Part 15

a river _mouth_; _e.g._ Dortmund, Fischmund, Dendermund, Roermonde, Travemünde, Saarmund, Tangermünde, Ysselmonde, Rupelmonde, Orlamunda, Stolpemünde, Swinmund or Sweinemund, Ukermünde, Warnemunde, at the mouth of the rivers forming the first part of these names; Münden, in Hanover (at the mouths of the Rivers Werra and Fulda); Monmouth (at the conf. of the Mynwy and Wye); Plymouth, Falmouth, Sidmouth, Yarmouth, Grangemouth, Teignmouth, Wearmouth, Cockermouth, at the mouths of these rivers; Bishop’s Wearmouth, founded by Biscop in the middle of the seventh century; Deulemont, in France, at the mouth of the Deule; Gladmouth, in Wales, formerly _Cledemuth_, at the mouth of the Clede or Cleddy; Minde, in Iceland, at the mouth of Lake Miosen.

[Sidenote: MONEY,]

a frequent prefix in Irish names from _muine_ (a brake or shrubbery); _e.g._ Moneymore, Moneybeg (the great and little shrubbery); Moneygorm (the blue shrubbery); Moneyduff (the black or dark shrubbery); Moneygall (the shrubbery of the strangers).

[Sidenote: MONT, MONTE (Fr. and It.), MONTANA and MONTE (Span. and Port.),]

a mountain, from the Lat. _mons_, and cognate with the Gadhelic _monadh_, and the Cym.-Cel. _mynydd_; _e.g._ Montalto (high mount); Montauban (the mount of Albanus); Montechiaro (clear mount); Monte-fosoli (brown mount); Montehermosa (beautiful mount), in Spain; Montenegro, Turc. _Karadagh_, Sclav. _Zerna-gora_ (black mount), in Turkey; Beaumont, Chaumont, Haumont (the beautiful, bald, and high mount); Montereale and Montreal (the royal hill); Montreal, in Canada, so named by Cartier in 1555; Monte-Rosa, anc. _Mons-sylva_ (woody hill); Monte-Video (the prospect mount); Montmartre, anc. _Mons-Martyrum_ (the hill of the martyrdom of St. Denis), but its earlier name was _Mons-Martis_ (the hill of Mars); Montmirail, Lat. _Mons-mirabilis_ (the wonderful mountain); Remiremont, Lat. _Romaries-mons_, founded by St. Romarie in 620; Monte-Cavallo, corrupt. from _Monte-Calvaria_ (the Mount of Calvary), so called from a number of chapels, in which were represented the successive scenes of our Lord’s passion. From _monticellus_, the diminutive of _mont_, have arisen such place-names as Moncel, Le Monchel, Monchelet, etc.; Mont d’Or (golden mount), in Auvergne; Montefrio (cold mount), in Spain; Montpellier, Lat. _Mons-puellarum_ (the hill of the young girls), so called from two villages belonging to the sisters of St. Fulcrum; Montserrat (the serrated hill); Clermont (bright hill); Mondragon and Montdragone (the dragon’s hill); Monfalcone (hawk hill); Mons, Ger. _Berghen_ (hill town), in Belgium; Piedmont (at the foot of the Alps); Floremont or Blumenberg (flowery hill), in Alsace; Montaign and Monthen, anc. _Mons-acutus_ (sharp or peaked hill); Montigny, Montignac (mountainous); Jeumont, anc. _Jovismons_ (the hill of Jove), in France; Mount Pilatus (the mount with the _cap_ of clouds, from _pileus_, Lat. a felt cap); Richmond, in Yorkshire, named from a castle in Brittany, from which the Earl of Richmond took his title, meaning the rich or fertile hill; Richmond, in Surrey, named by the Earl after his Yorkshire estate, formerly called _Shene_ from the splendour of the royal residence there, _seine_, A.S. (splendid); Righimont, in Switzerland, corrupt. from _Mons-regius_ (royal hill); Montacute (sharp hill), in Somerset; Tras-os-Montes (beyond the hills), in Portugal; Apremont, in France, for _Aspromonte_ (rough hill); Pyrmont, corrupt. from _Mons-Petrus_ (St. Peter’s mount); Montferrato (the fortified hill). _Mont_ also signified a hill fort, like _berg_ and _dun_, as in Montalcino (the fort of Alcinous), in Italy; Montgomery, in Wales, (the fortress of Roger de Montgomerie, who erected a castle there in 1093)--its earlier name was _Tre-Faldwyn_ (the dwelling of Baldwin, a Norman knight); Charlemont, in France, named after Charles V.; Henrichemont, after Henri-Quatre. In Wales: the town of Mold, abbreviated from _Mons-altus_ (high fort)--the Normans built a castle there; Mynydd-du (black hill); Mynydd-mawr (great hill); Mynydd-moel (bald hill). In Scotland: _Monadh-ruadh_ (the red mount or the _mounth_), the Gaelic name for the Grampians; Mount Battock, Gael. _Monadh-beatach_ (the raven’s hill); Mountbenjerlaw, in Selkirkshire, originally _Ben-Yair_ (the hill of the R. Yair), to which the A.S. _law_ and the Norman _mount_ were added. But _monadh_ in Gael. signifies a mountain range, and sometimes a moor, as Monadh-leath (the gray mountain range). Probably Mendip, in Somerset, is the deep hill, Welsh _dwfn_ and _mynydd_; Monimail (bald hill); Monifieth (the hill or moor of the deer, _feidh_). The Mourne Mountains, in Ireland, means the mountains of the tribe; _Mughhorna_. _Mon_, in the Basque language, also signifies a hill, and is found in Monzon, an ancient town of Spain, with a hill fort; Monda and Mondonedo, in Spain; and Mondego, in Portugal; and in Carmona (hill summit), in Spain.

[Sidenote: MOOS (Ger.), MOS (Scand.), MECH, MOCK (Sclav.),]

mossy ground; _e.g._ Donaumoss (the mossy meadow of the Danube); Mosston (the town on the mossy ground); Moseley (moss-field or valley); Moscow, on the R. Moskwa (mossy water); Mossow, Mehzo, Mochow, Mochlitz (the mossy ground); Mohacs, Ger. _Margetta_ (the marshy or mossy island), in the Danube; Miesbach (the district of the mossy brook), in Bavaria. The Irish word _mæthail_ (soft mossy land) is almost synonymous with these roots. It is found in Mohill, Co. Leitrim; Mothel in Waterford, and Mothell in Kilkenny; Cahermoyle (the stone fort of the mossy land) in Ireland, and in Muthil in Perthshire.

[Sidenote: MOR, MOER (Teut. and Scand.),]

waste land, heath; Scot. _muir_; _e.g._ Moorby, Morton, and Moreton (the dwelling on the moor); Morpeth (the moor path); Oudemoor (the old moor), and Oostmoer (east moor), in Holland; Moorlinch (the moor ridge, _hlinc_); Lichtenmoer (the cleared moor); Muirkirk (the church in the moor), in Argyleshire; Murroes, corrupt. from _Muirhouse_, a parish in Co. Forfar; Tweedsmuir (the moor at the source of the R. Tweed), a parish in Peeblesshire; Muiravonside (the mossy land on the banks of the R. Avon), in Stirlingshire.

[Sidenote: MOR (Gadhelic), MAWR (Cym.-Cel.), or by mutation _fawr_; _e.g._ Morlais for _Mawr-clais_ (the great trench), the name of a ruined castle near Cardiff, built above a deep gully, through which a brook passes.]

great; _e.g._ Morven (the great _ben_ or hill), a hill in Caithness and also in Aberdeenshire; Morven or Morvern, _i.e._ _Mor-Earrain_ (the great district), in Argyleshire, called by the Gaels Kenalban, corrupt. from _Cenealbaltyn_, _i.e._ the tribe of Baldan, a personal name; Kenmore (the great headland), on Loch Tay; Penmaen-mawr (the great stone-hill), in Wales.

[Sidenote: MOR (Cym.-Cel. and Sclav.), MUIR (Gadhelic), MORFA (Welsh), sea-marsh,]

the sea, cognate with the Lat. _mare_, and its derivatives in the Romance languages, and the Teut. _meer_; _e.g._ Armorica or Brittany, and Pomerania (the districts on the sea-shore); Morbihan (the little sea), in Brittany; Morlachia or _Moro-Vlassi_ (the Wallachs’ or strangers’ land by the sea)--_v._ WALSCH; Morlaix (a place on the sea-shore), in Brittany; Glamorgan, Welsh _gwlad-morgant_ (the district of Morgan Mawr, an ancient king of Wales); Morgan, in Cornwall, _i.e._ by the sea-shore; Maracaybo (the headland by the sea-shore), in South America; Parimaribo (the dwelling near the sea), in South America; Connemara, in Ireland, Irish _Conmac-ne-Mara_, the descendants of Conmac (by the sea-side).

[Sidenote: MOST (Sclav.),]

a bridge; _e.g._ Dolgemost (long bridge); Maust, Most, Mostje (the place at the bridge), in Bohemia; Babimost (the old woman’s bridge, _i.e._ the fragile bridge), abbreviated to Bomst; Priedemost (the first bridge), in Silesia; Mostar (old bridge), a town in Turkey.

[Sidenote: MOT, or MOOT (A.S.),]

the place of assembly, where the Anglo-Saxons held their courts of justice; _e.g._ Mote-hill, at Scone; the Moat Hill, near Hawick; the Mote of Galloway; the Moat of Dull, in Perthshire, and of Hamilton, on Strathclyde; Moot-hill, at Naseby; and in the Lake District, Montay and Caermote; Moothill also appears in Aberdeenshire; Almoot, near Peterhead, meaning the meeting-place on the height, has been corrupted into _Old Maud_, and the railway company have called their station _New Maud_. It is found in the Gaelic name for the Island of Bute, _Baile-mhoide_ (the dwelling of the courts of justice), but in this case, as in Ireland, the word was probably borrowed from the Saxons. The word is found in Ireland, signifying a large mound, as well as in connection with the courts of justice--as in _Tom-an-mhoid_ (the hill of the court of justice); LA MOTTE, Fr. (a hillock), common in France.

[Sidenote: MÜHLE (Ger.), MYLEN (A.S.), MUILENN (Gadhelic), MELIN (Cym.-Cel.), MLYN (Sclav.), MOLEN (Dutch),]

a mill, cognate with the Lat. _mola_, and its derivatives in the Romance languages; _e.g._ Mülenbach and Molinbech (mill brook); Mühlan, Mühldorf, Mühlhausen, Muhlheim (mill dwelling); Moleneynde (mill corner), in Germany and Holland. In England and Scotland: Melbourne, Milton, Millwick, Milford, Milden, Milnathorpe (the stream, town, ford, hollow, farm, of the mill); but Milton, in Kent and in Dorsetshire, are corrupt. from _middle_ town; Moulin, a parish in Perthshire. In France: Moulins (the mills), so called from the great number of water mills formerly on the R. Allier; Mülhausen or Mulhouse, in Alsace, celebrated for its manufactures; Molina, a manufacturing town in Murcia; also in Spain, Molinos-del-Rey (the king’s mills). In Ireland: Mullinahone (the mill of the cave); Mullinavat (of the stick); Mullintra (of the strand); Mullinakil (of the church). In Sclavonic districts: Mlineh, Mlinki, Mlinsk, Mlinow, etc.

[Sidenote: MULLAGH (Gadhelic),]

the top or summit, and sometimes applied to hills of a considerable height; _e.g._ Mullaghmeen (the smooth summit); Mulkeergh (the summit of the sheep, _caoirich_); Mullan (the little summit), in Ireland; probably the Island of Mull, in the Hebrides.

[Sidenote: MURUS (Lat.), MAUER (Ger.), MURA (Sclav.),]

a wall; _e.g._ Maurs (the walled town), in France; also Villa-de-Muro-cincto (the dwelling surrounded by walls); Morsain, in 879 _Murocinctus_ (surrounded by walls); Murviel (old walls), in Herault,--a place where the ruins of an ancient Gaulish city are found; Mauerhof (the enclosed court), in Germany; Trasmauer (the walled town on the R. Trasen), in Austria; Murany-var (the walled fortress), in Hungary; Muriel-de-la-fuente (the walled town of the fountain); Muriel-viejo (the old walled town); Murillo (the little walled town), in Spain; Murviedro (the old fortifications), called by the Romans _Muriveteres_, because they believed it to be on the site of the ancient Saguntum; Semur, in France, corrupt. from _Sinemurum_ (without walls).

N

[Sidenote: NAES (A.S.), NOES (Scand.), NES (Fr.),]

a nose, cognate with the Lat. _nasus_, and in topography applied to a promontory; _e.g._ the Naze, in Norway, and Nash, in Monmouth; Nash-scaur (the promontory of the cliff), in Wales; Katznase (the cat’s headland); Blankenese (white cape), in Holstein; Foreness, Sheerness, Fifeness, Buchanness, Blackness, in England and Scotland; Roeness (red cape), Shetland; Vatternish (water cape), in Skye; Borrowstounness or Bo’ness, in West Lothian (the cape near Burward’s dwelling); Holderness (the woody promontory); Langness and Littleness, in Man; Dungeness (danger cape); Furness (the cape of the beacon-fire), the site of an ancient lighthouse in Lancashire; Saturnness (the southern cape), in Kirkcudbright; Shoeburyness, corrupt. from _Sceobirig_ (the cape of the sea-fortress); Skegness (the cape near the wood, _skogr_); Skipness (ship headland); Sviatanos, Sclav. (holy cape), in Russia; Caithness (the promontory of the Catti, a tribe).

[Sidenote: NAGORE (Hindu _nagar_, Sansc. _nagura_),]

a city; _e.g._ Barnagore for _Varaha-nagur_ (the city of the boar); Chandernagore (of the moon); Serenagur (of the sun).

[Sidenote: NAGY (Hung.),]

great; _e.g._ Nagy-Karoly (Charles’s great town); Nagy-Malton (St. Matthew’s great town); Nagy-Szent-Miklos (of St. Nicholas); Nagy-varad (great fortress); Nagy-Koros (the great town on the R. Köros).

[Sidenote: NAHR (Semitic),]

a river; _e.g._ Nahr-el-keber (the great river); Nahr-el-kelb or Lycus (the river of the dog or wolf), so named from a fancied resemblance of a rock near its mouth to the head of these animals; Nahr-Mukatta (the river of slaughter); Aram-Naharaim (the high lands of the two rivers, _i.e._ Mesopotamia); Nahar-Misraim (the river of Egypt, _i.e._ the Nile).

[Sidenote: NANT (Cym.-Cel.),]

a brook or a valley through which a stream flows; _e.g._ Nantmel (the honey brook); Sych-nant (dried-up brook); Nancemillin (the valley of the mill), in Wales; Dewffneynt (the deep valley) was the ancient British name of Devonshire; Levenant (smooth stream); Nant-frangon, _i.e._ _Nant-yr-a-franc_ (the beavers’ valley); Nantglyn (the glen of the brook); Nant-y-Gwrtheyren (Vortigern’s valley), in Wales; Nans, in Cornwall; also in Cornwall--Penant (the head of the valley), and Cornant (a brook); Nantwich, in Cheshire (the salt-works, _wich_, on the brook or stream, _i.e._ the Weaver); Nantua (in a valley of the Alps); Nantes named from the Namnetes (dwellers in the valley); Mochnant (the swift brook); Nannau (the brooks), in Wales; Nangle, a bay on the coast of Wales, perhaps Nant-gel or cel (a secret corner)--the Rev. J. James. Nevern, a parish in Wales, for _Nant-ynfer_ (the brook of the confluence); Nancy (the valley dwellings); Nans, Nant, with the same meaning, in France; Nanteuil (the valley of the fountain)--_v._ ŒUIL; Nantberis (St. Peris’s brook).

[Sidenote: NASS (Ger.),]

moist; _e.g._ Nassau (the moist meadow); Nassenfeld (moist field); Nassenhuben (the huts in moist land); Nassenbeuren (the dwelling in moist land).

[Sidenote: NAVA (Basque),]

a plain; _e.g._ Nava-de-los-Oteros (the plain of the heights); Nava-hermosa (beautiful plain); Navarre and Navarreux (the plain among hills); Navarette (the plain at the foot of the hill); Paredes-de-nava (the houses of the plain).

[Sidenote: NEDER, NIEDER, NEER (Teut. and Scand.),]

lower; _e.g._ Netherlands (the lower lands); Netherby (lower town); Niederlahnstein (the fortress on the lower R. Lahn); Nederheim, Nederwyk (lower dwellings).

[Sidenote: NEMET (Celtic),]

a sacred grove, cognate with the Lat. _nemus_ and the Grk. _nemos_; _e.g._ Nemours, anc. _Nemoracum_ (the place of the sacred wood or grove); Nanterre, also in France, anc. _Nemetodurum_ (the sacred grove on the waters); Nismes, anc. _Nemausus_ (the place in the grove); Augustonemetum (the splendid place of the grove), being the ancient name of Clermont; Nemetacum, the ancient name of Arras; Nemea (the place of the grove), in Greece.

[Sidenote: NEU (Ger.), NEWYDD (Cym.-Cel.), NUADH (Gadhelic), NOWY and NAU (Sclav.),]

new, cognate with the Lat. _novus_ and the Grk. _neos_ and their derivatives; _e.g._ Neuburg, Neudorf, Neustadt, Neuville, Newbury, Newburgh (new town); Neumarkt (new market); Newbold, Newbottle, Newbattle (new building), in Germany, England, and Scotland; Newburgh, in Fife, is a town of considerable antiquity. It owes its origin to the Abbey of Lindores, in its neighbourhood. It was erected into a burgh or barony by Alexander III., in 1266, and in the charter it was called “_Novus burgus, juxta monasterium de Lindores_.” It seems, therefore, that there was a more ancient burgh belonging to the abbey in the neighbourhood--Newburn (new stream), in Fife. Newhaven (the new harbour), in relation to the older harbour of Leith. In the sixteenth century Newhaven had a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and was then called our Lady’s port of grace; but in the year 1511 the city of Edinburgh bought up the village and harbour. In France: Nevers and Noyon, anc. _Noviodunum_ (the new fortress); Neuvy, with the same meaning; Neuvéglise (new church); Villeneuve (new villa); Nièvre and Nivernais, a department and ancient province of France; Nienburg, corrupt. from _Neuenburg_ (new town), in Hanover; Newport (new harbour), in Belgium; Newport, in the Isle of Wight, so named because it superseded the older harbour at Carisbrook; Newport, in Wales, which superseded Caerleon; Neusatz or Neoplanta (new station), founded in 1700, on the Danube; Neusohl (new seat), in Hungary--its native name is _Bestereze-banya_ (the mine on the R. Bistritz); Neustadl (new stall); Neuwied (new pasture); Nimeguen, anc. _Noviomagus_ (new field), in Holland; Novgorod and Novigrad (new fortress); Novidwar (new court), in Russia; Nowe-mjasto (new bridge), in Poland; Novobeilaiaskaia (the new town on the white stream), in Russia; Nova-Zembla, _i.e._ _Novaia-Zemlia_ (the new land); Nowazamka (new castle); Novi-Bazaar (new market), in Turkey; Nowosedl (new seat); Nienburg, Nyborg, Nyby, Nystead (new town), in Denmark and Holland; Neocastro (new camp), in Greece; Nola or _Novla_ (new place), in the Sardinian states; Naumburg and Nienburg, corrupt. from _Neuenburg_ (new town); Nykioping (new market-town), in Sweden, and Nykjobing, in Denmark, with the same meaning; Newington, in Surrey, corrupt. from _Neweton_; Newfoundland, so called when rediscovered by John Cabot in 1427, but known previously by Icelandic colonists as _Litla-Helluland_; Nova Scotia (New Scotland), called by the Norseman _Markland_; New River, a large aqueduct from Hertfordshire to Islington, by which a great part of London is supplied with water; New Ross, Co. Wexford, corrupt. from its Irish name _Ros-mic-Treoin_ (the wood of Treun’s son); Newtown-Hamilton, in Ireland, founded by the Hamilton family in 1770; Newtown-Limavady, Co. Londonderry, named from a castle in the neighbourhood called Limavady (the dog’s leap); Newtown-Stewart, Co. Tyrone, so called from Sir William Stewart, to whom it was granted by Charles I.; New York, named in honour of the Duke of York, afterwards James II.; New Zealand, called by Tasman, its Dutch discoverer, in honour, it is supposed, of his native province.

[Sidenote: NIJNY (Sclav.),]

lower; _e.g._ Nijny-Novgorod (the lower new fortress); Nijny-Neviansk (the lower town on the Neva), as distinguished from Verkii-Neviansk, the upper; Nijnaia-ozernaia-krepost (the lower fort of the lakes); Nijny-Devitzk (the lower town on the Devitza); Nijni-Tagelsk (the lower town on the R. Tagel), in Russia.

[Sidenote: NIMZ (Sclav.),]

foreign, from _nemy_ or _nêmec_, dumb--a word applied by the Sclavonic races to the Germans, because their language was unintelligible to them: _e.g._ Niemitsch, Niemez, Niemtschitz, German towns in Bohemia; Nemet-uj-var (the new German fortress), in Hungary; but there is a Sclavonic deity called Njam, to whom the names of some of these places may be traced.

[Sidenote: NO, NOE, NOUE (Old Fr.),]

a low meadow habitually overflowed with water. It has evidently arisen out of _noyer_, to submerge; _e.g._ Noaillac, Noallau, La Noalle, Noalles, Noyelle, Noyellette, in which the word is probably joined to _œuil_, a water-source; Nogent (pleasant meadow); No-aux-Bois (in the woods); Les Noues, Neuillay, Neuilly, Noisy, Lat. _Noesiacum_.

[Sidenote: NORDEN, NÔORD (Teut.), NOR (Scand.), NORD (Fr.),]

the north; _e.g._ Normandy (the land given by the French to the Normans under Rollo in 912); Noordbroek (the north marshy land); Noordwolde (north wood), in Holland; Norbury, Nordenburg, Norton, Nordhausen (north dwelling or town); Norham, on the R. Tweed; Northampton (the town on the north side of the _Aufona_, now the R. Nen); Northumberland (the land north of the Humber); Nordkyn (north cape); Normanton and Normandby (dwellings of the Norsemen or Danes), in England; Norrköping (northern market-town), in Sweden; Norrland (a large division of Sweden); Northallerton, in Yorkshire, so called to distinguish it from Allerton-Mauleverer; North Cape (the most northerly point of Norwegian Lapland); North Berwick, Co. Haddington, so called to distinguish it from Berwick-upon-Tweed; Norway (the northern kingdom)--_v._ REICH, REIKE; Norfolk (the abode of the north people, as distinguished from Suffolk to the south); Northleach, north of the R. Leach; Northwich, in Cheshire (the north salt manufactory)--_v._ WICH; Norwich, the town which superseded _Venta-Icenorum_, whose inhabitants fled at the approach of the Danes, and erected a castle of defence farther north.

[Sidenote: NOYER (Fr.),]

the walnut-tree, Lat. _nucarius_, from which are derived _nucetum_, _nucelletum_, and _nugaretum_ (a place planted with walnut-trees); _e.g._ Noyers, Nozay, Noroy, La Nozaye, Les Nozées, Nozieres, Nozeroy, etc., in France.

[Sidenote: NUDDY (Pali),]

a river; _e.g._ Maha-nuddy (great river); Nuddea (the district of the rivers).

[Sidenote: NUWERA (Tamil),]

a city; _e.g._ Alut-nuwera (new city); Kalawa (the city on the Kala-Oya, _i.e._ the rocky river); Nuwera-Panduas (the city of Panduas), in Ceylon.

O

[Sidenote: OB, OBER (Ger.), OVER (Dutch),]

upper; _e.g._ Oberhofen (upper court); Oberlahnstein (the upper fortress on the R. Lahn); Oberndorf, Overbie, Overham, Overton, Overburg (upper town); Oberdrauburg (the upper town on the R. Drave); Overyssel (beyond the R. Yssel); Orton (upper town), in Westmoreland; St. Mary’s-Overy, Southwark (_i.e._ over the water from London).

[Sidenote: OE--_v._ EA, p. 71.]

[Sidenote: ŒUIL (Fr.),]

the eye--(in topography applied to the source of a stream or a fountain; _e.g._ Arcueil (the arched fountain or aqueduct); Berneuil (the source of the water, _bior_); Verneuil and Vernel (alder-tree fountain, Lat. _vernus_); Argenteuil (silver fountain); Bonneuil (good fountain); Nanteuil (the source of the stream); Auneuil (alder-tree fountain, Fr. _aune_); Auteuil (high fountain); Boisseuil (the woody fountain); Chantilly, anc. _Cantilliacum_ (the head of the water-source).

[Sidenote: OFER, or ORE (A.S.), OVER (Dutch), UFER (Ger.), OIR (Gadhelic), EYRE, or ORE (Scand.), a point,]

a border, boundary, or shore--cognate with the Lat. _ora_ and the Grk. _horos_; _e.g._ Oare and Ore (the shore), in Kent, Sussex, and Somerset; Windsor, _i.e._ _Windle-sora_ (the winding shore, A.S. _windle_); Southover and Westover (the south and west shore); Ventnor (the shore of _Gwent_, the ancient name of the Isle of Wight); Pershore (the willow shore, _pursh_), or, according to Camden, corrupt. from _Periscorum_--in allusion to the abundance of _pear-trees_ in its vicinity; Andover, anc. _Andeafaran_ (the shore or ferry of the R. Anton); Ravensore (the point or promontory of Hrafen, a Scand. personal name); Hanover, anc. _Hohenufer_ (high shore); Elsinore (the point near the town of Helsing), in Denmark; Argyle, Gael. _Oirirgaedheal_ (the coast lands of the Gaels); Dover, in Kent, and Douvres, in Normandy, perhaps from _ofer_.

[Sidenote: OICHE (obs. Gael.),]

water; _e.g._ Oich River and Oichel (the Rivers Ock, Ocker, Ocke, Eck); Loch Oich, Duich (the black water).

[Sidenote: ORE (Hindostanee),]

a city; _e.g._ Ellore, Vellore, Nellore; Tanjore, anc. _Tanja-nagaram_ (the city of refuge); Bednore (bamboo city); Mangalore (the city of Mangala-Devi).

[Sidenote: ORMR (Scand.),]

a serpent, also a personal name; _e.g._ Ormeshead, in Cumberland, named either from the serpent-like shape of the rock, or from the common Norse name _Ormr_; Ormathwaite, Ormsby, Ormiston, Ormskirk (the clearing, the dwelling, and the church of Ormr). The same prefix in French topography signifies the elm-tree, as in Les Ormes (the elms); Ormoy, Lat. _Ulmetium_ (the elm-grove), synonymous with Olmedo and Olmeto, in Spain. The Orne or Olna (elm-tree river), in Normandy; Ulm or Ulma (the place of elm-trees), in Wurtemburg; Olmeta, in Corsica.

[Sidenote: ORT (Ger.), OORT (Dutch), ORD (Scand.),]

a point, a corner, and sometimes a place; _e.g._ Angerort (the corner of the R. Anger); Ruhrort (of the Rohr or Ruhr); Grünort (green point); Schönort (beautiful point); Akkerort (the corner of the field); Tiegenort (of the R. Tiege); Störort (of the R. Stör); the Ord or headland of Caithness.

[Sidenote: OST, OEST (Ger.), OOST (Dutch), OSTER (Scand.),]

the east; _e.g._ Ostend (at the east end or opening of the canal into the ocean); Osterburg, Osterfeld, Osterhofen (the east town, field, and court); Osterholtz (the east wood); Osterdalen (the east basin of the R. Duhl), in Sweden; Ostheim, Osthausen, Oesthammer (the eastern dwelling or village); Ostwald (east wood), in Alsace; Essex (the country of the East Saxons, in opposition to Wessex); Austerlitz (the east town of the R. Littawa); Alost (to the east), in Belgium.

[Sidenote: OSTROW, or OZERO (Sclav.),]

an island or lake; _e.g._ Ostrov, in Russia (on a river-island); Kolkoe-Ostrog (the island in the R. Kola); Ostrova (an island in the Danube); Bielo-Ozero (the white lake); Tschudskoe-Ozero (the lake of the Tschudes, a tribe); Ostrownoye (the new island). But Ostrow and Wustrow are sometimes Germanised forms of _Wotschow_, Sclav, (a marshy place), as in Wustrow, Ostropol, Ostrasatz, Ostrawiec (the place on the marshy ground).

[Sidenote: OTERO (Span.),]

a hill or rising ground; _e.g._ El-Otero (the rising ground); Otero-de-las-duenas (the hill of the old ladies); Otero-del-Rey (the king’s hill).

[Sidenote: OW, ITZ, OWIZ, OO,]

Sclavonic affixes, used as patronymics, like the Ger. _ingen_; _e.g._ Nowakwitz (the possession of the descendants of Nouak); Jvanow, Janow, Janowitz (belonging to John and his descendants); Karlowitz (to Charles); Petrowitz (to Peter); Kazimiritz (to Casimir); Mitrowitz (to Demetrius); Stanislowow (to Stanislaus); Tomazow (to Thomas); Cracow or Kracow (the town of Duke Craus or Krak of Poland, by whom it was founded in 1700).

P

[Sidenote: PALATIUM (Lat.), PALAZZO (It.), PALACHIO (Span.), PALAS (Cym.-Cel.), PAILIS (Gadhelic),]

a palace; _e.g._ the Upper and Lower Palatinate, so called from the palaces erected by the Roman emperors in different parts of the empire; Palazzo, in Dalmatia and Naples; Palazzolo and Palazzuolo (the great palace), in Piedmont; Los Palachios (the palaces), in Spain; Pfalsbourg, anc. _Palatiolum_ (the town of the palace, founded in 1570), in France; Semipalatinsk, in Siberia (the town of the seven palaces), so called from the extensive ruins in its neighbourhood; Spalatro, in Dalmatia, named from the palace of Diocletian, originally _Salonæ-Palatium_ (the palace near Salona), at first corrupted to _As-palthium_ (at the palace), and then to Spalatro. In Wales: Plas-gwyn (the white palace); Plas-newydd (the new palace).

[Sidenote: PALLI (Tamil),]

a small town or village, sometimes corrupted to Poly, Pilly, or Pally; _e.g._ Trichinopoly, _i.e._ _Trisira-palli_ (the town of the giant).

[Sidenote: PALUS (Lat.), PADULE (It.),]