y-mur (of the rampart).

[Sidenote: TON (A.S.), TUN (Scand.),]

an enclosure, a town. The primary meaning of this word comes from the Gothic _tains_, Scand. _teinn_, Ger. _zaun_, a fence or hedge formed of twigs. Originally it meant a place rudely fortified with stakes, and was applied to single farm-steadings and manors, in which sense _tun_ is still used in Iceland, and _toon_ in Scotland. The word _toon_ retained this restricted meaning even in England in the time of Wickliffe. These single enclosures became the nucleus of a village which, gradually increasing, became a town or city, in the same manner as villages and towns arose around the Celtic _duns_, _raths_, and _lises_. This root, in the names of towns and villages, is more common than any other in Anglo-Saxon topography, being an element in an eighth part of the names of dwelling-places in the south of Great Britain. The greatest number of these names is connected with those of the original proprietors of the places, of which but a few examples can be given here. In such cases, the root _ton_ is generally preceded by _s_ or _ing_--_qu. v._; _e.g._ Grimston, Ormiston, Ribston, Haroldston, Flixton, Kennington (the property of Grim, Orm, Hreopa, Harold, and Felix); Canewdon (of Canute); Addlington and Edlington (of the nobles); Dolphinton, Covington, and Thankerton, parishes in Lanarkshire, took their names from Dolphine, Colban, and Tancred, to whom the lands were given in very early times; Symington and Wiston, in Lanarkshire, are found mentioned in old charters, the one as Symington, in Ayrshire, named from the same Simon Lockhart, the progenitor of the Lockharts of Lee; Cadoxton, _i.e._ Cadog’s town, in Wales; _Ecclesia de uilla Simonis Lockard_ (the church of Simon Lockhart’s villa), and the other, _Ecclesia uilla Withce_ (the church of Withce’s villa); Haddington (the town of Haddo); Alfreton, Wimbledon, Herbrandston, Houston (of Alfred, Wibba, Herbrand, Hugh); Riccarton, in Ayrshire, formerly Richardston, took its name from Richard Waleys, _i.e._ Richard the Foreigner, the ancestor of the great Wallace); Stewarton, in Ayrshire, had its name from the family which became the royal race of Scotland; Boston, in Lincoln (named after St. Botolph, the patron saint of sailors); Maxton, a parish in Roxburghshire (the settlement of Maccus, a person of some note in the reign of David I.); Flemingston and Flemington (named from Flemish emigrants); Woolston (from St. Woolstan); Ulverston (from Ulphia, a Saxon chief); Wolverhampton and Royston (from ladies who endowed religious houses at these places); Minchhampton (the home of the nuns, _minchens_); Hampton (the enclosed home); Preston and Presteign (priest’s town); Thrapston (the dwelling at the cross-roads); Broughton (the town at the fort or mound), a parish in Peeblesshire, with a village of the same name; Albrighton (the town of Aylburh); Harrington (of the descendants of Haro); Barton and Barnton (the enclosure for the crop; literally, what the land bears); Shettleston, in Lanarkshire, Lat. _Villa-filii-Sadin_ (the villa of Sadin’s son); Bridlington (the town of the _Brihtlingas_, a tribe), sometimes called _Burlington_; Adlington (town of Eadwulf); Prestonpans, in Mid Lothian, named from the salt pans erected there by the monks of Newbattle; Layton, in Essex, on the R. Lea; Luton, in Bedford, also on the Lea; Makerston, in Roxburghshire, perhaps from St. Machar; Johnstone, in Renfrew (founded by the Laird of Johnston in 1782); Liberton, near Edinburgh, where there was an hospital for lepers; Honiton, Co. Devon, _Ouneu-y-din_ (the town of ash-trees); Kensington (of the Kensings); Edmonton, in Middlesex (Edmond’s town); North and South Petherton, in Somerset (named from the R. Parret), anc. _Pedreda_; Campbeltown, in Argyleshire, received its name from the Argyle family in 1701--its Gaelic name was _Ceann-Loch_ (the loch head); Launceston--_v._ LANN; Torrington, in Devon (the town on the hill, _tor_, or on the R. Torridge); Watlington (the village protected by _wattles_). Of towns named from the rivers near which they are situated, Collumpton, Crediton, Frampton, Taunton, Lenton (on the Culm, Credy, Frome or Frame, Tone, and Lee); Northampton (on the north shore of the R. _Aufona_, now the Nen); Okehampton, on the R. Oke; Otterton, Leamington, Bruton, Moulton, Wilton, on the Otter, Learn, Brue, Mole, and Willy; Darlington or Darnton, on the Dar; Lymington, in Hants, anc. _Lenton_ (on the pool); Southampton (the south town on the Anton or Test, which with the Itchen forms Southampton Water); Ayton, in Berwickshire, on the R. Eye.

[Sidenote: TOPOL (Sclav.),]

the poplar-tree; _e.g._ Töplitz, Neu and Alt (the place of poplars), in the basin of the R. Elbe, to be distinguished from Teplitz, in Bohemia--_v._ TEPLY, which is sometimes misnamed Töplitz.

[Sidenote: TORGAU (Sclav.),]

a market-place; _e.g._ Torgau, Torgovitza, Torgowitz (market-towns).

[Sidenote: TORR (Gadhelic), TWR (Cym.-Cel.),]

a mound, a heap, a conical hill, cognate with the Lat. _turris_, the Ger. _thurm_, and the Grk. _pyrgos_ (a tower); Tor, in Ireland, means a tower also; _e.g._ Toralt (the tower of the cliff); Tormore (great tower or tower-like rock); Tornaroy (the king’s tower); Tory Island, off the Irish coast, had two distinct names--_Torach_ (_i.e._ abounding in tower-like rocks), and _Toirinis_ (the island of the tower), so named from a fortress called _Tor-Conaing_ (the tower of Conaing, a Fomorian chief); Torran, Tortan (little tower), applied to little knolls, as in Toortane and Turtane; Mistor and Mamtor, in Devonshire; Croken Torr, in Cornwall (a hill where meetings were held--_gragan_, Welsh, to speak); Torphichen (the raven’s hill), a parish in West Lothian; Torbolton, in Ayrshire, tradition says is the town of Baal’s mound. There is a beautiful hill in the parish where superstitious rites are still held; a bonfire is raised, and a sort of altar erected, similar to those described in the sacrifices to Baal on Mount Carmel; Torbay, in Devonshire, named from the hill which overlooks the bay, which gives its name to Torquay; Torrdubh and Torrduff (black hill); Torbane and Torgorm (the white and the blue hill); Torbreck (speckled hill); Torinturk (the wild boar’s hill); Kintore (at the head of the hill), in Aberdeenshire; Turriff, in Banffshire, is the plural form of _toir_. From the Lat. _turris_ and its derivatives, come Tordesillas (the tower of the bishop’s see), in Spain; Torquemada, Lat. _Turris cremata_ (the burned tower); Torr-alba and Torre-blanca (the white tower); Torrecilla, Lat. _Turricellæ_ (the church-towers), in Spain; Torres-novas and Torres-vedras (the new and old towers), in Portugal; Torella (the little tower), Naples; Truxillo, in Spain, _i.e._ _Turris-Julii_ (the tower of Julius); Tourcoing (corner tower), in France; La-tour-Sans-Venin, near Grenoble, is a corrupt. of _Tour-Saint-Verena_--to this saint the chapel was dedicated; Tournay, in Belgium, Lat. _Turris Nerviorum_ (the tower of the Nervii); Torres-Torres (the fortifications of the mountains), Tours, in France, is not named from this root, but from the _Turones_, a tribe; but Torres Strait was named after the navigator Torres, who discovered it in 1606. In the Semitic languages also _Tzur_ means a rock; it is the root of the names of the city of Tyre, and of Syria, of which in early times it was the chief city. Taurus or Tor is a general name for a mountain chain; Tabris (the mountain town), a city of Persia.

[Sidenote: TRAETH (Cym.-Cel.), TRAIGH (Gadhelic),]

a strand; _e.g._ Traeth-mawr (great strand); Traeth-bach (little strand); Trefdraeth (the dwelling on the strand), in Wales; Traeth-coch (red strand), in Anglesea. In Ireland: Tralee, Co. Derry, is from _Traigh-liath_ (the gray strand); Tranamadree (the strand of the dogs), Co. Cork; Ballintra, when it occurs on the coast, means the town on the strand, but inland it comes from _Baile-an-tsratha_ (the town on the river-holm); Ventry, Co. Kerry, is from _Fionn-traigh_ (white strand); as also Trabane, Trawane, and Trawbawn, which derive their names from the whitish colour of the sand; Fintray, a parish in Aberdeenshire on the R. Don, is also white strand; but Fintray, in Dumbartonshire, was formerly _Fyntref_ or _Fyntre_, probably the dwelling, _tre_, on the Fenach, which is the boundary-stream of the parish on one side; Traeth-Saith, in Wales, named after a mythological patriarch.

[Sidenote: TRANK (Ger.),]

a tank for watering animals; _e.g._ Kleintrank (little tank); Rosstrank (horse tank); Trankmühle (mill tank).

[Sidenote: TRAWA (Sclav.),]

grass; e.g. the Traun and the Trave (_i.e._ the grassy rivers); Traunkirchen (the church on the Traun); Traunik, Trawitz (the grassy place); Traunviertel (the district of the R. Traun), in Silesia and Austria.

[Sidenote: TRE, or TREF (Cym.-Cel.), TREABHAIR (Gael.),]

a dwelling, a town; _e.g._ Treago, anc. _Tref-y-goll_ (hazel-tree dwelling), in Monmouth; Tre-n-eglos (church town), in Cornwall; Tremaine (stone dwelling), Cornwall; _Tref-y-clawdd_ (the town of the dyke, _i.e._ Offa’s dyke), the Welsh name for Knighton, in Pembrokeshire; Oswestry might come naturally from this word, but the Welsh call it _Croes-Oswald_ (the place of St. Oswald’s martyrdom); Coventry, too, might be from the same root, but Camden says it is a corruption of _Conventria_ (the district of the convent); Daventry, abridged from _Dwy-avon-tre_ (the dwelling on the two rivers); Truro, _i.e._ _Tre-rhiw_ (the dwelling on the sloping bank, or on the stream); Redruth, in Cornwall, anc. _Tref-Derwydd_ (the Druid’s town); Trefrhiw (the town on the stream), in Caernarvon; Tremadoc (Madoc’s dwelling); Trecoid (the dwelling in the wood); Braintree, Co. Essex (hill dwelling); Dreghorn, in Ayrshire, anc. _Trequern_ (the dwelling near alder-trees); Thrisk, in Yorkshire, anc. _Tref-Ysk_ (the dwelling by the water); Tranent, in Mid Lothian, corrupt. from _Treabhairnant_ (the dwellings in the valley); Crailing, in Berwickshire, anc. _Traverlin_ (the dwellings on the pool); Tring, Co. Herts, anc. _Treungla_ or _Treangle_ (the village at the corner), Welsh _ongl_, Lat. _angulus_; Trelech (the dwelling at the stone, called Harold’s grave); Tre-Taliesin (the dwelling of Taliesin, the celebrated Welsh bard); Trenewydd (new dwelling), in Wales; Rhuddry, a parish in Glamorgan, probably corrupt. from _Yr-yw-tre_ (the yew-trees’ home); Tre’r Beirdd (bard’s town); Trefawr, Trefach (great and little town); Tredegar, _i.e._ _Tre-deg-fair-ar_ (land), (the choice abode); Tre-Wyddel (the forester’s abode); Trefhedyn, _i.e._ _Tref-y-din_ (hill town).

[Sidenote: TROM, TRIUM (Gadhelic),]

the elder-tree; _e.g._ Trim, in Co. Meath, corrupt. from _Ath-trium_ (the ford of the elder-trees); Trummery and Trimmer (places abounding in elder-trees); Tromann, Trumman (the little elder-tree).

[Sidenote: TUAIM, TOOM (Gadhelic),]

a mound raised over a grave, cognate with the Lat. _tumulus_; _e.g._ Tuam, Co. Galway, anc. _Tuaim-da-ghualann_ (the tumulus of the two shoulders, from the shape of the ancient sepulchral mound); Toome, on the R. Bann; Tomfinlough (the tumulus of the clear lake); Tomgraney (the tomb of Grian); the Tomies (hills on Lake Killarney); Toomona (the tomb of the bog); Toomyvara, _i.e._ _Tuaim-ui-Mheadra_ (O’Mara’s tomb).

[Sidenote: TUAR (Gadhelic),]

a bleach-green, Anglicised _toor_; _e.g._ Tooreen (little bleach-green); Tooreenagrena (the sunny little bleach-green); Monatore (the bog of the bleach-green); Tintore, for _Tigh-an-tuair_ (the house at the bleach-green), in Ireland.

[Sidenote: TULACH (Gadhelic),]

a little hill or mound, and also a measure of land--Anglicised _tulla_, _tullow_, _tully_, or _tulli_; _e.g._ Tullow (the hill); Tullamore (great hill); Tullanavert (the hill of the graves, _ferta_); Tullaghcullion and Tullycullion (of the holly); Kiltullagh (church hill); Tullaghan (little hill); Tallow, Co. Waterford, more correctly _Tealach-an-iarainn_ (the hill of the iron, from the neighbouring iron mines); Tullyallen, on the Boyne, and Tulliallan, in Perthshire, _i.e._ _Tulaigh-álainn_ (the beautiful hill); Tullyard (high hill); Tillicoultry (the hill at the back of the land), in Clackmannan; Tullibardine (the bard’s hill); Tulloch-gorum (the blue hill); Tullybody (the hill of the black cow, _bo dubh_); Tillyfour (the grassy hill, _feoiridh_). _Tully_ or _tilly_, however, is sometimes a corruption of _teaglach_ (a family), as in Tullynessle and Tillymorgan--_v._ W. SKENE, LL.D.

[Sidenote: TUNDRA (Tartar),]

a mossy flat, the name given to the vast plains on the Arctic Ocean.

[Sidenote: TURA (Tartar),]

a town or settlement; _e.g._ Tura, a river in Russia, so called by the Tartars because they made a settlement at the place; Tura, also in Hungary; O’Tura (old town); Turinsk (the town on the R. Tura), in Russia.

[Sidenote: TWISTLE (Scand.),]

a boundary; _e.g._ Twistleton (the town on the boundary); Oswaldtwistle (Oswald’s boundary); Haltwistle (high boundary); Birchtwistle (birch-tree boundary); Ectwistle (oak-tree boundary).

U

[Sidenote: UAMH (Gadhelic),]

a cave; _e.g._ Cluain-uamha (the pasture of the cave), the ancient name of Cloyne, Co. Cork; Drumnahoe, _i.e._ _Druim-na-huamha_ (the ridge of the cave); Mullinahone (the mill of the cave); Lisnahoon (the fort of the cave), in Ireland. Wem, in Salop, and Wembdon, in Somerset, as well as other place-names with the prefix _wem_, may be derived from the A.S. _wem_ (a hollow), analogous to the Cel. _uaimh_. Wamphray, in Dumfriesshire, Gael. _Uamh-fridh_ (the forest-cave).

[Sidenote: UCHEL, UCH (Cym.-Cel.),]

high, cognate with the Gael. _uchda_ (a height); _e.g._ Ucheltref and Ochiltree (the high dwelling); the Ochills, a hill range in Perthshire, Lat. _Ocelli-montes_.

[Sidenote: UISCE, or UISGE (Gadhelic), GWY (Cym.-Cel.),]

water; _e.g._ Esk, Usk, Esky, Esker, Eskle, Oise, Ouse, Issy, Ax, Axe, Ux, Ex, Use, Ousel, Wisk, Eska, Esla, Aisne, Isar, Isère, Isen, Etsch (river names); Duffus and Doubs (black water); Marosh (marshy water); the Theis, anc. _Tibiscus_; Adige, anc. _Athesis_; the Po, anc. _Padusa_; Loch Ewe, and Ewes, a parish in Dumfries watered by a stream of this name; Wisbeach (on the beach of the _Wysg_ or _Wash_), now some miles from the beach by the gradual advance of the land; Knockaniska (the hillock on the water); Killiskey and Killiskea (the church on the water), in Limerick; but Balihiskey, in Tipperary, is from _Bealach-uisce_ (the road of the water); the Rivers Minho and Mincio, anc. _Minius_ and _Mincius_ (little stream); Duffus (dark water); Istria (half land, half water); Argense or Argenteus (silver stream), in France; Caldas (warm waters), in Spain and Portugal; Ischia (the island of waters), abounding in mineral springs; Issny, on the R. Leine, anc. _Issiacum_ (on the water); Metz, anc. _Mettis_ (between the waters), also named _Divodurum_ (on the two rivers); Osimo, in Italy, anc. _Auximum_, and Osna, in Spain, anc. _Uxama_ (on the water).

[Sidenote: URA (Basque),]