Part 13

a king; _e.g._ Königshofen (the king’s court); Königheim (the king’s dwelling); Königsbrunn (the king’s well); Königshain (the king’s enclosure); Königshaven (the king’s harbour); Königsberg, in Prussia, and Kongsberg, in Norway (the king’s mountain); Königstein (the king’s rock fortress); Coningsby, Connington, Coniston, Kingsbury, places in England where the Anglo-Saxons held their court; Kingston, in Surrey, where their kings were generally crowned; Kingston or Hull, upon the R. Hull, in Yorkshire, named after Edward I.; Kingston, Co. Dublin, so named in commemoration of George IV.’s visit to Ireland; Kingston, in Jamaica, named after William III.; Cunningham, Kingthorpe, Kingsby (the king’s dwelling or farm); but Cuningsburg, in Shetland, may be derived from _Kuningr_ (a rabbit); Kingsbarns, in Fife, so called from certain storehouses erected there by King John during his occupation of the castle now demolished.

[Sidenote: KOPF, KOPPE (Ger.), COPA (Welsh), KUPA (Sclav.), CABO (Span.),]

a headland or mountain peak; _e.g._ Catzenkopf (the cat’s head); Schneekopf and Schneekoppe (snowy peak); Ochsenkopf (the oxen’s peak); Riesenkoppe (giants’ peak); Perecop, in Russia (the gate of the headland); Vogelskuppe (the birds’ peak); Cape Colonna (the headland of the pillars), so named from the ruins of a temple to Minerva; Cape Leuca (the white); Cape Negro (the black); Cape Roxo (the red cape); Kuopio (on a headland), in Russia; Cabeza-del-buey (ox headland), in Spain; Cabeciera (black headland), in Spain; Capo-d’Istria (the summit of Istria); Copeland, a district in Cumberland full of peaks or headlands.

[Sidenote: KOPRI, KUPRI (Turc.),]

a bridge; _e.g._ Vezir-kopri (the vizier’s bridge); Keupri-bazaar (the market-town at the bridge); Keupris (bridge town), in Turkey.

[Sidenote: KOS (Sclav.),]

a goat; _e.g._ Koselo (goat’s river); Koslin (goat town), in Pomerania.

[Sidenote: KOSCIOL (Sclav.),]

a Romish church; _e.g._ Kostel, Kosteletz (towns with a Romish church), a Protestant church being called _Zbor_, and a Greek church _Zerkwa_.

[Sidenote: KRAL, KROL (Sclav.),]

a king; _e.g._ Kralik, Kralitz, Krolow, Kraliewa, Kralowitz (the king’s town or fortress).

[Sidenote: KRASNA (Sclav.),]

beautiful; _e.g._ Krasnabrod (the beautiful ford); Krasnapol (the beautiful city); Krasno-Ufimsk (the beautiful town of the R. Ufa); Krasna and Krasne (the beautiful place).

[Sidenote: KRE (Sclav.),]

a coppice; _e.g._ Sakrau, Sakrow (behind the coppice).

[Sidenote: KREIS (Ger.),]

a circle; _e.g._ Saalkreis (the circle watered by the R. Saal); Schwardswaldkreis (the circle of the Black Forest).

[Sidenote: KREM, KRIM (Sclav.),]

a stone building; _e.g._ The Kremlin (the stone fort of Moscow); Kremmen, Kremenetz, Kremnitz, Kremmenaia, Kremenskaia, towns in Russia, Poland, and Lusatia.

[Sidenote: KRONE, KRON (Teut. and Scand.),]

a crown; _e.g._ Kronstadt, Hung. _Brasso_ (crown city), in Hungary; Cronstadt, in Russia, founded by Peter the Great; Königscrone (the king’s crown); Carlscrone (Charles’s crown); Landscrone (the crown or summit of the land), a mountain and town in Silesia--also with the same meaning, Landscrona, in Sweden. _Kron_, however, as a prefix, comes occasionally from _krahn_ (a crane), as in Kronwinkel (the crane’s corner).

[Sidenote: KRUG (Ger.),]

a small inn; _e.g._ Dornkrug (the thorn inn); Krugmülle (the mill at the inn).

L

[Sidenote: LAAG, LAGE (Ger.), LOOG (Dutch),]

a site, a low-lying field; _e.g._ Brawenlage (brown field); Wittlage (white field or wood field); Blumlage (flowery field); Mühlenloog (the mill field or site); Dinkellage (wheat field). This word is also used as an adjective, signifying _low_; _e.g._ Loogkirk (low church); Loogheyde (low heath); Loogemeer (low lake); Laaland (low island).

[Sidenote: LAC (Fr.), LACHE (Ger.), LAGO (It., Span., and Port.), LAGUNA,]

a lake, cognate with the Lat. _lacus_ and the Cel. _loch_ or _lwch_. These words in the various dialects originally signified a _hollow_, from the roots _lag_, _lug_, and Grk. _lakos_; _e.g._ Lachen, Lat. _Adlacum_ (at the lake), a town on Lake Zurich; Interlachen (between the lakes), in Switzerland; Biberlachen (beaver lake); Lago Maggiore (the greater lake), with reference to Lake Lugano, which itself means simply the lake or hollow; Lago Nuovo (new lake), in Tyrol,--it was formed a few years ago by a landslip; Lagoa (on a lake or marsh), in Brazil; Lagow (on a lake), in Prussia; Lagos, in Portugal (on a large bay or lake); Laguna-de-Negrillos (the lake of the elms) and Laguna-Encinillos (of the evergreen oaks), in Spain; Laach, in the Rhine Provinces (situated on a lake), the crater of an extinct volcano; Anderlecht or Anderlac (at the lake or marsh), in Belgium; Chablais, Lat. _Caput-lacensis_ (at the head of the lake, _i.e._ of Geneva); Missolonghi, _i.e._ _Mezzo-laguno_ (in the midst of a marshy lagoon); Beverley, in Yorkshire, anc. _Biberlac_ (the beaver lake or marsh); Lago-dos-Patos (the lake of geese), in Brazil; Niederhaslach and Oberhaslach (lower and upper lake), in Bas Rhin; Lake Champlain takes its name from a Norman adventurer, Governor-general of Canada, in the seventeenth century; Alagoas (abounding in lakes), a province in Brazil, with its capital of the same name; Filey, in Yorkshire, in Doomsday _Fuielac_ (_i.e._ bird lake, _fugæ_).

[Sidenote: LAD (Scand.),]

a pile or heap; _e.g._ Ladhouse, Ladhill, Ladcragg, Ladrigg (the house, hill, crag, ridge of the mound or cairn), probably so named from a heap or cairn erected over the grave of some Norse leader.

[Sidenote: LADE, or LODE (A.S.),]

a way, passage, or canal; _e.g._ Ladbrook (the passage of the brook); Lechlade, in Gloucester (the passage of the R. Lech into the Thames); Evenlode (at brink of the passage or stream); Cricklade, anc. _Crecca-gelade_ or _Crecca-ford_ (the creek at the opening or entrance of the Churn and Key into the Thames).

[Sidenote: LAEN (Teut.), LEHEN,]

land leased out, a fief; _e.g._ Kingsland or Kingslaen, in Middlesex, Hereford, and Orkney; Haylene (the enclosed fief), in Hereford; Lenham (the dwelling on the laen); Lenton, ditto.

[Sidenote: LAESE (A.S.),]

pasture, literally moist, wet land; _e.g._ Lewes, in Sussex; Lesowes, in Worcester (the wet pasture); Lewisham (the dwelling on the pasture), in Kent; Leswalt (wood pasture), in Dumfriesshire.

[Sidenote: LAG, LUG (Gadhelic), LÜCKE (Ger.),]

a hollow, cognate with the Lat. _lacus_ and the Grk. _lakkos_; _e.g._ Logie (the hollow), in Stirling; Logiealmond (the hollow of the R. Almond in Perth); Logie-Buchan, in Aberdeenshire; Logie-Coldstone, Gael. _Lag-cul-duine_ (the hollow behind the fort), Aberdeen; Logie-Easter and Logie-Wester, in Cromarty; Logie Loch and Laggan Loch (the lake in the hollow); Logan (the little hollow); Logierait, Gael. _Lag-an-rath_ (the hollow of the _rath_ or castle, so called from the Earls of Atholl having formerly had their castle there in Perthshire); Mortlach, Co. Banff, probably meaning the great hollow. In Ireland: Legachory, Lagacurry, Legacurry (the hollow of the pit or caldron, _coire_); Lugduff (dark hollow); Lugnaquillia (the highest of the Wicklow mountains), is from the Irish _Lug-na-gcoilleach_ (the hollow of the cocks, _i.e._ _grouse_); Lough Logan (the lake of the little hollow); Lagnieu, in France, anc. _Lagniacum_ (the place in the hollow of the waters); Laconia and Lacedemonia (in the hollow), in Greece.

[Sidenote: LANN (Gadhelic), LLAN (Cym.-Cel.), LAND (Teut.),]

an enclosure, a church, a house; but Mr. Skene considers that the Cel. _llan_ comes from the Lat. _planum_ (a level place), just as the Gael. _lan_ (full) comes from the Lat. _plenus_. This word is more common in Welsh names than in the topography of Ireland and Scotland, and in its signification of a church forms the groundwork of a vast number of Welsh names. In Ireland it means a house as well as a church, as in Landbrock (the badger’s house); Landmore (the great church), in Londonderry; Landahussy (O’Hussy’s church), in Tyrone; Lanaglug (the church of the bells). It is not so frequent in Scotland, but the modern name of Lamlash, in the Island of Arran, formerly _Ard-na-Molas_, the height of St. Molios, who lived in a cave there, seems to be the church or enclosure of this saint; Lambride, in Forfar, is _Lannbride_ (St. Bridget’s church); Lumphanan is from _Lann-Finan_ (St. Finan’s church). The derivation of Lanark, anc. _Lanerk_, is probably from the Welsh _Llanerch_ (a distinct spot or fertile piece of ground). There are many examples of this root in Brittany; _e.g._ Lanleff (the enclosure on the R. Leff); Lanmeur (great church); Lannion (the little enclosure); Landerneau and Lannoy (the enclosure on the water); but in French topography the Teut. _land_ generally signifies uncultivated ground; _e.g._ La Lande, Landes, Landelles, La Landelle, Les Landais, Landau, etc.--_v._ Cocheris’s _Noms de Lieu_. Launceston, in Cornwall, is probably corrupt. from _Llan-Stephen_. The greatest number of our examples must be taken from Wales. There are Lantony or _Llan-Ddevinant_ (the church of St. David in the valley, _nant_, of the R. Hodeny); Llan-Dewi-Aberarth (St. David’s church at the mouth of the Arth); Lampeter (of St. Peter); Llan-Asaph (of St. Asaph); Llanbadern-fawr (the great church founded by Paternus), also Llan-Badarn-Odyn; Llandelo-vawr (of Feilo the Great); Llandewi-Brefi (St. David’s church). Brevi here means the bellowing, from the dismal moans of a sacred animal killed here; Llandovery, corrupt. from _Llan-ym-dyffrwd_ (the church among the rivers, at the confluence of three streams); Llanudno (of St. Tudno); Llanelly (of St. Elian); Llanfair (of St. Mary); Llanover (the church of the Gover wells); Llanon (the church dedicated to Nonn, the mother of St. David); Llanfair-yn-nghornwy (on the horn or headland of the water). There are several of this name,--as Llan-fair-ar-y-bryn (St. Mary’s church on the hill); Llanfair-helygen (St. Mary’s church among willows); Llanfair-o’r-llwyn (on the lake); Llanfihangel (of the angel); Llanfihangel-genau’r-glyn (the church of the angels at the opening of the valley); Llanfihangel-y-creuddin, a church erected probably on the site of a bloody battle; Llanfihangel-lledrod (the church at the foot of a declivity); Llangadogvawr (of St. Cadoc the Great); Llangeler (of St. Celert); Llangollen (of St. Collen); Llanidloes (of St. Idloes); Llaniestyn (of St. Constantine); Llannethlin, anc. _Mediolanum_ (the church among the pools or marshes); Llantrissant (of three saints); Llanddeusaint (of two saints); Llanberis (of St. Peres); Llandegla (of St. Theckla); Llanrhaiadr (the church of the cataract); Llanfaes (the church of the battle-field); Landaff, on the R. Taff; Llangoedmore (the church of the great wood); Llanaml-lech (the church on the stony ground, etc.); Llangwyllog (the gloomy church, perhaps in the shade of the Druidic grove); Llanfleiddian (dedicated to a bishop named Flaidd); Llanllawer (the church of the multitude, _llawer_, close to which was a sainted well famous for its medicinal properties, and which was resorted to by crowds of impotent folk); Llancilcen (the church in the nook, _cil_, at the top, _cen_, of a hill), a parish in Flint; Llan-mabon (of St. Mabon); Llan-Beblig, corrupt. from _Bublicius_, named for the son of Helen, a Welsh princess; Llan-sant-Fagan, named in honour of St. Faganus, a missionary from Rome. _Llan_ is sometimes corrupted to _long_ in Scotland, as in Longniddrie; Lagny, a town in France, anc. _Laniacum_ (the church or enclosure on the stream). From the Teut. _land_, _i.e._ a country or district, some names may come in appropriately under this head--thus Scotland (the land of the Scots), from Ireland; Monkland, in Lanarkshire (belonging to the monks); Natland, in Norway (the land of horned cattle); Sutherland (the southern land, as compared with Caithness), both Sutherland and Caithness having formed part of the Orkney Jarldom; Cumberland (the land of the Cymbri), being part of the British kingdom of Cumbria; Holland (the marshy land, _ollant_); Gippsland, named in honour of Sir George Gipps, a governor of Port Philip; Friesland (the land of the Frisii); Beveland (of oxen or beeves); Baardland (of the Lombards); Westmoreland (the land of the _Westmoringas_ or people of the Western moors); Gothland, in Sweden (the land of the Goths); Jutland (the land of the Getæ or Jutes, the Cimbric Chersonesus of the ancients).

[Sidenote: LAR, LAAR, LEER (Old Ger.), LAER (A.S.), LATHAIR, or LAUER (Gadhelic),]

a site, a bed; and in Germany, according to Buttmann, a field; in topography, synonymous with _lage_; _e.g._ Goslar (the site or field on the R. Gose), in Hanover; Somplar (marshy field); Wittlar (woody field); Dinklar (wheat field); Wetzlar, in Prussia, anc. _Wittlara_ (woody field); Wassarlar (watery field); Noordlaren (the northern site); Lahr (the site), a town in Baden. In Ireland this word takes the forms of _laragh_ and _lara_; _e.g._ Laraghleas (the site of the fort); Laraghshankill (of the old church). Lara, however, is sometimes a corrupt. of _Leath-rath_ (half rath), as in Laragh, in West Meath; and _laar_ and _lare_ often mean _middle_, as in Rosslare (the middle peninsula); Ennislare (the middle island); Latheron, in Caithness, is the site of the seal.

[Sidenote: LAUF, LAUFEND (Ger.), LOOP (Dutch),]

a current, a rapid, from _laufen_, Ger.; _hlaupen_, Scand.; _hleapen_, A.S. (to run, to leap); _e.g._ Laufen (the rapids), on the R. Salzach; Lauffenberg (the town near the rapids of the Rhine); Laufnitz (the leaping river); Lauffen (on the rapids of the R. Inn); Leixlip, in Ireland, Old Norse _Lax-hlaup_ (salmon-leap), on a cataract of the R. Liffey; Beck-loop (brook cataract), in Holland; Loop-Head, Co. Clare, Irish _Leim-Chon-Chuillerin_ (Cuchullin’s leap)--_v._ Joyce’s _Names of Places_.

[Sidenote: LAW (A.S.), _hleaw_, LOW,]

a hill, cognate with the Irish _lagh_; _e.g._ Houndslow (the dog’s hill); Ludlow (the people’s hill, _leod_); Greenlaw, in Berwickshire (the green hill)--the modern town is situated on a plain, but old Greenlaw was on a hill; Winslow (the hill of victory), in Berks; Marlow (the chalk or marshy hill); Wardlaw (guard hill); Hadlow, anc. _Haslow_ (hazel hill); Castlelaw, in the Lammermuir range, named from Roman camps on these hills; Sidlaw Hills (the south hills, in reference to their forming the southern boundary of Strathmore); Warmlow, Co. Worcester, anc. _Waermundes-hleau_ (the hill of Waermund, a personal name); Fala, a parish in Mid Lothian, abbreviated from _Fallaw_ (the speckled hill); Mintlaw, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from _Moan-alt-law_ (the hill at the moss burn).

[Sidenote: LAYA (Sansc.),]

an abode; _e.g._ Naglaya (the abode of snakes); the Himalaya Mountains (the abode of snow); Hurrial, for _Arayalaya_ (the abode of Hari or Vishnu).

[Sidenote: LEAC (Gadhelic), LLECH (Cym.-Cel.),]

a flat stone--in topography, found in the forms of _lick_ and _leck_, cognate with the Lat. _lapis_ and Grk. _lithos_; _e.g._ Lackeen, Licken (the little stone); Slieve-league (the mountain of the flagstone); Lickmollasy (St. Molasse’s flagstone); Bel-leek, Irish _Bel-leice_ (the ford of the flagstone), near Ballyshannon; Lackagh (full of flagstones); Lickfinn (white flagstone); Duleek, anc. _Doimhliag_ (the stone house or church); Auchinleck (the field of the stone), in Ayrshire; Harlech, in Merioneth; Ar-llech (on the rock, the place being situated on a craggy eminence); Llananl-lech--_v._ LLAN; Llech-trufin, probably originally Llech-treffen (the rock of the look-out, or _twrfine_); Llanml-lech (the church among many stones); Tre-llech (stone dwelling); Llech-rhyd (the ford of the flat stone); Leck, Lech, Leckbeck (the stony rivers); Leckfield (the field on the R. Leck); Leckwith, in Wales, for Lechwedd (a slope).

[Sidenote: LEAMHAN (Gadhelic),]

the elm-tree; _e.g._ the Laune, a river at Killarney, and the Leven, in Scotland (the elm-tree stream); Lennox or Levenach (the district of the R. Leven), the ancient name of Dumbartonshire; Lislevane (the fort of the elm-tree), in Ireland. According to Mr. Skene, the Rivers Leven in Dumbartonshire and in Fife have given their names to Loch Lomond and Loch Leven, while in each county there is a corresponding mountain called Lomond.

[Sidenote: LEARG (Gadhelic),]

the slope of a hill; _e.g._ Largy, in Ireland; Lairg, a parish in Sutherlandshire; Largs, in Ayrshire, and Largo, in Fife, from this word; Largan (the little hill-slope); Largynagreana (the sunny hill-slope); Larganreagh (gray hill-slope), in Ireland.

[Sidenote: LEBEN (Ger.),]

a possession, an inheritance. Forsteman thinks this word is derived from the Old Ger. _laiban_ (to leave or bequeath), cognate with the Grk. _leipa_, and not from _leben_ (to live); _e.g._ Leibnitz, anc. _Dud-leipen_ (the inheritance of Dudo); Ottersleben (of Otho); Ritzleben (of Richard); Germersleben (of Germer); Osharsleben (of Ausgar); Sandersleben (of Sander); Hadersleben (of Hada).

[Sidenote: LEGIO (Lat.),]

a Roman legion; _e.g._ Caerleon, on the Usk, anc. _Isca-Legionis_; Leicester, _Legionis-castra_ (the camp of the legion); Leon, in Spain, anc. _Legio_, being the station of the seventh Roman legion; Lexdon, anc. _Legionis-dunum_ (the fort of the legion); Megiddo, in Palestine, now Ledjun, anc. _Castra-legionis_ (the camp of the legion).

[Sidenote: LEHM (Ger.), LAAM (A.S.), LEEM (Dutch),]

clay, mud; _e.g._ the Leam (the muddy river); Leamington (the town on the R. Leam); Lehmhurst (the clayey wood); Lambourn (muddy brook); Leemkothen (the mud huts).

[Sidenote: LEITER (Gadhelic),]

the slope of a hill; _e.g._ Ballater, in Aberdeenshire (the town on the sloping hill); Letterfearn (the alder-tree slope); Letterfourie (the grassy hillside, _feurach_); Findlater (the cold hill-slope, _fionn_), in Scotland. In Ireland: Letterkenny (the hill-slope of the O’Cannons); Letterkeen (beautiful hill-slope); Lettermullen (Meallan’s hill-slope); Letterbrick (the badger’s hill-slope); Letterlickey (the hill-slope of the flagstone); Letherhead, in Surrey (at the head of the slope, Welsh _llethr_), on the declivitous bank of the R. Mole; Machynlleth for Mach-yn-Llethr (the ridge on the slope), a town in Montgomery.

[Sidenote: LEOD (A.S.), LEUTE (Ger.),]

the people; _e.g._ Leutkirch (the people’s church); Liège, Ger. _Lüttich_, anc. _Leodicus-vicus_ (the people’s town)--the hill on which the citadel stands was called _Publes-mont_ (the people’s hill); Leeds, in Yorkshire, anc. _Loidis_ (the people’s town, according to Bayley); Whittaker, however, makes it the town of Loidi, a personal name); but Leeds, in Kent, is said to have been named after Ledian, the Chancellor of Ethelred II.

[Sidenote: LESSO, LESSE (Sclav.),]

a wood or thicket; _e.g._ Lessau, Leske, Leskau, Lessen, Lissa (the woody place), towns in Prussia; Leschnitz, in Silesia, and Leizig, in Saxony, with the same meaning; Leschkirch (the church in the wood), in Transylvania; Liezegorike (woody hill).

[Sidenote: LEUCUS (Grk.),]

white, _e.g._ Leuctra, Leuctron, Leucadia, so named from the white rocks at its extremity; Leucasia (the white river); Leucate (the white promontory in Greece).

[Sidenote: LEY, LEA (A.S.), LEG,]

a district--in English topography generally applied to an open field or meadow; _e.g._ Leigh (the meadow), in Lancashire; Berkeley, Thornley, Oakley, Auchley, Alderley, Brachley (the meadow of birch, thorn, oak, alder, ferns); Hasley (of hazels); Hagley (the enclosed meadow); Horsley (the meadow of Horsa, or of horses); Brockley (of the badger); Hindley (of the stag); Everley (of the wild boar, _aper_); Bradley (broad meadow); Stanley (stony meadow); Loxley (of Loki, a Scandinavian deity); Ashley (ash-tree meadow); but Ashley, S. Carolina, was named after Lord Ashley in the reign of Charles II.; Morley (moor-field); Bisley (bean-field); Cowley (cow’s field); Linley (flax-field); Monkley (the monk’s field); Audley, Co. Stafford (old field); but Audley, in Essex, took its name from a palace erected by Thomas Audley, Lord Chancellor of England; Ofley (the field of King Offa); Tarporley, in Cheshire, corrupt. from _Thorpeley_ (the farm-field or meadow); Chorley (the meadow of the R. Chor); Bosley (Bodolph’s field); West Leigh, North Leigh, Leighton, from the same root; Satterleigh (the field of Seator, an A.S. deity); Earnley, Sussex (eagle meadow); Ripley, in Yorkshire, from _Hryp_, a personal name; Bentley, _bent_, pasture (a coarse kind of grass); Tewesley and Tisley, from Tiw, a Saxon deity--as also Tewing, Tuoesmere, and Teowes (thorn); Henley (the old meadow or field), supposed to be the oldest town in Oxfordshire.

[Sidenote: LIN (Esthonian),]

a fort or town; _e.g._ Rialin, now Riga (the fortress of the Rugii), in Russia; Pernau, anc. _Perna-lin_ (the lime-tree fort); Tepelin (hill town; _tepe_, Turc. hill).

[Sidenote: LINDE (Ger.), LIND, LYND (A.S. and Scand.),]

the linden-tree; _e.g._ Lindhurst and Lyndhurst (the linden-tree wood); Lindheim, Lindorf, Limburg, in Germany (the town of linden-trees); as also Limburg, in Holland, formerly _Lindenburg_; Lindau (the linden-tree meadow); Lindesnaes (the promontory of linden-trees), in Norway; La Linde, Le Lindois (abounding in linden-trees); Limbœuf, Lindebœuf (linden-tree dwelling), in France.

[Sidenote: LINNE (Gadhelic), LLYNN (Cym.-Cel.), HLYNNA (A.S.),]

a pool, a lake, sometimes applied to a waterfall, not as associated with the cascade, but with the pool into which it is received, as in the Linn of Dee, in Aberdeenshire, and Corra-linn, on the Clyde. Dublin (the black pool) takes its name from that part of the R. Liffey on which it is built; and there are several other places in Ireland whose names have the same meaning, although variously spelt, as Devlin, in Mayo; Dowling and Doolin, in Kilkenny and Clare; Ballinadoolin (the town of the black pool), in Kildare. In several such cases the proper name was _Ath-cliath_ (hurdle ford), literally _Baile-atha-cliath_ (the town of the hurdle ford), the original name of Dublin. The ancient name of Lincoln, _Lindum_, is the hill fort on the pool; Linlithgow comes from the same root, and is probably the gray lake--how it came by the termination _gow_, _gu_, or _cu_, as it is variously spelt, cannot be determined; Linton, in Roxburghshire, is the town on the pool; Linton, in Peebles, on the R. Lyne--in Cambridge (on the brook, _hlynna_); Dupplin, on the R. Earn, in Perthshire (the black pool); Crailing, in Berwickshire, anc. _Traverlin_ (the dwellings, _treabhar_, on the pool); Edarline (between the pools); Aber-glas-lyn (the estuary of the blue pool), in Wales; Lynn-Regis (the king’s pool), in Norfolk; Roslin (the projecting point on the pool), in Mid Lothian; Lynn-yr-Afrange (the beaver’s pool), in Wales; Mauchline, in Ayrshire (the pool in the plain, _magh_); Lincluden, in Kirkcudbright (the pool of the R. Cluden); Lindores, in Fife, probably not from this root, but a corrupt. of _Lann-Tours_, being the seat of the abbey of Tours, founded by David, Earl of Huntingdon. Lyme-Regis (the king’s pool), in Dorset; Lymington, anc. _Linton_ (the town on the pool), in Hants; Llyn-hir (long pool); Llyn-y-cun (the dog’s pool), in Carnarvon; Llynn-y-Nadroedd (the adder’s pool); Llynn-ye-cae (the enclosed pool), all in Wales; Llyn-tegid (the fair or beautiful lake); Lly-gwyn, with the same meaning; Llyn-Teivy, of the R. Teivy, in Wales; Llyn-Safaddon, corrupt. from _Llyn-saf-baddon_ (the standing pool or fixed bathing place)--_v._ BAD.

[Sidenote: LIOS, or LIS (Gadhelic), LES (Breton and Cornish),]

an enclosure, a garden, or a fort. In Ireland it generally meant originally a place enclosed with a circular entrenchment, for the purpose of shelter and safety, and is often translated by the Lat. _atrium_ (the entrance-room to a dwelling or temple). There are eleven places in Ireland called Lismore (the great enclosure); Lismore also in Argyleshire; Listowel (Tuathal’s fort); Liscarrol (Carrol’s fort); Liscahane (Cathan’s fort); Lissan, Lissane, Lessany (the little fort); Ballylesson (the town of the little fort); Lisclogher (stone fort); Lislevane (the fort of the elm); Lismullin (of the mill); Lisnadarragh (of the oaks); Lisnaskea, _i.e._ _Lios-na-sceithe_ (of the bush); Lissard (high fort); Gortnalissa (the field of the fort); Lisbellaw, _i.e._ _Lios-bel-atha_ (the fort at the ford mouth); Dunluce (strong fort); Thurles, Co. Tipperary, from _Durlas_ (strong fort); Rathurles (the rath of the strong fort)--all in Ireland; Liskard or Liskeard (the enclosure on the height), in Cornwall and Cheshire; Lostwithel, in Cornwall, _i.e._ _Les-vthiel_ (the lofty palace), one of the ancient seats of the Duke of Cornwall; Lesmahago, in Lanarkshire, Lat. _Ecclesia-Machute_ (the enclosure or church of St. Machute); Lesneven, in Brittany, _i.e._ _Les-an-Evan_ (the enclosure or palace of Evan, Count of Leon); Leslie, in Fife (the enclosure on the R. Leven); Lessudden or St. Boswell’s, in Roxburghshire, bears the first name from Aidan, the Bishop of Lindesfarne, who is said to have lived there; and its second name from Boisel, a disciple of St. Cuthbert. The Spanish _llosa_ is akin to the Celtic _lios_, as in Lliosa-del-Obispo (the bishop’s enclosure).

[Sidenote: LIPA (Sclav.),]

the linden-tree; _e.g._ Leipzig, Lipten, Laubsdorf or Libanoise, Lauban or Luban, Luben, Laubst, Labolz, etc. (the places abounding in linden-trees); Lubeck and Lublin may come from the same root, or from a Sclavonic word signifying _beloved_.

[Sidenote: LLWYD (Welsh),]

gray-brown; _e.g._ Rhipyn Llwyd (the gray upland); Llwyd-goed (gray wood).

[Sidenote: LOCH, LOUGH (Gadhelic), LLWCH (Cym.-Cel.),]