Part 11

a count or earl; _e.g._ Graffenau, Graffenberg, Grafenschlag, Grafenstein (the meadow, hill, wood-clearing, and rock of the count); Grafenworth and Grafenhain (the count’s enclosure or farm); Grafenthal (the count’s valley); Grafenbrück (the count’s bridge); Grafenmühle (the count’s mill); Gravelines, in Flanders, anc. _Graveninghem_ (the count’s domain). In Sclavonic names, Grabik, Grabink, Grobitz, Hrabowa, Hrabaschin (the count’s town); Grobinow (count’s town), Germanised into _Kroppstadt_.

[Sidenote: GRANGE (Fr. and Scot.),]

a farm or storehouse for grain, from the Lat. _granaria_, cognate with the Gadhelic _grainnseach_, Low Lat. _grangia_; _e.g._ Grange, a parish and village in Banffshire; Les Granges (the granaries); La Neuve Grange (the new farm), in France; La Granja, in Spain; Grangegeeth (the windy farm), in Ireland. From the same root such names in Ireland as Granagh, Granaghan (places producing grain).

[Sidenote: GRENZE (Ger.), GRAN (Sclav.),]

the boundary or corner; _e.g._ Grenzhausen (the dwellings on the boundary); Banai-Militar Granze (the border territory under the government of a military officer called _The Ban_); Gransee (the corner lake); Graniz, Granowo (boundary towns), in Hungary; Gran, a town in Hungary, in a province of the same name through which the R. Gran flows.

[Sidenote: GRIAN (Gadhelic),]

the sun; _e.g._ Greenock, either from _grianach_ (sunny) or the knoll, _cnoc_ (of the sun); Greenan, Greenane, Greenawn, and Grennan (literally, a sunny spot), translated by the Irish Latin-writers _solarium_; but as it occurs in topographical names in Ireland, it is used as another name for a royal palace; Grenanstown, in Co. Tipperary, is a sort of translation of its ancient name _Baile-an-ghrianain_ (the town of the palace); Greenan-Ely (the palace of the circular stone fortress, _aileach_); Tullagreen (the hill of the sun); Monagreany (sunny bog).

[Sidenote: GRIES (Ger.),]

sand or gravel; _e.g._ Griesbach (sandy brook); Griesau, Griesthal (sandy valley); Grieshaim (sandy dwelling); Grieswang (sandy field); Griesberg (sand hill); Grieskirchen (the church on the sandy land). _Gressius_ and _Gresum_ in _bas_ Lat. have the same meaning, and have given names to such places in France as Les Grès, Grèses, Les Gresillons, La Gressée, La Grezille, etc.

[Sidenote: GROD, GOROD, GRAD (Sclav.), HRAD (Turc.),]

a fortified town; _e.g._ Belgrade and Belgorod (white fortress); Ekateringrad and Elizabethgrad (the fortified town of the Empress Catharine and Elizabeth); Zaregorod (the fortress of the Czar or Emperor); Novgorod (new fortress); Paulograd and Ivanograd (the fortress of Paul or Ivan, _i.e._ John); Gratz, Gradiska, Gradizsk, Gradentz, Grodek, Grodno, Grodzizk (the fortified towns), in Poland and Russia; Hradeck and Hradisch, with the same meaning, in Bohemia.

[Sidenote: GRODEN (Frisian),]

land reclaimed from the sea; _e.g._ Moorgroden, Ostergroden, Salzgroden, places in Holland.

[Sidenote: GRÖN, GROEN, GRUN (Teut. and Scand.),]

green; _e.g._ Groenloo, Gronau (the green meadow); Grunavoe (green bay); Grunataing (green promontory); Grunaster (green dwelling), in Shetland; Greenland, translated from _Terra-verde_, the name given to the country by Cortoreal in 1500, but it had been discovered by an Icelander (Lief, son of Eric the red), in the ninth century, and named by him _Hvitsaerk_ (white shirt), probably because covered with snow; Greenwich, A.S. _Grenavie_, Lat. _viridus-vicus_ (green town).

[Sidenote: GRUND (Ger.),]

a valley; _e.g._ Amsel-grund, Itygrund (the valleys of the Rivers Amsel and Ity); Riesengrund (the giant’s valley); Laucha-grund (the valley of the R. Laucha), in Thuringia.

[Sidenote: GUADA,]

the name given to the rivers in Spain by the Moors, from the Arabic _wädy_ (the dried-up bed of a river); _e.g._ Guadalaviar, _i.e._ Ar. _Wadi-l-abyadh_ (the white river); Guadalete (the small river); Guadalimar (red river); Guadarama (sandy river); Guadalertin (the muddy river); Guadaloupe (the river of the bay, _upl_); Guadiana (the river of joy), called by the Greeks _Chrysus_ (the golden); Guadalquivir, _i.e._ _Wad-al-kebir_ (the great river); Guaalcazar (of the palace); Guadalhorra (of the cave, _ghar_); Guadalbanar (of the battlefield); Guadaira (of the mills).

[Sidenote: GUÉ (Fr.),]

a ford, perhaps from the Celtic _gwy_, water; _e.g._ Gué-du-Loire (the ford of the Loire); Gué-de-l’Isle (of the island); Le Gué-aux-biches (of the hinds); Boné, formerly _Bonum-vadum_, Lat. (the good ford), in France; Bungay, in Suffolk, on the R. Waveney, corrupt. from _Bon-gué_ (good ford).

[Sidenote: GUISA (Old Ger.),]

to gush, found in river names; _e.g._ Buachgieso (the bending stream); Goldgieso (golden stream); Wisgoz (the white stream).

[Sidenote: GUNGE (Sansc.),]

a market-town; _e.g._ Saibgunge (the market-town of the Englishmen); Futtegunge (the town of victory); Sultangunge (of the Sultan); Shevagunge (of Siva); Jaffiergunge (of Jaffier).

[Sidenote: GUT, GOED (Ger.),]

a property; _e.g._ Schlossgut (the property of the castle); Wüstegut (the property in the waste land); but this word, used as a prefix, denotes _good_, as in Guttenberg, Guttenbrun, Guttenstein (the good hill, well, and fortress).

[Sidenote: GWEN (Cym.-Cel.),]

fair, white, cognate with the Gadhelic _fionn_; _e.g._ Gwenap (the fair slope); Gwendur and Derwent (the fair water); Berwyn (the fair boundary); Corwen (the fair choir); Ventnor (the fair shore); Guinty or Guindy (the fair or white dwelling), common in Wales. _Gwent_, Latinised _Venta_, meant a fair open plain, and was applied to the counties of Monmouth, Gloucester, and Hereford, and Hampshire, as well as to the coast of Brittany: thus Winchester was formerly _Caer-gwent_ (the fortress of the fair plain), Latinised _Venta-Belgorum_ (the plain of the Belgians). There was a _gwent_ also in Norfolk, Latinised _Venta-Icenorum_ (the plain of the Iceni). This root-word may be the derivation of Vannes and La Vendée, in Normandy, if not from the _Veneti_--_v._ FEN.

[Sidenote: GWENT (Welsh),]

a fair or open region, a campaign. It is a name now confined to nearly all Monmouthshire, but which anciently comprehended also parts of the counties of Gloucester and Hereford, being a district where _Caer-went_ or the _Venta-Silurum_ of the Romans was the capital; Corwen (the blessed choir or church); Yr Eglwys-Wen (the blessed choir or church); Wenvoe, in Glamorgan, corrupt. from _Gwenvai_ (the happy land).

[Sidenote: GWERN (Cym.-Cel.),]

the alder-tree, also a swamp; _e.g._ Coed-gwern (alder-tree wood).

[Sidenote: GWY, or WY (Cym.-Cel.),]

water; _e.g._ the Rivers Wye, the Elwy (gliding water); Llugwy (clear water); Mynewy (small water); Leveny (smooth water); Garway (rough water); Conway (the chief or head water, _cyn_); Gwydir, _i.e._ _Gwy-tir_ (water land), the ancient name of Glastonbury; Gwynedd (water glen), an ancient region in North Wales.

[Sidenote: GWYRDD (Welsh),]

green, verdant; _e.g._ Gwyrdd-y-coed (the winter green).

H

[Sidenote: HAAR (Teut.),]

an eminence; _e.g._ Haarlem (the eminence on the clayey soil, _leem_).

[Sidenote: HAFEN, HAVN (Teut. and Scand.), HOFEN, HAMM, HAVRE (Fr.),]

a harbour, from _haff_ (the ocean); _e.g._ Frische-haff (freshwater haven); Kurische-haff (the harbour of the _Cures_, a tribe); Ludwig’s-hafen (the harbour of Louis); Charles’s-haven, Frederick’s-haven (named after their founders); Delfshaven (the canal harbour); Vilshaven (the harbour at the mouth of the R. Vils); Thorshaven (the harbour of Thor); Heiligenhaven (holy harbour); Hamburg (the town of the harbour), formerly _Hochburi_ (high town); Soderhamm (the south harbour); Osterhafen (east harbour); Ryehaven, in Sussex (the harbour on the bank, _rive_); Milford-haven (the harbour of Milford), the modern name of the Cel. _Aber-du-gledian_ (the confluence of the two _swords_), a word applied to _streams_ by the ancient Britons; Whitehaven, in Cumberland, according to Camden named from its white cliffs; Stonehaven (the harbour of the rock), in allusion to the projecting rock which shelters the harbour; Newhaven, Co. Sussex, in allusion to the new harbour made in 1713--its former name was _Meeching_; Newhaven, Co. Edinburgh, named in contradistinction from the old harbour at Leith.

[Sidenote: HAG, HAGEN (Teut. and Scand.), HAIGH, HAY, HAIN,]

an enclosure, literally a place surrounded by a hedge, cognate with the Celtic _cae_; _e.g._ Hagen, in Germany, and La Haye, Les Hayes, and Hawes (the enclosures), in France, Belgium, and England; Hagenbach (the hedged-in brook); Hagenbrunn (the enclosed well); Hagueneau (the enclosed meadow), a town in Germany; Fotheringay (probably originally an enclosure for fodder or fother); The Hague, Ger. _Gravenhage_ (the duke’s enclosure, originally a hunting-seat of the Princes of Orange); Hain-Grossen (the great enclosure); Jacob’s-hagen (James’s enclosure), in Pomerania; Urishay (the enclosure of Uris), in Hereford; Haigh and Haywood (the enclosed wood), in Lancashire.

[Sidenote: HAGO, HEGY (Hung.),]

a hill; _e.g._ Kiraly-hago (the king’s hill); Szarhegy (the emperor’s hill).

[Sidenote: HAI (Chinese),]

the sea; _e.g._ Hoanghai (the yellow sea); Nankai (the southern sea).

[Sidenote: HAIDE, or HEIDE (Teut.),]

a heath or wild wood; _e.g._ Falkenheid (the falcon’s wood); Birchenheide (the birch-wood); Hohenheid and Hochheyd (high heath); Hatfield, Hadleigh, Hatherley, and Hatherleigh (the heathy field or meadow); Hadlow (heath hill); Haidecke (heath corner); Heydecapelle (the chapel on the heath), in Holland.

[Sidenote: HAIN (Ger.),]

a grove or thicket; _e.g._ Wildenhain (the wild beasts’ thicket); Wilhelmshain (William’s grove or thicket); Langenhain (long thicket); Grossenhain (the thick grove).

[Sidenote: HALDE (Ger.),]

a declivity, cognate with _hald_, Scand. (a rock); _e.g._ Leimhalde (clayey declivity); Frederick’s-hald, in Norway, so named by Frederick III. in 1665. Its old name was simply _Halden_ (on the declivity).

[Sidenote: HALL, or ALH (Teut.), HEAL (A.S.),]

a stone house, a palace; _e.g._ Eccleshall (church house), in Staffordshire, where the Bishops of Lichfield had a palace; Coggeshall, in Essex (Gwgan’s mansion); Kenninghall (the king’s palace), in Norfolk, at one time the residence of the princes of East Anglia.

[Sidenote: HALL and HALLE,]

in German topography, is a general name for a place where salt is manufactured. The word has its root in the Cym.-Cel. _halen_ (salt), cognate with the Gadhelic _salen_ and the Teut. _salz_, probably from the Grk. _hals_ (the sea). Hall and Halle, as town names, are found in connection with _Salz_; as in Hall in Upper Austria, near the Salzberg (a hill with salt mines), and Hall, near the salt mines in the Tyrol; Halle, in Prussian Saxony, on the R. Saale; Reichenhall (rich salt-work), in Bavaria; Hallein, celebrated for its salt-works and baths, on the Salza; Hallstadt, also noted for its salt-works; Hall, in Wurtemberg, near salt springs; Halton, in Cheshire, probably takes its name from the salt mines and works in the neighbourhood; _Penardhalawig_ (the headland of the salt marsh) was the ancient name of Hawarden, in Flint and Cheshire; Halys and Halycus (salt streams), in Galatia and Sicily.

[Sidenote: HAM, HEIM (Teut. and Scand.), HJEM, HEIM,]

a home or family residence, literally a place of shelter, from _heimen_, Ger. (to cover), _hama_, A.S. (a covering), cognate with the Grk. _heima_; _e.g._ Hampstead and Hampton (the home place); Okehampton (the dwelling on the R. Oke), in Devonshire; Oakham (oak dwelling), so called from the numerous oaks that used to grow in its vicinity; Buckingham (the home of the Buccingus or dwellers among beech-trees); Birmingham, probably a patronymic from the Boerings; Addlingham and Edlingham (the home of the Athelings or nobles); Horsham (Horsa’s dwelling); Clapham (Clapa’s home); Epsom, anc. _Thermæ-Ebbesham_ (the warm springs of Ebba, a Saxon queen); Flitcham (Felex’s home); Blenheim, Ger. _Blindheim_ (dull home), in Bavaria; Nottingham, A.S. _Snotengaham_ (the dwelling near caves); Shoreham (the dwelling on the coast); Waltham (the dwelling near a wood); Framlingham (the dwelling of the strangers), from the A.S.; Grantham (Granta’s dwelling); Ightham (the parish with eight villages), in Kent; Wrexham, anc. _Writtlesham_ (the town of wreaths), A.S. _wreoth_; Ingelheim (the dwelling of the Angli); Ingersheim (of Ingra); Oppenheim (of Uppo); Rodelheim (of Rodolph); Southampton (the _south_ dwelling, in distinction from Northampton); Twickenham (the dwelling between the streams, where the Thames seems to be divided into two streams); Rotherham, anc. Cel. _Yr odre_ (the boundary), Lat. _Ad-fines_ (on the boundary); Wolverhampton (the dwelling endowed by the Lady Wulfrana in the tenth century); Godmanham, in Yorkshire (the holy man’s dwelling), the site of an idol temple, destroyed under the preaching of Paulinus, whose name it bears. This root-word is often joined to the name of a river, thus--Coleham, Coverham, Debenham, Hexham or Hestildisham, Jaxtham, Lenham, Trentham, Tynningham (_i.e._ towns or villages on the Rivers Colne, Cover, Deben, Hestild, Jaxt, Len, Trent, Tyne); Cheltenham, on the Chelt; Oxnam, Co. Roxburgh, formerly Oxenham (a place of shelter for oxen); Hameln, on the R. Hamel, in Hanover; Drontheim or Trondjeim (throne dwelling); Kaiserheim (the emperor’s dwelling); Heidelsheim (the dwelling of Haidulf), in Bavaria; Hildesheim, probably the dwelling near the field of battle, Old Ger. _hilti_ (a battle); Mannheim (the dwelling of men), as contrasted with _Asheim_ or _Asgarth_ (the dwelling of the gods), in Baden; Hildersham, in Yorkshire, anc. _Hildericsham_ (the dwelling of Childeric). Ham is often contracted into _om_, _um_, _en_, or _am_, etc.--as in Dokum (the town of the port or dock), in Holland; Nehon, in Normandy, corrupt. from Nigel’s home; Angeln (the dwelling of the Angli); Oppeln, in Silesia (the dwelling of Oppo); Edrom, in Berwickshire, corrupt. from _Adderham_ (the dwelling on the R. Adder); Ednam, on the Eden, in Roxburghshire; Hitchen, on the Hiz or Hitche, in Herts; Fulham, anc. _Fullenham_ (the home of birds), A.S. _fugil_; Hownam (the dwelling of Howen or Owen), in Roxburghshire. In Flanders _ham_ or _heim_ often takes the forms of _eim_, _em_, etc., as in Killim (the dwelling of Kilian); Ledringhem (of Ledro); Hem (of Hugnes); Pitgain (of the well); Wolsen, for Wolfsheim; Bohemia (the home of the Boii); Dahlen (valley dwelling); Wolsen (Wolfa’s dwelling).

[Sidenote: HAMMAN (Ar. and Turc.), HAMMAH,]

hot springs; _e.g._ Hamman-Mousa (the hot springs of Moses); Hamman-Pharoon (of Pharaoh); Hammah-de-Cabes (the warm baths of Cabes), in North Africa; Alhama (the town of the warm baths), the name of several places in Spain.

[Sidenote: HAMMER (Scand.)]

This word sometimes signifies a village or small town, and sometimes a rock; _e.g._ Lillehammer (the little town); Oesthammer (east village); Hamr (a steep place), in Shetland; Hammerfeste, in the island of Qualoe, probably means the rock fortress, _faestung_. In German topography it is generally connected with the blacksmith’s hammer, and is common in localities where metals are worked, thus--Hammersmeide (hammer-smithy); Silberhammer (a place where silver is wrought), near Dantzic. Kemble also suspects a reference to Thor’s hammer in the names of some towns or villages in England; _e.g._ Hamerton, in Huntingdon, and also in Middlesex; Hammerwich, in Staffordshire; Hamerton-kirk, in Yorkshire.

[Sidenote: HANG (Ger.),]

a declivity, from _hängen_ (to hang), A.S. _hongian_; _e.g._ Hangenheim (the dwelling on the declivity); Pannshanger (Penn’s slope), in Herts; Clehonger (clayey slope), Hereford.

[Sidenote: HAR, HAER (Teut.),]

the army; _e.g._ Harwich (army town or bay), in Essex, so called because the Danes had a great military depot at this place; Herstal, in Belgium, anc. _Hari-stelle_ (army place); Hargrave (the army entrenchment), in Norfolk; Harbottle (the army’s quarters), in Northumberland. In Edmond’s _Names of Places_ this prefix, as well as _hor_, is referred to an A.S. word signifying hoary; under which he places Harborough, in Leicestershire, the name of which is traced by Bailey to _havre_ (oats).

[Sidenote: HART, HARZ (Teut.), HYRST (A.S.),]

brushwood or a wood; _e.g._ the Harz Mountains, with the town of Harzburg (the fortress in the wood); Harsefeld (woody field), in Hanover; Hurst, in Kent; Deerhurst (deer wood or thicket); Hurst-Monceaux (the wood of Monceaux, probably a Norman baron), in Sussex; Hurst, a town in Lancashire; Lyndhurst (the wood of lime-trees); Midhurst (in the middle of the wood); Hawkhurst (hawk wood); Gravenhorst (the count’s wood); Horstmar (rich in wood)--_v._ MAR; Billing’s-hurst (the wood of the Billings), a patronymic; Farnhurst and Ferneyhurst (ferny wood); Sendenhorst (the rushy wood), in Westphalia; Herzovia or Herzegovia (a woody district), in Turkey; Murrhard, in Wurtemberg, means the wood on the R. Muhr; Delmenhorst, on the Delme, in Hanover. Hart, in English topography, however, refers more commonly to _heort_ (the hart), as in Hart_grove_, Hart_land_, Hart_ley_, Hart_field_, Harts_ford_, Harts_hill_. It occasionally takes the form of _chart_, as in Seal-chart (holy wood); Chart-Sutton (the wood at the south town).

[Sidenote: HASEL, HAEZEL (Teut.),]

the hazel-tree; _e.g._ Hessle (the place of hazels); Haselburn and Haselbrunnen (the stream and well of the hazels); Haslau (hazel meadow); Heslington (the dwelling among hazels); Hasselt, in Belgium, _i.e._ Hasselholt, Lat. _Hasseletum_ (hazel grove); Hasseloe (hazel island), in Sweden and Denmark; Hazeldean and Haslingden (the hollow of the hazels).

[Sidenote: HATCH, HÆCA (A.S.),]

a bolt, a gate, hence an enclosed dwelling; _e.g._ Hatch-Beauchamp (the enclosed dwelling of Beauchamp, a personal name); Colney-Hatch (of Colney); West-Hatch, in Somerset; Pilgrim’s Hatch, in Essex.

[Sidenote: HAUGH, HEUGH, HOW, HOPE.]

In Scotland these words generally denote a low-lying meadow between hills or on the banks of a stream,--as in Hobkirk (_i.e._ the church in the _hope_ or meadow); Howwood (the wood in the hollow); Hutton, for _How_ton (the dwelling in the hollow), parishes in Scotland. In England _how_ and _haugh_ come more frequently from the Scand. _haugr_ (a heap or mound often raised over a grave, like the cairns in Scotland),--as in Silver-how, Butterlip-how, in the Lake District, probably from mounds over some Norse leader’s grave; Haugh, in Lincoln; Haugham (the dwelling near the mound); Howden, in Yorkshire (the valley of the _haugr_ or mound); Haughley (the meadow near the mound). La Hogue, in France, is from _haugr_ or from the _houg_, as also Les Hogues and La Hoguette (the little mound); Gretna Green is the modern name for _Gretan-how_ (the great hollow). _Haugr_ also means a temple or high place, fenced off and hallowed, among the Scandinavians; and to this word so derived Dasent traces Harrow-on-the-hill and Harrowby.

[Sidenote: HAUPT (Ger.), HOVED (Scand.), HEAFOD (A.S.),]

a head, a promontory; _e.g._ Howth Head, in Ireland, from the Danish _hofed_--its Irish name is _Ben Edair_ (the hill of Edar); Brunhoubt (the well head); Berghaupt (hill head); Ruckshoft (ridge head), in Germany; Hoft (the headland), in the island of Rugen; Sneehatten (snowy head), in Norway; Hoddam (holm head), in Dumfriesshire.

[Sidenote: HAUS (Teut.), HUUS (Scand.), HAZA (Hung.),]

a dwelling, allied to _casa_, Lat., It., Span., and Port.; _e.g._ Mühlhausen (at the mill house); Saxenhausen (the dwelling of the Saxons); Wendenhausen (of the Wends); Schaffhausen (the ship station), which consisted originally of a few storehouses on the banks of the Rhine for the reception of merchandise; Dunkelhauser (the dark house); Aarhuus (the town on the watercourse), a seaport in Denmark; Aggers-huus, in Norway, on the R. Agger. This district and river seems to have been named from an _agger_ or rampart erected near Christiania in 1302, on the Aggerfiord. Ward-huus (the dwelling in the island of the watch-tower), on the coast of Fenmark; Holzhausen (the dwelling at the wood); Burghausen (the fortified dwelling); Distilhousen (the dwelling among thistles), in Belgium. In Hungary, Bogdan-haza (God’s house); Oroshaza (the dwelling of the Russians); Chaise-Dieu, Lat. _Casa-Dei_ (the house of God), in France. Also in France, Chaise, Les Chaises; Casa-nova (new house); Casa-vecchia (old house), in Corsica; Chassepierre, Lat. _Casa-petrea_ (stone house), in Belgium; Casa-bianca (white house), in Brazil.

[Sidenote: HEL, HELLE, HELGE, HEIL,]

prefixes with various meanings in Eng., Ger., and Scand. topography. Sometimes they mean holy, Ger. _heilig_, as in Heligoland (holy isle); Heilbron (holy well); Heligensteen (holy rock); Heilberg and Hallidon (holy hill); Heiligencreuz (the town of the holy cross), Hung. _Nemet-keresztur_ (the grove of the cross); Heiligenhaven (holy harbour); Heiligenstadt (holy town); Halifax, in Yorkshire (holy face), is said to have been named from an image of John the Baptist, kept in a hermitage at the place; Hoxton, in Sussex, was originally _Hageltoun_ (holy town), because it was there that St. Edmund suffered martyrdom. Sometimes, however, _hell_ denotes a covered place, as in Helwell, in Devonshire (the covered well); sometimes it means _clear_, as in Hellebrunn (clear or bright fountain); Heilbronn, in Wurtemberg (fountain of health), named from a spring formerly used medicinally. Hellefors, a waterfall in Norway, and Hellgate, New York, seem to derive their names from a superstition connected with _Hel_, the goddess of the dead; Holyhead, in Wales, is in Welsh _Pen-Caer-Gibi_ (the hill fort of St. Cybi, called _holy_ in his honour); Holy Island, Lat. _Insula-sancta_, obtained its name from the monastery of St. Cuthbert--its more ancient name, _Lindisfarne_, is probably the ferry, _fahr_, of the brook Lindis, on the opposite shore; Holywell, in Flint, took its name from St. Winifred’s Well, celebrated for its miraculous cures--its Welsh name is _Tref-fynnon_ (the town of the clear water); Holywood, Dumfriesshire, Cel. _Der Congal_ (the oak grove of St. Congal).

[Sidenote: HELLR (Scand.),]

a cave into which the tide flows; _e.g._ Hellr-hals (the neck or strait of the cave); Heller-holm (the island of the cave); Hellersness (the headland of the caves).

[Sidenote: HELY (Hung.),]

a place; _e.g._ Vasarhely (the market-place); Varhely (the place of the fortress); Marosvasarhely (the market-place on the R. Maros), in Ger. _Neumarkt_; Vasarhely-hod-Mezö (the market-place of the beaver’s meadow); Szombathely (the place where the Saturday market is held, _szombat_); Csotortokhely (the Thursday market-place), Germanised _Donners-markt_; Udvarhely (court place); Szerdahely (Wednesday market-place), _Vasar_, Hung. (a market), from Turc. _Bazar_.

[Sidenote: HEN (Cym.-Cel.),]

old; _e.g._ Henly (the old place), on the Thames; Hentland, for Hen-llan (old church, now St. Asaph’s); Henlys (old palace): Hen-egglys (old church), in Anglesea.

[Sidenote: HEN (Cym.-Cel.),]

old, ancient; _e.g._ Henlys (the ancient hall).

[Sidenote: HENGST (Teut.),]

a horse--hence Hengiston, in Cornwall, either an enclosure for horses or the town of Hengist; Hengestdorf or Pferdsdorf (horse’s village); Hengistridge (horse’s ridge); Hinksey (the horse’s island or marshy place); Hinkley (the horses’ meadow).

[Sidenote: HERR, HERZOG (Ger.), HERTOG (Dutch),]

a duke or lord; _e.g._ Herzogenbosch or Bois-le-Duc (the duke’s grove); Hertogspodler (the duke’s reclaimed land); Herzogenburg (the duke’s fortress); Herzogenrath (the duke’s cleared land); Herrnsbaumgarten (the duke’s orchard); Herrnhut (the Lord’s tabernacle), founded by Count Zinzendorf, in Saxony, for the Moravian Brethren, in 1722; Herisau (the duke’s meadow), Lat. _Augia-Domini_, in Switzerland.

[Sidenote: HESE, or HEES (Teut.),]

a hedge or thicket; _e.g._ Hessingen (the dwelling in the thicket); Maashees (the thicket on the R. Maas); Wolfhees (the wolf’s thicket).

[Sidenote: HILL (A.S.), HYL, HOLL (Scand.),]

an elevation, cognate with the Ger. _hugel_; _e.g._ Silver-hill, named after Sölvar, a Norse leader, in the Lake District; Hilton, Hilston (hill town); Woolwich, anc. _Hyl-vich_ (hill town); Butterhill (the hill of Buthar), a personal name in the Lake District.

[Sidenote: HINDU (Pers.),]

water; _e.g._ the Rivers Indus, Inde, Indre, etc.; Hindostan (the district watered by the R. Indus).

[Sidenote: HIPPO (Phœn.),]

a walled town; _e.g._ Hippo, near Carthage. There were three cities called Hippo in Africa and two in Spain: Olisippo (the walled town), now Lisbon; Oreppo, Belippo, Lacippo.

[Sidenote: HIR (Cym.-Cel.),]

long.

[Sidenote: HIRSCH (Ger.),]

the hart; _e.g._ Hirzenach (the hart’s stream); Hersbrock (the hart’s marsh); Hirschberg, Lat. _Corvamontem_ (the hart’s hill); Hirschfeld, Herschau, Hirschholm, Hirschhorn (the field, meadow, hill, peak of the harts).

[Sidenote: HISSAR (Turc.),]

a castle; _e.g._ Kezil-hissar (red castle); Kara-hissar (black castle); Eski-hissar (old castle), anc. _Laodicea_; Demir-hissar (iron castle); Guzel-hissar (white castle); Sevri-hissar (cypress castle); Sultan-hissar (the sultan’s castle); Kulci-hissar (the castle on the R. Khelki).

[Sidenote: HITHE (A.S.),]

a haven; _e.g._ Hythe, in Kent; Greenhithe (the green haven); Lambeth, anc. _Lomehithe_ (clayey haven); Maidenhead, anc. _Mayden-hithe_, i.e. the wharf _midway_ between Marlow and Windsor; Queenhithe (the queen’s haven); Redriff, in Surrey, anc. _Rethra-hythe_ (the haven of sailors), A.S. _rethra_, also called Rotherhithe (the haven for horned cattle), Old Eng. _rother_; Stepney, anc. _Stebon-hythe_ (Stephen’s haven or timber wharf); Erith, A.S. _Ora-hithe_ (shore haven), in Kent; Challock, in Kent, corrupt. from _ceale hythe_ (chalk haven).

[Sidenote: HJALTI (Scand.),]

a Viking; _e.g._ Shapansay, anc. _Hjalpansay_ (the Viking’s island); Shetland, _i.e._ _Hjaltiland_, with the same meaning.

[Sidenote: HLINC (A.S.),]

a ridge; _e.g._ Linch, in Sussex; Rouselinch (Rouse’s ridge), in Worcestershire.

[Sidenote: HO (Chinese),]

a river or water; _e.g._ Euho (the precious river); Hoangho (the yellow river); Peiho (white river); Yuho (imperial river); Keangho (rapid river); Hoonan (south of the lake); Hoohe (north of the lake, _i.e._ of Lake Tongting).

[Sidenote: HOCH, HOHEN (Ger.), HEAH, HEAG (A.S.), HOOG (Dutch),]