Part 12

high; _höhe_ (a height); _e.g._ Hohurst and Hohenhart (high wood); Hohenberg (high hill); Homburg (high hill fort); Homburg-von-der-höhe (the high fort in front of the height); Hochfeld (high field); Hochain (high enclosure); Hochstadt, Hochstetten, Hochstatten (high dwelling); Hocheim (high home or dwelling), from which place Hock wines are named; Hochwiesen, Sclav. _Velko-polya_ (high meadow or plain); Hochst for Hochstadt, and Hoym for Hochham (high town); Hohenelbi, Grk. _Albipolis_ (the high town on the Elbe); Hohenlohe (the high meadow or thicket); Hohenstein and Hohenstauffen (high rock); Hohenwarth, Lat. _Altaspecula_ (the high watch-tower); Hohenzollern (the high place belonging to the Zwolf family); Hohenscheid (the high watershed); Hockliffe (high cliff), in Bedford; Higham, Highworth (high manor or dwelling); Highgate (high road); Wilhelmshöhe (William’s high place); Hoy, in Shetland (the high island).

[Sidenote: HOF (Teut.), HOEVE (Dutch),]

an enclosure, manor, and court. In Scandinavia _hoff_ means a temple; _e.g._ Eyndhoven (the manor at the corner); Neuhof and Neunhoffen, in France (new manor); Hof and Hoff (the enclosure), in Belgium; Hof, in Bavaria, on the R. Saale; Stadt-am-hof, in Bavaria, anc. _Curia Bavarica_ (the place at the court); Hof-an-der-March (the court or manor on the R. March); Schoonhoven (beautiful manor), in Holland; Nonnenhof (the nun’s enclosure); Meerhof (the dwelling on the marshy land); Peterhof (the court dwelling founded by Peter the Great); Hoff (the temple), in Iceland; Hoff, a village near Appleby, has the same meaning, as it is situated in a wood called Hoff-land (the temple grove). In Iceland, when a chieftain had taken possession of a district, he erected a temple (_hoff_) and became, as he had been in Norway, the chief, the pontiff, and the judge of the district; and when the Norwegians took possession of Cumberland and Westmoreland they would naturally act in the same manner.

[Sidenote: HOHN (Old Ger.),]

a low place, as in Die-Höhne (the hollows), in the Brocken.

[Sidenote: HÖLLE (Teut.),]

a cave, from _hohl_ (hollow); _e.g._ Hohenlinden, anc. _Hollinden_ (the hollow place of lime-trees); Holland or the Netherlands (the low countries); also Holland, a low-lying district in Lincolnshire; Holdeornesse (the low promontory of the province of Deira); Holmer, in Hereford (the low lake, _mere_).

[Sidenote: HOLM (Scand.),]

a small island; _e.g._ Flatholm (flat island); Steepholm (steep island); Priestholm (of the priest); Alderholm (of alders); Holm, in Sweden, and Hulm, in Norway (the island); Stockholm, anc. _Holmia_ (the island city, built upon stakes). But _holm_ also signifies occasionally a hill, as in Smailholm, in Roxburghshire (little hill); and Hume, or _holm_, Castle, in Berwickshire (on a hill). Sometimes also it signifies a low meadow on the banks of a stream, as in Durham, corrupt. from _Dun-holm_ or _Dunelme_ (the fortress on the meadow), almost surrounded by the R. Wear; Langholm (the long meadow); Denholm (the meadow in the deep valley); Twynholm, anc. _Twynham_ (the dwelling on the hillock), Welsh _twyn_, a parish in Kirkcudbright; Brachenholm (ferny meadow); Lingholme (heather island), in Windermere; also Silverholme (the island of Sölvar, a Norse leader); Bornholm, in the Baltic, anc. _Burgundaland_ (the island of the Burgundians); Axholme, an insulated district in Co. Lincoln, formed by the Rivers Trent, Idle, and Don, from _uisge_, Cel. (water); Drotningholm, in the Mälar Lake near Stockholm (queen’s island), from Swed. _drottmig_ (a queen); Battleholme, found in some places in the north of England, according to Ferguson, means fertile island, from an Old English word _battel_ or _bette_ (fertile).

[Sidenote: HOLT, HOLZ (A.S. and Ger.),]

a wood; _e.g._ Aldershot (alder-tree wood); Bergholt (the hill or hill fort in the wood); Evershot (the boar’s wood, _eofer_); Badshot (badger’s wood); Bochholt (beech-wood); Jagerholz (huntsman’s wood); Oosterhout (east wood); Holzkirchen (the church at the wood); Thourhout, in East Flanders (the wood consecrated to the god Thor); Tourotte, in the department of Oise, in France (also Thor’s wood); Hootenesse (woody promontory), in Belgium; Diepholz (deep wood); Meerholt and Meerhout (marshy wood); Holt, a woody district in Norfolk.

[Sidenote: HOO, or HOE (Scand.),]

a spit of land running into the sea; _e.g._ Sandhoe (the sandy cape); The Hoe, in Kent; Kew, in Surrey, anc. _Kay-hoo_ (the quay on the spit of land).

[Sidenote: HORN (Ger.), HYRNE (A.S.), HOORN (Dutch),]

a horn-like projection or cape jutting into the sea, or a valley between hills, curved like a horn; _e.g._ Hoorn (the promontory), a seaport in Holland, from which place the Dutch navigator Schoutens named Cape Horn, Hoorn being his native place; Hornburg (the town on the projection); Hornby (corner dwelling); Horncastle (the castle on the promontory); Hornberg and Horndon (the projecting hill); Hornsea (the projection on the coast); Matterhorn (the peak in the meadows), so called from the patches of green meadow-land which surround its base; Schreckhorn (the peak of terror); Finsteraarhorn (the peak out of which the Finster-Aar, or dark Aar, has its source). This river is so named to distinguish it from the Lauter or _clear_ river. Skagenshorn (the peak of the Skaw, in Denmark); Faulhorn (the foul peak), so called from the black shale which disintegrates in water; Wetterhorn (stormy peak); Katzenhorn (the cat’s peak); Silberhorn (the silvery peak); Jungfrauhorn (the peak of the maiden).

[Sidenote: HOUC, or HOOG (Teut.),]

a corner or little elevation, akin to the Scottish _heugh_ and the Scand. _haugr_; _e.g._ Hoogzand and Hoogeveen (the sand and marsh at the corner); Hoogheyd (corner heath); Hoogbraek (the broken-up land at the corner); Stanhoug (stone corner).

[Sidenote: HUBEL, or HUGEL (Ger.),]

a little hill; _e.g._ Haidhugel (heath hill); Steinhugel (stony hill); Huchel and Hivel (the little hill); Lindhövel (the hill of lime-trees); Gieshübel (the hill of gushing brooks).

[Sidenote: HUNDRED (Eng.), HUNTARI (Ger.),]

a district supposed to have originally comprised at least one hundred family dwellings, like Welsh _Cantref_ (from _cant_, a hundred), the name of a similar division in Wales; _e.g._ Hundrethwaite (the cleared land on this Hundred), a district in Yorkshire.

[Sidenote: HÜTTE (Teut. and Scand.),]

a shed or cottage; _e.g._ Dunkelhütte (dark cottage); Mooshutten (the cottage in the mossy land); Buxtehude (the hut on the ox pasture); Huttenwerke (the huts at the works or mines); Hudemühlen (mill hut); Hutton (the town of huts). But Landshut, in Bavaria, does not seem to be derived from _hütte_, but from _schutz_, Ger. (a defence), as it is in the neighbourhood of an old fortress, on the site of a Roman camp.

[Sidenote: HVER (Norse),]

a warm, bubbling spring; _e.g._ Uxaver (the oxen’s spring), in Iceland.

I

[Sidenote: I (Gadhelic),]

an island; _e.g._ I-Colum-chille or Iona (the island of St. Columba’s cell); Ierne or Ireland (the western island or the island of Eire, an ancient queen).

[Sidenote: IA (Cel.),]

a country or land; _e.g._ Galatia and Galicia, and anc. _Gallia_ (the country of the Gauls); Andalusia, for Vandalusia (the country of the Vandals); Batavia (the good land), _bette_, good; Britania or Pictavia (probably the land of painted tribes); Catalonia, corrupt. from _Gothalonia_ (the land of the Goths); Circassia (the land of the Tcherkes, a tribe); Croatia (the land of the Choriots or mountaineers); Suabia (of the Suevii); Moravia (the district of the R. Moravia); Moldavia (of the R. Moldau). It is called by the natives and Turks Bogdania, from Bogdan, a chieftain who colonised it in the thirteenth century. Ethiopia (the land of the blacks, or the people with the sunburnt faces), from Grk. _ops_ (the face), and _aitho_ (to burn); Phœnicia (the land of palms or the _brown_ land), Grk. _Phœnix_; Silesia (the land of the Suisli); Bosnia (the district of the R. Bosna); Russia, named after Rourik, a Scandinavian chief; Siberia, from _Siber_, the ancient capital of the Tartars; Kaffraria (the country of the Kaffirs or unbelievers), a name given by the Arabs; Dalmatia (the country of the Dalmates, who inhabited the city _Dalminium_); Iberia, the ancient name of Spain, either from the R. Ebro or from a tribe called the Iberi or Basques; Caledonia, perhaps from _Coille_ (the wood).

[Sidenote: IACUM,]

an affix used by the Romans, sometimes for _ia_ (a district), and sometimes the Latinised form of the adjectival termination _ach_--_qu. v._ p. 5; _e.g._ Juliers, Lat. _Juliacum_ (belonging to Julius Cæsar); Beauvais, Lat. _Bellovacum_ (belonging to the Bellovaci); Annonay, Lat. _Annonicum_ (a place for grain, with large magazines of corn); Bouvignes, in Belgium, Lat. _Boviniacum_ (the place of oxen); Clameny, Lat. _Clameniacum_ (belonging to Clement, its founder); Joigny, anc. _Joiniacum_, on the R. Yonne; Annecy, Lat. _Anneacum_ (belonging to Anecius); Cognac, Lat. _Cogniacum_ (the corner of the water), Fr. _coin_, Old Fr. _coiny_, Cel. _cuan_.

[Sidenote: IERE,]

an affix in French topography denoting a possession, and generally affixed to the name of the proprietor; _e.g._ Guilletière (the property of Guillet); Guzonière (of Guzon).

[Sidenote: ILI (Turc.),]

a district; _e.g._ Ili-Bosnia (the district of the R. Bosna); Rumeli or Roumelia (the district of the Romans).

[Sidenote: ILLIA (Basque),]

a town; _e.g._ Elloirio, Illora, and Illura (the town on the water, _ura_); Lorca, anc. _Illurcis_ (the town with fine water); Elibyrge (the town with the tower), Grk. _pyrgos_; Elché, anc. _Illici_ (the town on the hill, _ci_); Illiberus (new town, surnamed Elne after the Empress Helena), in Spain; the isle of Oleron, anc. _Illura_ (the town on the water).

[Sidenote: IM and IN,]

a contraction for the Ger. _in der_ (in or on the); _e.g._ Imgrund (in the valley); Imhorst (in the wood); Eimbeck (on the brook); Imruke (on the ridge).

[Sidenote: ING, INGEN, INGA,]

an affix used by the Teutonic races, as a patronymic, in the same sense as _Mac_ is used in Scotland, _ap_ in Wales, and _O_ in Ireland. _Ing_ is generally affixed to the settlement of a chief, and _ingen_ to that of his descendants. _Ing_, preceding _ham_, _ton_, _dean_, _ley_, _thorp_, _worth_, etc., is generally an abbreviation of _ingen_, and denotes that the place belonged to the family of the tribe, as in Bonnington, Collington, Collingham, Islington (the home of the Bonnings, the Collings, and the Islings). In French topography _ingen_ takes the forms of _igny_, _igné_, or _inges_; and it appears, by comparing the names of many towns and villages in England and the north-west of France with those of Germany, that Teutonic tribes forming settlements in these countries transferred the names in their native land to their new homes. For the full elucidation of this subject reference may be made to Taylor’s _Words and Places_, chap. vii. and the Appendix, and to Edmund’s _Names of Places_, p. 58. Only a few examples of the use of this patronymic can be given here; thus, from the _Offings_--Oving and Ovingham, corresponding to the Ger. Offingen and the Fr. Offignes. From the _Eppings_--Epping, Ger. Eppinghofen, and Fr. Epagne. The _Bings_--Bing, Bingham, Bingley; Ger. Bingen; Fr. Buigny. The _Basings_--Eng. Basing, Basingham, Bessingby; Fr. Bazigny. From the _Raedings_--Reading, Co. Berks. The _Harlings_--Harlington. The _Billings_--Bellington. From the _Moerings_ or _Merovingians_ many French towns and villages are named; _e.g._ Morigny, Marigné, Merignac, Merrigny; in England--Merring, Merrington. We can sometimes trace these tribe names to the nature of the localities which they inhabited. Thus the _Bucings_, from which we have Boking and Buckingham, to a locality abounding in beech-trees, _boc_; the _Durotriges_, from which we have Dorset and Dorchester, are the dwellers by the water, _dur_; as well as the _Eburovices_, who gave their name to Evreux, in France. _Ing_, also, in A.S. names, sometimes means a meadow, as in Clavering, in Essex (clover meadow), A.S. _Claefer_; Mountnessing, Co. Essex (the meadow of the Mountneys, who were formerly lords of the manor); Godalming (the meadow of Godhelm).

[Sidenote: INNER (Ger.),]

opposed to _ausser_ (the inner and outer), as in Innerzell, Ausserzell (the inner and outer church).

[Sidenote: INNIS (Gadhelic), YNYS, ENEZ (Cym.-Cel.), INSEL (Ger.), INSULA (Lat.), NESOS (Grk.),]

an island, also in some cases pasture land near water, or a peninsula. It often takes the form of _inch_, as in Inchkeith (the island of the Keith family); Inchcolm (St. Columba’s Island); Inchfad (long isle); Inchgarvie (the rough island); Inchard (high isle); Inch-Cailleach (the island of the old women or nuns), in Loch Lomond, being the site of an ancient nunnery; Inchmarnoch (of St. Marnoch), in the Firth of Clyde; Inchbrackie (the spotted isle); Inchgower (the goat’s isle); Inchtuthill (the island of the flooded stream); Craignish, anc. _Craiginche_ (the rocky peninsula); Durness, in Sutherlandshire, is a corrupt. from _Doirbh-innis_ (the stormy peninsula); Ynys-Bronwen (the island of Bronwen, a Welsh lady who was buried there), in Anglesey; Ynis-wyllt (wild island), off the coast of Wales; Inysawdre (the isle and home of refuge), in Glamorgan. In Ireland: Ennis (the river meadow); Enniskillen, Irish _Inis-Cethlenn_ (the island of Cethlenn, an ancient queen of Ireland); Ennisheen (beautiful island); Devenish, in Lough Erne, is _Daimhinis_ (the island of oxen). But Enniskerry is not from this root; it is corrupt. from _Ath-na-scairbhe_ (the rough ford); Orkney Isles, Gael. _Orc-innis_ (the islands of whales); they are sometimes called _Earr-Cath_ (the tail of Caithness); Innisfallen, in Lake Kallarney (the island of Fathlenn); the Hebrides or Sudereys, called _Innisgall_ (the islands of the Gaels); the Aleutian Islands, from Russ. _aleut_ (a bald rock); in Holland, Duiveland (pigeon island), and Eyerlandt (the island of the sand-bank); Eilenburg, in Saxony (the town on an island in the R. Mulda); Isola, a town in Illyria (on an island); Issola or Imo-Isola (low island), in Italy; Lille, in Flanders, anc. _L’Isle_, named from an insulated castle in the midst of a marsh; Peloponnesus (the island of Pelops); Polynesia (many islands).

[Sidenote: INVER, or INBHIR (Gadhelic), INNER,]

a river confluence or a creek at the mouth of a river. This word is an element in numerous names throughout Scotland; and although it is not so common in Ireland, it exists in old names, as in Dromineer, for _Druim-inbhir_ (the ridge of the river mouth). In Scotland it is used in connection with _aber_, the word _inver_ being found sometimes at the mouth and _aber_ farther up the same stream: thus--Abergeldie and Invergeldie, on the Geldie; Abernyte and Invernyte, etc.; Inversnaid (the needle or narrow confluence, _snathad_, a needle); Innerkip (at the conf. of the Kip and Daff); Inveresk and Inverkeilor (at the mouths of the Esk and Keilor), in Mid Lothian and Forfar; Innerleithen (at the conf. of the Leithen and Tweed), in Peebles; Inveraven (at the conf. of the Aven and Spey); Inverness (at the conf. of the Ness with the Beauly); Inveraray (at the mouth of the Aray); Inverury (the Urie); Inverkeithing (of the Keith); Inverbervie or Bervie (at the mouth of the Bervie); Peterhead, anc. _Inverugie Petri_ or _Petri promontorium_ (the promontory of the rock of St. Peter), on the R. Ugie, with its church dedicated to St. Peter; Inverleith, now Leith (at the mouth of the Leith); Inverarity (at the mouth of the Arity), in Forfar; Cullen, anc. _Invercullen_ (at the mouth of the back river)--_v._ CUL.

[Sidenote: ITZ, IZ, IZCH,]

a Sclavonic affix, signifying a possession or quality, equivalent to the Teut. _ing_; _e.g._ Carlovitz (Charles’s town); Mitrowitz (the town of Demetrius); Studnitz (of the fountain); Targowitz (the market town); Trebnitz and Trebitsch (poor town); Schwanitz (swine town); Madlitz (the house of prayer); Publitz (the place of beans); Janowitz (John’s town); Schwantewitz (the town of the Sclavonic god Swantewit).

J

[Sidenote: JABLON (Sclav.),]

the apple-tree; _e.g._ Jablonez, Jablonka, Jablona, Jablonken, Jablonoko, Gablenz, Gablona (places abounding in apples); Jablonnoi or Zablonnoi (the mountain of apples).

[Sidenote: JAMA (Sclav.),]

a ditch; _e.g._ Jamlitz, Jamnitz, and Jamno (places with a ditch or trench); Jamburg (the town in the hollow or ditch); but Jamlitz may sometimes mean the place of medlar-trees, from _jemelina_ (the medlar).

[Sidenote: JASOR (Sclav.),]

a marsh; _e.g._ Jehser-hohen and Jeser-nieder (the high and lower marsh), near Frankfort; Jeserig and Jeserize (the marshy place).

[Sidenote: JASSEN (Sclav.),]

the ash-tree; _e.g._ Jessen, Jessern, Jesseu, Jessnitz (the place of ash-trees).

[Sidenote: JAWOR (Sclav.),]

the maple-tree; _e.g._ Great and Little Jawer, in Silesia; Jauer, in Russia; Jauernitz and Jauerburg (the place of maple-trees), in Russia.

[Sidenote: JAZA (Sclav.),]

a house; _e.g._ Jäschen, Jäschwitz, Jäschütz (the houses).

[Sidenote: JEZIRAH (Ar.),]

an island or peninsula; _e.g._ Algiers or Al-Jezirah, named from an island near the town; Al-Geziras (the islands), near Gibraltar; Alghero (the peninsula), in Sardinia; Jezirah-diraz (long island), in the Persian Gulf; Al-Jezirah or Mesopotamia (between the river).

[Sidenote: JÖKUL (Scand.),]

a snow-covered hill; _e.g._ Vatna-Jökul (the hill with the lake); Orefa-Jökul (the desert hill); Forfa-Jökul (the hill of Forfa): Long-Jökul (long hill).

[Sidenote: JONC (Fr.),]

from _juncus_, Lat. (a rush); _e.g._ Jonchère, Joncheres, Jonchery, Le Jonquer, La Joncières, etc., place-names in France.

K

KAAI, KAI, KADE (Teut.),

a quay or a bank by the water-side; _e.g._ Oudekaai (old quay); Kadzand (the quay or bank on the sand); Moerkade (marshy bank); Kewstoke (the place on the quay); Kew, in Surrey, on the Thames; Torquay (the quay of the hill called _Tor_).

[Sidenote: KAHL (Ger.), CALO (A.S.),]

bald, cognate with the Lat. _calvus_; _e.g._ Kalenberg and Kahlengebirge (the bald mountains).

[Sidenote: KAISER (Ger.), KEYSER (Dutch), CYZAR (Sclav.),]

the emperor or Cæsar; _e.g._ Kaisersheim, Kaiserstadt (the emperor’s town); Kaiserstuhl (the emperor’s seat); Kaiserberg (the emperor’s fortress), in Alsace, named from a castle erected by Frederick II.; Kaiserslautern (the emperor’s place), on the R. Lauter; Kaiserswerth (the emperor’s island), on the Rhine; Keysersdyk (the emperor’s dam); Keysersloot (the emperor’s sluice), in Holland; Cysarowes (the emperor’s village), in Bohemia; Kaisariyeh, anc. _Cæsarea_.

[Sidenote: KALAT, or KALAH (Ar.),]

a castle; _e.g._ Khelat, in Belochistan; Yenikale (the new castle), in the Crimea; Calatablanca (white castle), in Sicily; Calahorra, Ar. _Kalat-harral_ (stone castle), in Spain; Calata-bellota (the oak-tree castle), in Sicily; Calata-girone (the surrounded castle), Sicily; Calata-mesetta (the castle of the women); Calatayud (the castle of Ayud, a Moorish king); Alcala-real (the royal castle); Alcala-de-Henares (the castle on the R. Henares), in Spain; Sanjiac-Kaleh (the castle of the standard), corrupt. by the French into _St. Jaques_, in Asia Minor; Calatrava (the castle of Rabah).

[Sidenote: KAMEN (Sclav.),]

a stone; _e.g._ Camentz, Kemmen, Kammena, Kamienetz (the stony place); Kamminchen (the little stony place), a colony from Steenkirchen; Chemnitz (the stony town, or the town on the stony river); Kersna-kaimai (the Christian’s stone house); Schemnitz, Hung. _Selmecz_ (stony town), in Silesia.

[Sidenote: KARA (Turc.),]

black; _e.g._ Karamania (the district of the blacks); Karacoum (the black sand), in Tartary; Kara-su (the black river); Kara-su-Bazar (the market-town on the Kara-su); Kara-Tappeh (the black mound), in Persia; Kartagh and Kartaon (the black mountain chains), in Turkey and Tartary; Kara-Dengis, the Turkish name for the Black Sea, called by the Russians _Tchernœ-more_, Ger. _Schawarz-meer_; Kara-mulin (black mill); Cape Kara-bournow (the black nose), in Asia Minor.

[Sidenote: KEHLE (Ger.),]

a gorge or defile; _e.g._ Bergkehle (hill gorge): Hundkehle (the dog’s gorge); Langkehl (long gorge); Kehl (the gorge), in Baden; Schuylkill (the hidden gorge), a river in America.

[Sidenote: KESSEL, KEZIL (Ger.), KYTEL (A.S.),]

literally a kettle, but in topography applied to a bowl-shaped valley surrounded by hills; _e.g._ Ketel, in Holstein; Kessel, in Belgium; Kessel-loo (the low-lying grove or swamp), in Belgium; Kesselt (the low-lying wood, _holt_), in Belgium; Kettle or King’s-kettle (the hollow), in the valley of the R. Eden, in Fife, formerly belonging to the crown; but such names as Kesselstadt, Kesselsham, Kettlesthorpe, and Kettleshulme are probably connected with the personal name Chetil or Kettle, being common names among the Teutons and Scandinavians.

[Sidenote: KIR (Heb.), KIRJATH,]

a wall or stronghold, a city or town; _e.g._ Kir-Moab (the stronghold of Moab); Kiriathaim (the two cities); Kirjath-Arba (the city of Arba), now Hebron; Kirjath-Baal (of Baal); Kirjath-Huzoth (the city of villas); Kirjath-jearim (of forests); Kirjath-sannah (of palms), also called Kirjath-sepher (the city of the book). The Breton _Ker_ (a dwelling) seems akin to this word, as in Kergneû (the house at the nut-trees), in Brittany.

[Sidenote: KIRCHE (Ger. and Scand.), CYRIC (A.S.), KERK (Dutch),]

a church. The usual derivation of this word is from _kuriake_, Grk. _oikos-kuriou_ (the Lord’s house); _e.g._ Kirkham, Kerkom, Kirchdorf (church town); Kirchhof (church court); Kirchwerder (church island), on an island in the R. Elbe; Kirchditmold (the church at the people’s place of meeting)--_v._ DIOT. Fünfkirchen (the five churches), in Hungary; Kirchberg (church hill), in Saxony. Many parishes in Scotland have this affix to their names, as in Kirkbean (the church of St Bean); Kirkcaldy (the church of the Culdees, who formerly had a cell there); Kirkcolm (of St. Columba); Kirkconnel (of St. Connal); Kirkcowan, anc. _Kirkuen_ (of St. Keuin); Kirkcudbright (of St. Cuthbert); Kirkden (the church in the hollow); Kirkhill (on the hill); Kirkhope (in the valley); Kirkinner (the church of St. Kinneir). In England: Kirkby-Lonsdale (the church town), in the valley of the Lune; Kirkby-Stephen (of St. Stephen, to whom the church was dedicated); Kirkdale, in Lancashire; Kirkham, also in Lancashire; Kirkliston (the church of the strong fort, founded by the Knights Templars), in Linlithgow; Kirkoswald, named after Oswald, King of Northumberland; Kirkurd, in Peeblesshire, Lat. _Ecclesia de Orde_ (the church of Orde or Horda, a personal name); Kirkwall, Norse _Kirk-ju-vagr_ (the church on the bay); Hobkirk (the church in the _hope_ or valley); Ladykirk, in Berwickshire, dedicated to the Virgin Mary by James IV. on his army crossing the Tweed near the place; Falkirk, supposed to be the church on the _Vallum_ or wall of Agricola, but more likely to be the A.S. rendering of its Gaelic name _Eglais-bhrac_ (the spotted church), _fah_ in A.S. being of divers colours; Stonykirk, in Wigtonshire, corrupt. from _Steenie-kirk_ (St. Stephen’s church); Kirkmaden (of St. Medan); Carmichael for Kirk-Michael (of St. Michael); Bridekirk (of St. Bridget); Carluke for Kirkluke (of St. Luke); Selkirk, anc. _Sella-chyrche-Regis_ (the seat of the king’s church, originally attached to a royal hunting-seat); Laurencekirk (the church of St. Laurence, Archbishop of Canterbury, called the Apostle of the Picts); Kirby-Kendal (the church in the valley of the Ken or Kent); Channelkirk, in Berwickshire, anc. _Childer-kirk_ (the children’s church, having been dedicated to the Innocents).

[Sidenote: KIS (Hung.),]

little; _e.g._ Kis-sceg (little corner), in Transylvania; Kishissar (little fort).

[Sidenote: KLAUSE, KLOSTER,]

a place shut in, from the Lat. _claudo_, also a cloister; _e.g._ Klausen (the enclosed place), in Tyrol; Klausenburg (the enclosed fortress); Klausenthal (the enclosed valley); Kloster-Neuburg (the new town of the cloister); Chiusa, in Tuscany, anc. _Clusium_, and Clusa, in Saxony (the enclosed place), also La Chiusa, in Piedmont; but _claus_, as a prefix, may be _Klaus_, the German for Nicholas, and is sometimes attached to the names of churches dedicated to that saint.

[Sidenote: KLEIN (Ger.),]

little; _e.g._ Klein-eigher (the little giant), a mountain in Switzerland.

[Sidenote: KNAB, KNOP (Scand. and Teut.), CNAP (Cel.),]

a hillock; _e.g._ Noopnoss (the projecting point); Knabtoft (the farm of the hillock); The Knab, in Cumberland; Knapen-Fell (the hill with the protuberance), in Norway; Knapdale (the valley of hillocks), Argyleshire; Knapton, Knapwell (the town and well near the hillock); Snape (the hillock), in Suffolk and Yorkshire; Nappan (little hillock), and Knapagh (hilly land), in Ireland.

[Sidenote: KNOLL (Teut.), KNOW,]

a hillock; _e.g._ Knowle and Knoyle (the hillock); Knowl-end (hill end); Knowsley (hill, valley, or field). In the form of _know_ or _now_ it is common as an affix in Scotland.

[Sidenote: KOH (Pers.),]

a mountain; _e.g._ Koh-baba (the chief or father mountain); Caucasus (mountain on mountain, or the mountain of the gods, _Asses_); Kuh-i-Nuh (Noah’s mountain), the Persian name for Ararat; Kashgar (the mountain fortress).

[Sidenote: KOI (Turc.),]

a village; _e.g._ Kopri-koi (bridge village); Haji-Veli-koi (the village of the pilgrim Veli); Papaskoi (the priest’s village); Kadikoi (the judge’s village); Hajikoi (the pilgrim’s village); Akhmedkoi (Achmed’s village); Boghaz-koi (God’s house), near the ruins of an ancient temple in Asia Minor.

[Sidenote: KÖNIG (Ger.), CING (A.S.),]