Part 9

water; _e.g._ Dour, Douro, Dore, Duir, THUR, Doro, Adour, Durance, Duron (river names); Glasdur (green water); Calder, anc. _Caldover_ (woody water); Derwent (bright or clear water); Lauder (the gray water); Ledder and Leader (the broad water); Dorking, Co. Surrey, anc. _Durchinges_, or more correctly, _Durvicingas_ (dwellers by the water--_wician_, to dwell); Briare, on the Loire, anc. _Briva-durum_ (the town on the brink of the water, probably Dover, from this root); Dorchester (the fortress of the Durotriges--dwellers by the water), _trigo_, Cym.-Cel. (to dwell), called by Leland _Hydropolis_; Rother (the red river); Cawdor, anc. _Kaledor_ (woody water).

[Sidenote: DÜRRE (Ger.), DROOG (Dutch),]

dry, sterile; _e.g._ Dürrenstein (the barren rock); Dürrental (the barren valley); Dürrwald (the dry or sterile wood); Droogberg (the barren hill); Drupach (dry brook).

[Sidenote: DWOR (Sclav.), THUR (Ger.), DORUS (Cel.), DWAR (Sansc.),]

a door or opening, an open court; _e.g._ Dvoretz (the town at the opening), in Russia; Dwarka (the court or gate), Hindostan; Hurdwar (the court of Hurry or Siva), called also _Gangadwara_ (the opening of the Ganges), in Hindostan; Issoire, anc. _Issiodorum_ (the town at door or meeting of the waters, _uisge_), a town in France at the conf. of the Allier and Couze; Durrisdeer, Gael. _Dorus-darach_ (at the opening of the oak-wood), in Dumfriesshire; Lindores, in Fife, anc. _Lindoruis_ (at the outlet of the waters), on a lake of the same name which communicates by a small stream with the Tay.

[Sidenote: DYFFRYN (Welsh),]

a river valley; _e.g._ Dyffryn-Clydach, Dyffryn-Gwy, in the valleys of the R. Clwyd and Gwy, in Wales; Dyffryn-golych (the vale of worship), in Glamorgan.

E

[Sidenote: EA (A.S.), EY, AY, EGE or EG OE, O, or A (Scand.), OOG (Dutch),]

an island; from _ea_, _a_, _aa_, running water; _ea_ or _ey_ enter into the composition of many A.S. names of places which are now joined to the mainland or to rich pastures by the river-side, as in Eton, Eaton, Eyam, Eyworth, Eywick (dwellings by the water); Eyemouth, Moulsy, on the R. Mole; Bermondsey, now included in the Metropolis; Eamont, anc. _Eamot_ (the meeting of waters); Fladda and Fladday (flat island); Winchelsea (either the corner, A.S. _wincel_, of the water, or the island of Wincheling, son of the Saxon king Cissa, who founded it); Swansea (Sweyn’s town, on the water), at the mouth of the Tawey; Anglesea (the island of the Angles or English), so named by the Danes--its Welsh name was _Ynys-Fonn_ or _Mona_; Portsea (the island of the haven); Battersea (St. Peter’s isle), because belonging to St. Peter’s Abbey, Westminster; Chelsea (ship island, or the island of the sandbank)--_v._ p. 46, CEOL, CEOSEL; Ely (eel island); Jersey (Cæsar’s isle); Olney (holly meadow); Odensee (Woden’s island or town on the water); Whalsey (whale island, _hval_); Rona (St. Ronan’s isle); Mageroe (scraggy island); Nordereys and Sudereys--from this word Sudereys, the Bishop of Sodor and Man takes his title--(the north and south isles), names given by the Norsemen to the Hebrides and the Orkneys under their rule; Oesel (seal island); Oransay (the island of St. Oran); Pabba and Papa (priest’s isle). The Papae or Christian anchorites came from Ireland and the west of Scotland to Orkney and Shetland, and traces of them were found in Iceland on its discovery by the Norsemen, hence probably such names as Pappa and Crimea (the island of the Cymri or Cimmerians); Morea (the mulberry-shaped island); Shapinsay (the isle of Hjalpand, a Norse Viking); Faröe (the sheep islands--_faar_, Scand.); Faroe, also in Sweden; but Farr, a parish in the north of Scotland, is from _faire_, Gael. a watch or sentinel, from a chain of watch-towers which existed there in former times; Staffa (the island of the staves or columns, Scand. _stav_); Athelney (the island of the nobles); Bressay, Norse _Bardie’s ay_ (giant’s island); Bardsey (the bard’s island), the last retreat of the Welsh bards; Femoe (cattle island); Fetlar, anc. _Fedor’s-oe_ (Theodore’s island); Romney (marsh island), Gael. _Rumach_; Sheppey, A.S. _Sceapige_ (sheep island); Langeoog (long island); Oeland (water land); Torsay (the island with conical hills, _torr_); Chertsey, A.S. _Ceortes-ige_ (Ceorot’s island); Lingley (heathery island), _ling_, Norse (heather); Muchelney (large island); Putney, A.S. _Puttanige_ (Putta’s isle); Thorney (thorny island), but its more ancient name was _Ankerige_, from an anchorite who dwelt in a cell in the island.

[Sidenote: EADAR, EDAR (Cel.), between, ENTRE (Fr., Span., and Port.), INTER (Lat.),]

_e.g._ Eddertoun, Co. Ross (between hills)--_v._ DUNE; Eddra-chillis, _i.e._ _Eadar da Chaolas_ (between two firths), Co. Sutherland; Killederdaowen, in Galway, _i.e._ _Coill-eder-da-abhainn_ (the wood between two rivers); and Killadrown, King’s County, with the same meaning; Cloonederowen, Galway (the meadow between two rivers); Ballydarown (the townland between two rivers). In France: Entre-deux-mers (between two seas); Entrevaux (between valleys); Entre-rios (between streams), in Spain; Entre-Douro-e-Minho (between these rivers), in Portugal; Interlacken (between lakes), in Switzerland.

[Sidenote: EAGLAIS (Gadhelic), EGLWYS (Cym.-Cel.), ILIZ (Armoric), EGYHAZ (Hung.),]

a church. These and synonymous words in the Romance languages are derived from Lat. _ecclesia_, and that from the Grk. ὲκκλησια (an assembly); _e.g._ Eccles, a parish and suburb of Manchester, also the name of two parishes in Berwickshire; Eccleshall, in Staffordshire, so called because the bishops of Lichfield formerly had a palace there; Eccleshill (church hill), in Yorkshire; Eccleston (church town), in Lancashire; Ecclesmachan (the church of St. Machan), in Linlithgow; Eaglesham (the hamlet at the church), Co. Renfrew; Ecclescraig or Ecclesgrieg (the church of St. Gregory or Grig), in Kincardine; Eglishcormick (St. Cormac’s church), Dumfries; Ecclescyrus (of St. Cyrus), in Fife; Lesmahago, Co. Lanark, corrupt. from _Ecclesia-Machuti_ (the church of St. Machute, who is said to have settled there in the sixth century); Carluke, in Lanarkshire, corrupt. from _Eccles-maol-Luke_ (the church of the servant of St. Luke); Terregles, anc. _Traver-eglys_ (church lands), Gael. _treabhair_ (houses), in Kirkcudbright. In Wales: Eglwys Fair (St. Mary’s church); Hen-eglwys (old church); Aglish and Eglish (the church), the names of parishes in Ireland; Aglishcloghone (the church of the stepping-stones); Iglesuela (little church), in Spain; Fèhér eghaz (white church), in Hungary. In France: Eglise-aux-bois (the church in the woods); Eglise neuve (new church); Eglisolles, Eliçaberry, and Eliçaberria (the church in the plain). Such names as Aylesford, Aylsworth, Aylesby, etc., may be derived from _eglwys_ or _ecclesia_, corrupted.

[Sidenote: EAS, ESS, ESSIE (Gadhelic),]

a waterfall; _e.g._ the R. Ness and Loch Ness (_i.e._ the river and lake of the Fall of Foyers); Essnambroc (the waterfall of the badger); Essmore (the great waterfall); Doonass (_i.e._ Irish _Dun easa_ (the fort of the cataract), on the Shannon; Caherass, in Limerick, with the same meaning; Pollanass (the pool of the waterfall); Fetteresso, in Kincardine (the uncultivated land, _fiadhair_, near the waterfall); Edessa, in Turkey, seems to derive its name from the same root, as its Sclavonic name is _Vodena_, with the same meaning; Edessa, in Mesopotamia, is on the R. Daisan; Portessie (the port of the waterfall), Banff.

[Sidenote: EBEN (Ger.),]

a plain; _e.g._ Ebenried and Ebenrinth (the cleared plain); Ebnit (on the plain); Breite-Ebnit (broad plain); Holzeben (woody plain).

[Sidenote: ECKE, or EGG (Teut. and Scand.), VIG (Gadhelic),]

a nook or corner; _e.g._ Schönegg (beautiful nook); Eckdorf (corner village); Eggberg (corner hill); Reinecke (the Rhine corner); Randecke (the corner of the point, _rand_); Vilseek (at the corner of the R. Vils); Wendecken (the corner of the Wends or Sclaves); Edgcott (the corner hut); Wantage, Co. Berks (Wanta’s corner), on the edge of a stream; Stevenage, Co. Herts (Stephen’s corner); Gourock (the goal’s corner); Landeck, in the Tyrol (at the meeting or corner of three roads); Nigg, Gael. _N-uig_ (at the corner), a parish in Co. Kincardine, and also in Ross and Cromarty; Haideck (heath corner), in Bavaria.

[Sidenote: EGER (Hung.),]

the alder-tree; _e.g._ the R. Eger with the town of the same name.

[Sidenote: EILEAN (Gadhelic), EALAND (A.S.), EYLANDT (Dutch), INSEL (Ger.),]

an island, cognate with the Lat. _insula_. The Gaelic word is generally applied to smaller islands than _innis_; _e.g._ _Eilean-sgiathach_ or Skye (the winged island); Eilean-dunan (the isle of the small fort); Eilean-na-goibhre (of the goats); Eilean-na-monach (of the monks); Eilean-na-Clearach (of the clergy); Eilean-na-naoimbh (of the saints), often applied to Ireland; _Eilean-nam-Muchad_ or Muck (the island of pigs), in the Hebrides; Flannan, in the Hebrides, _i.e._ _Eilean-an-Flannan_ (of St. Flannan); Groote Eylandt (great island), off the coast of Australia; Rhode Island, in the United States, Dutch (_red_ island), or, according to another interpretation, so named from its fancied resemblance in form to the island of Rhodes.

[Sidenote: EISEN (Ger.),]

iron; _e.g._ Eisenstadt (iron town); Eisenach, in Germany (on a river impregnated with iron); Eisenberg (iron hill fort), in Germany; Eisenburg (iron town), Hung. _Vasvar_, in Hungary; Eisenirz (iron ore), on the Erzberg Mountains; Eisenschmidt (iron forge), in Prussia.

[Sidenote: ELF (Goth.), ELV,]

a river; _e.g._ Alf, Alb, Elbe, Elben, river names; Laagenelv (the river in the hollow); Dol-elf (valley river); Elbing, a town on a river of the same name.

[Sidenote: ENAGH, or ÆNAGH (Irish),]

an assembly of people, such as were held in old times by the Irish at the burial mounds, and in modern times applied to a cattle fair; _e.g._ Nenagh, in Tipperary, anc. _’n-Ænach-Urmhumhan_ (the assembly meeting-place of Ormund), the definite article _n_ having been added to the name--this place is still celebrated for its great fairs; Ballinenagh, Ballineanig, Ballynenagh (the town of the fair); Ardanlanig (the height of the fair); Monaster-an-enagh (the monastery at the place of meeting). But this word is not to be confounded with _eanach_ (a watery place or marsh), found under such forms as _enagh_ and _annagh_, especially in Ulster. Thus Annabella, near Mallow, is in Irish _Eanachbile_ (the marsh of the old tree); Annaghaskin (the marsh of the eels).

[Sidenote: ENDE (Teut.),]

the end or corner; Ostend, in Belgium (at the west end of the canal opening into the ocean); Ostend, in Essex (at the east end of the land); Oberende (upper end); Süderende (the south corner); Endfelden (the corner of the field), probably Enfield, near London. Purmerend (at the end of the Purmer), a lake in Holland, now drained.

[Sidenote: ENGE (Teut.),]

narrow; _e.g._ Engberg (narrow hill); Engbrück (narrow bridge); Engkuizen (the narrow houses).

[Sidenote: ERBE (Ger.),]

an inheritance or property; _e.g._ Erbstellen (the place of the inheritance, or the inherited property); Erbhof (the inherited mansion-house); Sechserben (the property or inheritance of the Saxons).

[Sidenote: ERDE (Teut.),]

cultivated land; _e.g._ Rotherde (red land); Schwarzenerde (black land).

[Sidenote: ERLE (Ger.),]

the alder-tree; _e.g._ Erla and Erlabeka (alder-tree stream); Erlangen (the dwelling near alder-trees); Erlau, a town in Hungary, on the Erlau (alder-tree river).

[Sidenote: ERMAK (Turc.),]

a river; _e.g._ Kizel-Ermack (red river); Jekil-Ermak (green river).

[Sidenote: ESCHE (Old Ger.),]

a common or sowed field; _e.g._ Summeresche, Winteresche (the field sown in summer and winter); Brachesche (the field broken up for tillage); Kaiseresche (the emperor’s common). For this word as an affix, _v._ p. 5; as a prefix it signifies the ash-tree, as in the Aschaff or ash-tree river; Aschaffenberg (the fortress on the Aschaff); Eschach (ash-tree stream); Escheweiller (ash-tree town); Eschau (ash-tree meadow).

[Sidenote: ESGAIR (Welsh),]

a long ridge; _e.g._ Esgair-hir (the long ridge); Esgair-yn-eira (the snow ridge).

[Sidenote: ESKI (Turc.),]

old; _e.g._ Eski-djuma (old ditch).

[Sidenote: ESPE, or ASPE (Ger.),]

the poplar-tree; _e.g._ Aspach (a place abounding in poplars, or the poplar-tree stream); Espenfield (the field of poplars); Aspenstadt (the station of poplars)--_v._ AESP, p. 5.

[Sidenote: ESTERO (Span.),]

a marsh or salt creek; _e.g._ Estero-Santiago (St. James’s marsh); Los-Esteros (the salt creeks), in South America.

[Sidenote: ETAN, TANA (Basque),]

a district, with the same meaning as the Cel. _tan_, Latinised _tania_; _e.g._ Aquitania (the district of the waters); Mauritania (of the Moors); Lusitania (the ancient name of Portugal). This root-word enters into the name of Britain, according to Taylor--_v._ _Words and Places_.

[Sidenote: EUDAN, or AODANN (Gadhelic),]

the forehead--in topography, the front or brow of a hill; _e.g._ Edenderry (the hill-brow of the oak-wood); Edenkelly (the front of the wood); Ednashanlaght (the hill-brow of the old sepulchre); Edenmore (the great hill-brow); Edina (one of the ancient names of Edinburgh).

[Sidenote: EVES (A.S.),]

a margin; _e.g._ Evedon (on the brink of the hill); Evesbatch (the brink of the brook); Evesham (the dwelling on the bank of the River Avon, in Worcester, or the dwelling of Eoves, a shepherd, afterwards made Bishop of Worcester).

F

[Sidenote: FAGUS (Lat.),]

a beech-tree; _Fagetum_, a place planted with beeches; _e.g._ La Fage, Le Faget, Fayet, Les Faus, Faumont, in France.

[Sidenote: FAHR, FUHR (Teut. and Scand.),]

a way or passage--from _fahren_, to go; _e.g._ Fahrenhorst (the passage at the wood); Fahrenbach, Fahrwasser (the passage over the water); Fahrwangen (the field at the ferry); Rheinfahr (the passage over the Rhine); Langefahr (long ferry); Niederfahr (lower ferry); Vere or Campvere, in Holland (the ferry leading to Kampen); Ferryby (the town of the Ferry), in Yorkshire; Broughty-Ferry, in Fife (the ferry near a _brough_ or castle, the ruins of which still remain); Ferry-Port-on-Craig (the landing-place on the rock, opposite Broughty-Ferry); Queensferry, West Lothian, named from Queen Margaret; Connal-Ferry (the ferry of the raging flood), _confhath-tuil_, in Argyleshire; Fareham, Co. Hants (the dwelling at the ferry).

[Sidenote: FALU, or FALVA (Hung.),]

a village; _e.g._ Uj-falu (new village); Olah-falu (the village of the Wallachians or Wallochs, a name which the Germans applied to the Sclaves); Hanus-falva (John’s village); Ebes-falva (Elizabeth’s village), Ger. _Elizabeth-stadt_; Szombat-falva (the village at which the Saturday market was held); Balars-falva (the village of Blaise); Bud-falva (the village of Buda).

[Sidenote: FANUM (Lat.),]

a temple; _e.g._ Fano, in Italy, anc. _Fanum-Fortunæ_ (the temple of fortune), built here by the Romans to commemorate the defeat of Asdrubal on the Metaurus; Famars, anc. _Fanum-Martis_ (the temple of Mars); Fanjeaux, anc. _Fanum-Jovis_ (of Jove); St. Dié, anc. _Fanum-Deodati_ (the temple of Deodatus, Bishop of Nevers); St. Dezier, anc. _Fanum-Desiderii_ (the temple of St. Desiderius); Florent-le-Vieul, anc. _Fanum-Florentii_ (of St. Florentius); St. Flour, _Fanum-Flori_ (of St. Florus).

[Sidenote: FARR (Norse),]

a sheep. This word seems to have given names to several places in the north of Scotland, as affording good pasture for sheep; _e.g._ Farr, a parish in Sutherlandshire); Farra, Faray, islands in the Hebrides and Orkneys; Fare, a hill in Aberdeenshire.

[Sidenote: FEARN (Gadhelic), FAUR, or VAUR (great)--_v._ MAUR,]

the alder-tree; _e.g._ Fernagh, Farnagh, and Ferney (a place abounding in alder-trees), in Ireland; Glenfarne (alder-tree valley); Ferns, Co. Wexford, anc. _Fearna_ (the place of alders); Gortnavern (the field of alders); Farney, Co. Monaghan, corrupt. from _Fearn-mhagh_ (alder-tree plain); Altanfearn (the little stream of alders); Sronfearn (the point of alders)--_v._ p. 178; Fearns (the alder-trees), in Ross-shire; Fearn, also in Forfar; Ferney, on the Lake of Geneva, probably with same meaning as Ferney in Ireland.

[Sidenote: FEHER (Hung.),]

white; Szekes-Fehervar, Ger. _Stulweissenburg_ (the throne of the white fortress).

[Sidenote: FEKETE (Hung.),]

black; _e.g._ Fekete-halam (black hill).

[Sidenote: FEL (Hung.),]

upper, in opposition to _al_, lower; _e.g._ Felsovaros (upper town); Alvaros (lower town).

[Sidenote: FELD, or VELD (Teut.),]

a plain or field; lit. a place where trees had been felled; _e.g._ Feldham (field dwelling); Feldberg (field fortress); Bassevelde, in Belgium (low plain); Gurkfeld (cucumber field); Leckfeld, Rhinfeld (the plain of the Rivers Leck and Rhine); Great Driffield, in Yorkshire (dry field); Huddersfield, in Doomsday _Oderesfeld_, from a personal name; Macclesfield (the field of St. Michael’s church); Sheffield, on the R. Sheaf; Mansfield, on the R. Mann; Lichfield, Co. Stafford (the field of corpses), A.S. _Licenfelt_, where, according to tradition, a great slaughter of the Christians took place in the reign of Diocletian; Wakefield (the field by the wayside, _waeg_); Spitalfields, (_i.e._ the fields near the hospital or place of entertainment), Lat. _hospitalium_. There is a watering-place near Berwick called Spital, also a suburb of Aberdeen called the Spital; Smithfield, in London, is a corruption of _Smethfield_ (smooth field); Beaconsfield, Berks, so called from having been built on a height on which beacon fires were formerly lighted); Coilsfield, in Ayrshire (the field of Coilus or King Coil). There is a large mound near it said to mark the site of his grave.

[Sidenote: FELL, FIALL, or FJELD (Scand.), FEL, FELSEN (Ger.),]

a high mountain or mountain range; _e.g._ Dovrefeld (the gloomy mountains); Donnersfeld (the mountain range of thunder or of Thor); Snafel, Iceland, and Sneefell, in the Isle of Man (snow mountain); Blaefell (blue mountain); Drachenfells (the dragon’s rock); Weissenfels (the white rock); Rothenfels (red rock); Scawfell (the mountain of the _scaw_ or promontory); Hartfell (of harts); Hestfell (of the steed); Lindenfels (of the linden-tree); Lichtenfels (the mountain of light), a Moravian settlement in Greenland; Fitful Head, corrupt. from _fitfioll_ (the hill with the promontory running into the sea), Old Norse _fit_--in Shetland; Falaise, in France, a promontory, derived from the Ger. _fell_; Fellentin (the fort, _dun_, on the rock), in France; Souter-fell, Cumberland; Saudfjeld, Norway; Saudafell, in Iceland (sheep hill), from Old Norse _sauder_, a sheep; perhaps Soutra Hill, in Mid-Lothian, may come from the same word; Criffel (the craggy rock), Dumfries; Felza, Felsbach (rocky stream), in France; Felsberg (rock fortress), in Germany; Goat-fell, in Arran, Gael. _Gaoth-ceann_ (the windy point), to which the Norsemen added their _fell_.

[Sidenote: FENN (Ger.), VEN, or VEEN (Dutch), FEN (A.S.),]

a marsh; _e.g._ the Fenns or marshy lands; Fen-ditton (the enclosed town on the marsh); Fenny-Stratford (the ford on the Roman road, _strat_, in the marshy land); Fenwick, Fenton, Finsbury (the town or enclosed place on the marsh); Venloo, in Belgium (the place in the marsh); Veenhof, Veenhusen (dwellings in the marsh); Houtveen (woody marsh); Diepenveen (deep marsh); Zutphen, in Holland (the south marsh); Ravenna, in Italy, called _Pludosa_ (the marshy). It was originally built in a lagoon, on stakes, like Venice; Venice, named from the _Veneti_, probably marsh dwellers; Vannes, in France, and La Vendée, may be from the same word, although others derive the names from _venna_ (a fisherman), others from _gwent_, Cel. (the fair plain); Finland (the land of marshes). The natives call themselves _Suomilius_, from _suoma_ (a marsh). _Fang_ in German and Dutch names, and _faing_ in French names, are sometimes used instead of fenn--as in Zeefang (lake marsh); Aalfang (eel marsh); Habechtsfang (hawk’s marsh); Faing-du-buisson, Dom-faing, etc., in the valleys of the Vosges.

[Sidenote: FERN, or FARN (Teut.),]

the fern; _e.g._ Ferndorf, Farndon, Farnham, Farnborough (dwellings among ferns); Farnhurst (fern thicket); Ferndale (fern valley); Farringdon (fern hill); Fernruit (a place cleared of ferns).

[Sidenote: FERT, FERTA (Gadhelic),]

a grave or trench; _e.g._ Farta, Ferta, and Fartha (_i.e._ the graves); Fertagh and Fartagh (the place of graves); Moyarta, in Clare, Irish _Magh-fherta_ (the field of the graves); Fortingall, in Perthshire, is supposed to have derived its name from this word, _Feart-na-gall_ (the grave of the strangers), having been the scene of many bloody battles.

[Sidenote: LA FERTE,]

contracted from the French _La fermeté_, from the Lat. _firmitas_ (strength), applied in topography to a stronghold; _e.g._ La Ferté Bernardi (Bernard’s stronghold); Ferté-freshal, from _Firmitas Fraxinelli_ (the stronghold of little ash-trees); La Ferté, in Nièvre and in Jura, etc.

[Sidenote: FESTE (Ger.), VESTING (Dutch), FAESTUNG (Scand.),]

a fortress; _e.g._ Altefeste (high fortress); Franzenfeste (the fortress of the Franks); Festenburg (the town of the fortress); Ivanich-festung (John’s fortress), in Croatia.

[Sidenote: FEUCHT (Ger.), VOICHTIG (Dutch),]

moist, marshy; _e.g._ Feuchtwang (the marshy field), in Bavaria, formerly called _Hudropolis_, in Greek, with the same meaning; Feucht (the damp place), also in Bavaria; Viecht-gross and Viecht-klein (the great and little damp place), in Bavaria.

[Sidenote: LES FÈVES (Fr.),]

beans, Lat. _faba_, from which come such places in France as La Favière, Favières, Faverage, Favray, Faverelles, etc.

[Sidenote: FICHTE (Ger.),]

the pine-tree; _e.g._ Schoenfichten (the beautiful pine-trees); Finsterfechten (the dark pine-trees); Fichthorst (pine-wood); Feichheim (a dwelling among pines). In topography, however, it is difficult to distinguish this word from _feucht_ (damp).

[Sidenote: FIN, FIONN (Gadhelic),]

fair, white, Welsh _gwynn_; _e.g._ Findrum (white ridge); _Fionn-uisge_ (the clear water). The Phœnix Park, in Dublin, was so called from a beautiful spring well on the grounds; Findlater (the fair slope, _leiter_); Fingart (fair field); Finnow, Finnan, and Finglass (fair stream); Finglen (fair glen); Knockfin (fair hill); Loch Fyne (clear or beautiful lake); Fintray, in Aberdeenshire; Fintry, in Stirling (fair strand, _traigh_); Ventry, Co. Kerry, _i.e._ _Fionn-traigh_ (fair strand); Finnow (the fair stream).

[Sidenote: FIORD, or FJORD (Scand.),]

a creek or inlet formed by an arm of the sea, Anglicised _ford_, or in Scotland _firth_; _e.g._ Selfiord (herring creek); Laxfiord (salmon creek); Hvalfiord (whale creek); Lymefiord (muddy creek); Skagafiord (the inlet of the promontory, _skagi_); Halsfiord (the bay of the neck or _hals_, _i.e._ the narrow passage); Waterford, named by the Danes _Vadre-fiord_ (the fordable part of the bay)--the Irish name of the town was _Port-lairge_ (the port of the thigh), from its form; Wexford (the western creek or inlet), also named by the Danes _Flekkefiord_ (the flat inlet)--its Irish name was _Inverslanie_ (at the mouth of the Slaney); Strangford Lough (_i.e._ the loch of the strong _fiord_); Carlingford, in Irish _Caerlinn_, the _fiord_ having been added by the Danes; Vaeringefiord, in Norway (the inlet of the Varangians or Warings); Breidafiord (broad inlet), in Ireland; Haverford, probably from Scand. _havre_ (oats).

[Sidenote: FLECKE (Teut. and Scand.),]

a spot or level place, hence a hamlet; _e.g._ Flegg, East and West, in Norfolk; Fleckney (the flat island); Fletton (flat town); Pfaffenfleck (the priest’s hamlet); Amtsfleck (the amptman’s hamlet); Schœnfleck (beautiful hamlet); Marktflecten (the market village); Fladda, Flatholme, Fleckeroe (flat island); Fladstrand (flat strand).

[Sidenote: FLEOT, FLIEZ (Teut.), VLIET (Dutch),]

a flush of water, a channel or arm of the sea on which vessels may float; _e.g._ Fleet (a river name), in Kirkcudbright; Fleet Loch; Swinefleet (Sweyn’s channel); Saltfleetby (the dwelling on the salt water channel); Shalfleet (shallow channel); Depenfleth (deep channel); Adlingfleet (the channel of the Atheling or noble); Ebbfleet, a place which was a port in the twelfth century, but is now half a mile from the shore; Purfleet, Co. Essex, anc. _Pourteflete_ (the channel of the port); Fleetwood (the wood on the channel of the R. Wyre); Mühlfloss (mill channel); Flushing, in Holland, corrupt. from _Vliessengen_ (the town on the channel of the R. Scheldt). In Normandy this kind of channel takes the form of _fleur_, _e.g._ Barfleur (the summit or projection on the channel); Harfleur or Havrefleur (the harbour on the channel); Biervliet (the fruitful plain on the channel). _Flad_ as a prefix sometimes signifies a place liable to be flooded, as Fladbury, Fledborough. The Lat. _flumen_ (a flowing stream) is akin to these words, along with its derivations in the Romance languages: thus Fiume (on the river), a seaport in Croatia, at the mouth of the R. Fiumara; Fiumicina, a small seaport at the north mouth of the Tiber; Fiume-freddo (the cold stream), in Italy and Sicily; Flims, in Switzerland, Lat. _Ad-flumina_ (at the streams); Fiume-della Fine, near Leghorn, is a corrupt. of its ancient name, _Ad-Fines_ (the river at the boundary).

[Sidenote: FÖLD (Hung.),]

land; _e.g._ Földvar (land fortress); Alfold (low land); Felföld (high land); Szekel-föld (the land of the Szeklers); Havasel-föld (the land beyond the mountains), which is the Hungarian name for Wallachia.

[Sidenote: FONS (Lat.), FONTE (It. and Port.), FONT, FONTAINE (Fr.), FUENTE, and HONTANA (Span.), FUARAN and UARAN (Gadhelic), FFYNNON (Cym.-Cel.),]