Part 7

a ridge, cognate with the Grk. κεφαλη, a head; _e.g._ the Cevennes, the Cheviots; Cefn-Llys (palace ridge); Cefn-bryn (hill ridge); Cefn-coed (wood ridge); Cefn-coch (red ridge); Cefn-y-Fan (the hill ridge); Cefn-Rhestyn (the row of ridges); Cefn-cyn-warchan (the watch-tower ridge); Cemmaes (the ridge of the plain), in Wales; Cefalu (on the headland), in Sicily; Chevin Hill, near Derby; Chevin (a high cliff), in Yorkshire; Cephalonia (the island of headlands), also called _Samos_ (lofty); Cynocephale (the dog’s headland), in Thessaly.

[Sidenote: CEOL (A.S.), KIELLE (Teut.),]

a ship; _e.g._ Keal and Keelby, in Lincoln (ship station); Ceolescumb, Ceolëswyrth, Ceolseig, and perhaps Kiel, in Denmark; Chelsea, _i.e._ Ceolesig, on the Thames.

[Sidenote: CEORL (A.S.),]

a husbandman; _e.g._ Charlton (the husbandman’s dwelling); Charlinch (the husbandman’s island), formerly insulated.

[Sidenote: CEOSEL (A.S.),]

sand, gravel; _e.g._ Chesil (the sand-hill), in Dorset; Chiselhurst (the thicket at the sand-bank); Chiseldon (sand-hill); Chiselborough (the fort at the sand-bank); Winchelsea, corrupt. from _Gwent-ceoseley_ (the sand-bank on the fair plain, _gwent_), or, according to another etymology, named after Wincheling, the son of Cissa, the first king of the South Saxons; Chiswick (sandy bay), on the Thames.

[Sidenote: CERRIG (Welsh),]

a heap of stones; _e.g._ Cerrig-y-Druidion (the Druids’ stones); Cerrig-y-Pryfaed (the crag of the teachers), probably the Druids, in Wales.

[Sidenote: CHEP, CHEAP, CHIPPING (Teut.), KIOPING, KIOBING,]

a place of merchandise, from A.S. _ceapan_, Ger. _kaufen_ (to buy); _e.g._ Chepstow, Chippenham, Cheapside (the market-place or town); Chipping-Norton and Chipping-Sodbury (the north and south market-town); Chippinghurst (the market at the wood or thicket); Copenhagen, Dan. _Kioben-havn_ (the haven for merchandise); Lidkioping (the market-place on the R. Lid); Linkioping, anc. _Longakopungar_ (long market-town), in Sweden; Arroeskiœbing (the market-place in the island of Arroe); Nykoping, in Funen, and Nykjobing, in Falster, Denmark (new market-place). The Copeland Islands on the Irish coast (the islands of merchandise), probably used as a storehouse by the Danish invaders; Copmansthorpe (the village of traders), in Yorkshire; Nordköping (north market), in Sweden; Kaufbeuren (market-place), in Bavaria; Sydenham, in Kent, formerly Cypenham (market-place).

[Sidenote: CHLUM (Sclav.),]

a hill, cognate with the Lat. _culmen_, transposed by the Germans into _kulm_ and sometimes into _golm_; _e.g._ Kulm, in W. Prussia (a town on a hill); Kulm, on the R. Saale; Chlumek, Chlumetz, Golmitz, Golmüz (the little hill).

[Sidenote: CILL (Gadhelic), CELL (Cym.-Cel.), from CELLA (Lat.), and in the Provence languages, CELLA, CELLULE,]

a cell, a burying-ground, a church; in Celtic topography, _kil_ or _kel_; _e.g._ Kilbride (the cell or church of St. Bridget), frequent in Ireland and Scotland; Kildonan (of St. Donan); Kilkerran (of St. Kieran); Kilpeter (of St. Peter); Kilcattan (of St. Chattan); Kilmichael, Kilmarnock, Kilmarten, Kelpatrick, Kilbrandon (the churches dedicated to St. Michael, St. Marnock, St. Martin, St. Patrick, St. Brandon); Kilmaurs, Kilmorick, Kilmurry (St. Mary’s church); I Columkil or Iona (the island of Columba’s church); Kilwinning (St. Vimen’s church); Kilkenny (of St. Canice); Kilbeggan, in Ireland, and Kilbucho, in Peeblesshire (the church of St. Bega); Kil-Fillan (of St. Fillan); Killaloe, anc. _Cill-Dalua_ (the church of St. Dalua); Killarney, Irish _Cill-airneadh_ (the church of the sloes)--the ancient name of the lake was Lough Leane, from a famous artificer who lived on its shores; Killin, _i.e._ _Cill-Fhinn_ (the burying-ground of Finn, which is still pointed out); Kilmany (the church on the mossy ground, _moine_); Kilmelfort, Cel. _Cill-na-maol-phort_ (the church on the bald haven); Kilmore generally means the great church, but Kilmore, Co. Cork, is from _Coillmhor_ (great wood), and in many places in Ireland and Scotland it is difficult to determine whether the root of the names is _cill_ or _coill_; Kildare, from _Cill-dara_ (the cell of the oak blessed by St. Bridget); Kilmun, in Argyleshire, is named from St. Munna, one of St. Columba’s companions; Kilrush, Co. Clare (the church of the promontory or of the wood); Kells (the cells) is the name of several places in Ireland, and of a parish in Dumfries; but Kells, in Meath and Kilkenny, is a contraction of the ancient name _Ceann-lios_ (the head, _lis_, or fort); Closeburn, in Dumfries, is a corrupt. of _Cella-Osburni_ (the cell of St. Osburn); Bischofzell and Appenzell (the church of the bishop and of the abbot); Maria-Zell (of St. Mary); Kupferzell, Jaxt-zell, Zella-am-Hallbach, Zell-am-Harmarsbach (the churches on the rivers Kupfer, Jaxt, Hallbach, and Harmarsbach); Zell-am-Moss (the church on the moor); Zell-am-See (on the lake); Zella St. Blasii (of St. Blaise); Sabloncieux, in France, anc. _Sabloncellis_ (the cells on the sandy place); but in France _La Selle_ and _Les Selles_ are often used instead of _cella_ or _cellules_, as in Selle-St.-Cloud for _Cella-Sanct.-Clotoaldi_ (the church dedicated to this saint); Selle-sur-Nahon, anc. _Cellula_ (little church); Kilconquhar, in Fife (the church of St. Conchobar or Connor); Kilbernie, in Ayrshire (the church of Berinus, a bishop); Kilspindie (of St. Pensadius); Kilblane and Kilcolmkill, in Kintyre (of St. Blane and St. Columba); Kilrenny (of St. Irenaeus); Kilchrenan, in Argyleshire (the burying-place of St. Chrenan, the tutelary saint of the parish).

[Sidenote: CITTÀ, CIVITA (It.), CIUDAD, CIDADE (Sp. and Port.), CIOTAT (Fr.),]

a city or borough, derived from the Lat. _civitas_; _e.g._ Cittadella and Civitella (little city); Città di Castello (castellated city); Città-Vecchia (old city), in Malta; Civita Vecchia (old city), in Central Italy, formerly named _Centum-cellæ_ (the hundred apartments), from a palace of the Emperor Trajan; Civita-de-Penné (the city of the summit), in Naples; Cividad-della-Trinidad (the city of the Holy Trinity); Ciudad-Rodrigo (Roderick’s city); Ciudad-Reäl (royal city); Ciudad-de-Gracias (the city of grace), in Spain; Ciudadella (little city), in Minorca.

[Sidenote: CLACH, CLOCH, CLOUGH (Gadhelic),]

a stone; _e.g._ Clach-breac (the speckled stone); Clach-an-Oban (the stone of the little bay); Clach-na-darrach (the stone of the oak grove); Clachach (a stony place). The word clachan, in Scotland, was originally applied to a circle of stones where the Pagan rites of worship were wont to be celebrated; and, after the introduction of Christianity, houses and churches were erected near these spots, and thus clachan came to mean a hamlet; and, at the present day, the expression used in asking a person if he is going to church is--“_Am bheil-thu’dol do’n clachan?_” (_i.e._ “Are you going to the stones?”) There is the Clachan of Aberfoyle in Perthshire; and in Blair-Athole there is a large stone called _Clach n’iobairt_ (the stone of sacrifice). In Skye there is _Clach-na-h-Annat_ (the stone of Annat, the goddess of victory); and those remarkable Druidical remains, called rocking-stones, are termed in Gaelic _Clach-bhraeth_ (the stone of knowledge), having been apparently used for divination. There are others called _Clach-na-greine_ (the stone of the sun), and _Clach-an-t-sagairt_ (of the priest). The village of Clackmannan was originally _Clachan-Mannan_, _i.e._ the stone circle or hamlet of the district anciently called _Mannan_. In Ireland this root-word commonly takes the form of _clogh_ or _clough_, as in Cloghbally, Cloghvally (stony dwelling); Clogher (the stony land); Clomony (the stony shrubbery); Clorusk (the stony marsh); Cloichin, Cloghan, Clogheen (land full of little stones); but the word clochan is also applied to stepping-stones across a river, as in _Clochan-na-bh Fomharaigh_ (the stepping-stones of the Fomarians, _i.e._ the Giant’s Causeway); Cloghereen (the little stony place); Ballycloch and Ballenaclogh (the town of the stones); Auchnacloy (the field of the stone); Clochfin (the white stone); Clonakilty, corrupt. from _Clough-na-Kiltey_ (the stone house of the O’Keelys).

[Sidenote: CLAR, CLARAGH (Irish),]

a board, a plain, a flat piece of land; Clare is the name of several places in different counties of Ireland, sometimes softened to _Clara_. County Clare is said to have derived its name from a plank placed across the R. Fergus, at the village of Clare. Ballyclare, Ballinclare (the town of the plain); Clarbane (white plain); Clarderry (level oak grove); Clarchoill (level wood); Clareen (little plain).

[Sidenote: CLAWDD (Cym.-Cel.),]

a dyke or embankment; _e.g._ Clawdd-Offa (Offa’s Dyke).

[Sidenote: CLEFF (A.S.), _cleof_ and _clyf_, KLIPPE (Ger. and Scand.),]

a steep bank or rock, cognate with the Lat. _clivus_ (a slope); Clive, Cleave, Clee (the cliff); Clifton (the town on the cliff); Clifdon (cliff hill); Clifford (the ford near the cliff); Hatcliffe and Hockcliffe (high cliff); Cleveland (rocky land), in Yorkshire; Cleves (the town on the slope), Rhenish Prussia; Radcliffe (red cliff); Silberklippen (at the silver cliff); Horncliff (corner cliff); Undercliff (between the cliff and the sea), in Isle of Wight; Clitheroe (the cliff near the water), in Lancashire; Lillies-leaf, in Roxburghshire, a corrupt. of _Lille’s-cliva_ (the cliff of Lilly or Lille).

[Sidenote: CLERE (Anglo-Norman),]

a royal or episcopal residence, sometimes a manor; _e.g._ King’s-clere, Co. Hants, so called because the Saxon kings had a palace there; Burg-clere (where the bishops of Winchester resided), High-clere.

[Sidenote: CLUAN, CLOON (Gadhelic),]

a fertile piece of land, surrounded by a bog on one side and water on the other, hence a meadow; _e.g._ Clunie, Cluny, Clunes, Clones (the meadow pastures). These fertile pastures, as well as small islands, were the favourite spots chosen by the monks in Ireland and Scotland as places of retirement, and became eventually the sites of monasteries and abbeys, although at first the names of these meadows, in many instances, had no connection with a religious institution--thus Clones, Co. Monaghan, was _Cluain-Eois_ (the meadow of Eos, probably a Pagan chief), before it became a Christian settlement; Clonard, in Meath, where the celebrated St. Finian had his school, in the sixth century, was _Cluain-Eraird_ (Erard’s meadow). In some instances Clonard may mean the high meadow; Clonmel (the meadow of honey); Clonfert (of the grave); Clontarf and Clontarbh (the bull’s pasture); Clonbeg and Cloneen (little meadow); Clonkeen (beautiful meadow); Cluainte and Cloonty (the meadows); Cloonta-killen (the meadows of the wood)--_v._ Joyce’s _Irish Names of Places_.

[Sidenote: CNOC (Gadhelic), KNWC (Cym.-Cel.),]

a knoll, hill, or mound; _e.g._ Knock, a hill in Banff; Knockbrack (the spotted knoll); Knockbane, Knockdoo, Knockglass (the white, black, and gray hill); Carnock (cairn hill); Knockea, Irish _Cnoc-Aedha_ (Hugh’s hill); Knocklayd, Co. Antrim, _i.e._ _Cnoc-leithid_ (broad hill); Knockan, Knockeen (little hill); Knockmoyle (bald hill); Knocknagaul (the hill of the strangers); Knockrath (of the fort); Knockshanbally (of the old town); Knocktaggart (of the priest); Knockatober (of the well); Knockalough (of the lake); Knockanure (of the yew); Knockaderry (of the oak-wood); Knockane (little hill), Co. Kerry; Knockandow (little black hill), Elgin; Knockreagh, Knockroe, Knockgorm (the gray, red, blue hill); Knockacullion (the hill of the holly); Knockranny (ferny hill); Knockagh (the hilly place); Knockfirinne (the hill of truth), a noted fairy hill, Co. Limerick, which serves as a weather-glass to the people of the neighbouring plains; Ballynock (the town of the hill); Baldernock (the dwelling at the Druid’s hill), Co. Stirling; Knwc-y Dinas (the hill of the fortress), in Cardigan.

[Sidenote: COCH (Cym.-Cel.),]

red

[Sidenote: COED (Cym.-Cel.), COID, this word was variously written Coit, Coat, or Cuitgoed. In Cornwall it is found in Penquite (the head of the wood); Pencoed, with the same meaning, in Wales; Argoed (upon the wood), in Wales; Goedmore (great wood), in Wales; Coed-llai (short wood); Glascoed (green wood), in Wales; Caldecot, corrupt. from _Cil-y-coed_ (the woody retreat), in Wales; Coedglasen, corrupt. from _Coed-gleision_ (green trees).]

a wood; _e.g._ Coed-Arthur (Arthur’s wood); Coedcymmer (the wood of the confluence); Catmoss and Chatmoss (the wood moss); Coitmore (great wood); Selwood, anc. _Coitmaur_ (great wood); Catlow (wood hill); Cotswold (wood hill), the Saxon _wold_ having been added to the Cel. _coed_. The forms of this word in Brittany are _Koat_ or _Koad_--hence Coetbo, Coetmen, Coetmieux, etc.; Llwyd-goed (gray wood), in Wales.

[Sidenote: COGN (Cel.),]

the point of a hill between two valleys, or a tongue of land enclosed between two watercourses; _e.g._ Cognat, Cougny, Cognac, Le Coigné, Coigneur, Coigny, etc., in various parts of France--_v._ Cocheris’s _Noms de Lieu_, Paris.

[Sidenote: COILL (Gadhelic),]

a wood--in topography it takes the forms of kel, kil, kelly, killy, and kyle; _e.g._ Kellymore, and sometimes Kilmore (the great wood); Kelburn, Kelvin, Kellyburn, and Keltie (the woody stream); Callander, _Coille-an-dar_ (the oak-wood); Cuilty, Quilty, Kilty (the woods); Kilton (the town in the wood), in Scotland. In Ireland: Kilbowie (yellow wood); Kildarroch (the oak-wood); Kilcraig (the wood of the rock); Kildinny (of the fire)--_v._ TEINE; Killiegowan (of the smith); Kilgour (of the goats); Eden-keille (the face of the wood); Kylebrach (the spotted wood); Kylenasagart (the priest’s wood); Kailzie (the woody), a parish in Peebles; but Kyle, in Ayrshire, is not from this root, but was named after a mythic Cymric king; Loughill, in Co. Limerick, corrupt. from _Leamhchoill_ (the elm-wood); Barnacullia (the top of the wood), near Dublin; Culleen and Coiltean (little wood); Kildare, anc. _Coill-an-chlair_ (the wood of the plain).

[Sidenote: COIRE, or CUIRE (Gadhelic),]

a ravine, a hollow, a whirlpool; _e.g._ Corrie-dow (the dark ravine); Corrie-garth (the field at the ravine); Corrimony (the hill, _monadh_, at the ravine); Corrielea (the gray ravine); Corrie (the hollow), in Dumfriesshire; Corriebeg (the little hollow); Corryvrechan whirlpool (Brecan’s cauldron); Corgarf (the rough hollow, _garbh_); Corralin (the whirlpool of the cataract)--_v._ LIN; Corriebuie (yellow ravine); Corryuriskin (of the wild spirit); but _Cor_, in Ireland, generally signifies a round hill, as in Corbeagh (birch hill); Corglass (green hill); Corkeeran (rowan-tree hill); Corog and Correen (little hill); while _Cora_, or _Coradh_, signifies a weir across a river, as in Kincora (the head of the weir); Kirriemuir, in Forfar, corrupt. from _Corriemor_ (the great hollow); Loch Venachoir, in Perthshire, is the fair hollow or valley--_v._ FIN, p. 80.

[Sidenote: COL, COLN (Lat. _colonia_),]

a colony; _e.g._ Lincoln, anc. _Lindum-colonia_ (the colony at Lindum, the hill fort on the pool, _linne_); Colne (the colony), in Lancashire; Cologne, Lat. _Colonia-Agrippina_ (the colony), Ger. _Köln_. The city was founded by the Ubii 37 B.C., and was at first called _Ubiorum-oppidum_, but a colony being planted there in 50 A.D. by Agrippina, the wife of the Emperor Claudius, it received her name.

[Sidenote: COMAR, CUMAR (Gadhelic), CYMMER, KEMBER (Cym.-Cel.),]

a confluence, often found as Cumber or Comber; _e.g._ Comber, Co. Down; Cefn-coed-y-cymmer (the wood ridge of the confluence), where two branches of the R. Taff meet; Cumbernauld, in Dumbarton, Gael. _Comar-n-uilt_ (the meeting of streams, _alt_). Cumnock, in Ayrshire, may have the same meaning, from _Cumar_ and _oich_ (water), as the streams Lugar and Glasnock meet near the village; Comrie, in Perthshire, at the confluence of the streams Earn, Ruchill, and Lednock; Kemper and Quimper (the confluence), and Quimper-lé, or Kember-leach (the place at the confluence), in Brittany. The words Condate and Condé, in French topography, seem to be cognate with this Celtic root, as in Condé, in Normandy (at the meeting of two streams); Condé, in Belgium (at the confluence of the Scheldt and Hawe); _Condate-Rhedorum_ (the confluence of the Rhedones, a Celtic tribe), now Rennes, in Brittany; Coucy, anc. _Condiceacum_ (at the confluence of the Lette and Oise); Congleton, Co. Chester, was formerly _Condate_.

[Sidenote: COMBE (A.S.), CWM, KOMB (Cym.-Cel.), CUM (Gadhelic),]

a hollow valley between hills, a dingle; _e.g._ Colcombe (the valley of the R. Coly); Cwmneath (of the Neath); Compton (the town in the hollow); Gatcombe (the passage through the valley, _gat_); Combs, the hollows in the Mendip hills; Wycombe (the valley of the Wye); Winchcombe (the corner valley); Wivelscombe and Addiscombe, probably connected with a personal name; Ilfracombe (Elfric’s dingle); Cwmrydol and Cwmdyli, in Wales (the hollow of the Rivers Rydol and Dyli); Cwm-eigian (the productive ridge); Cwmgilla (the hazel-wood valley); Cwm-Toyddwr (the valley of two waters), near the conf. of the Rivers Wye and Elain in Wales; Cwm-gloyn (the valley of the brook Gloyn); Cwmdu (dark valley); Cwm-Barre (the valley of the R. Barre), in Wales; Combe St. Nicholas, in Somerset and in Cumberland, named for the saint; Comb-Basset and Comb-Raleigh, named from the proprietors; Cwm-du (black dingle); Cwm-bychan (little dingle), in Wales; Corscombe (the dingle in the bog). In Ireland: Coomnahorna (the valley of the barley); Lackenacoombe (the hillside of the hollow); Lake Como, in Italy (in the hollow).

[Sidenote: CONFLUENTES (Lat.),]

a flowing together, hence the meeting of waters; _e.g._ Coblentz, for _Confluentes_ (at the conf. of the Moselle and Rhine); Conflans (at the conf. of the Seine and Oise); Confluent, a hamlet situated at the conf. of the Creuse and Gartempe.

[Sidenote: COP (Welsh),]

a summit; _e.g._ Cop-yr-Leni (the illuminated hill), so called from the bonfires formerly kindled on the top.

[Sidenote: CORCAGH, or CURRAGH (Irish), CORS (Welsh), CAR (Gael.), KER (Scand.),]

a marsh; _e.g._ Corse (the marsh); Corston, Corsby, Corsenside (the dwelling or settlement on the marsh); Corscombe (marsh dingle), in England. In Ireland: Cork, anc. _Corcach-mor-Mumham_ (the great marsh of Munster); Curkeen, Corcaghan (little marsh); Curragh-more (great marsh); Currabaha (the marsh of birches). Perhaps Careby and Carton, in Lincoln, part of the Danish district, may be marsh dwelling.

[Sidenote: CORNU (Lat.), KERNE, CERYN (Cym.-Cel.), CEARN (Gael.),]

a horn, a corner--in topography, applied to headlands; _e.g._ Corneto (the place on the corner), in Italy; Corné, Cornay, Corneuil, etc., in France, from this root, or perhaps from _Cornus_ (the cornel cherry-tree); Cornwall, Cel. _Cernyu_, Lat. _Cornubiæ_, A.S. _Cornwallia_ (the promontory or corner peopled by the _Weales_, Welsh, or foreigners); Cornuailles, in Brittany, with the same meaning--its Celtic name was _Pen-Kernaw_ (the head of the corner).

[Sidenote: COTE (A.S.), COITE (Gael.), CWT (Welsh), KOTHE (Ger.),]

a hut; _e.g._ Cottenham, Cottingham, Coatham (the village of huts); Chatham, A.S. _Coteham_, with the same meaning; Bramcote (the hut among broom); Fencotes (the huts in the fen or marsh; Prescot (priest’s hut); Sculcoates, in Yorkshire, probably from the personal Scandinavian name _Skule_; Saltcoats, in Ayrshire (the huts occupied by the makers of salt, a trade formerly carried on to a great extent at that place); Kothendorf (the village of huts); Hinter-kothen (behind the huts), in Germany.

[Sidenote: COTE, COTTA (Sansc.),]

a fortress; _e.g._ Chicacotta (little fortress); Gazacotta (the elephant’s fortress); Jagarcote (bamboo fort); Islamcot (the fort of the true faith, _i.e._ of Mahomet); Noa-cote (new fort); Devicotta (God’s fortress); Palamcotta (the camp fort).

[Sidenote: CÔTE (Fr.), COSTA (Span. and Port.),]

a side or coast; _e.g._ Côte d’Or (the golden coast), a department of France, so called from its fertility; Côtes-du-Nord (the Northern coasts), a department of France; Costa-Rica (rich coast), a state of Central America.

[Sidenote: COURT (Nor. Fr.), CWRT (Cym.-Cel.), CORTE (It., Span., and Port.),]

a place enclosed, the place occupied by a sovereign, a lordly mansion; from the Lat. _cohors_, also _cors-cortis_ (an enclosed yard), cognate with the Grk. _hortos_. The Romans called the castles built by Roman settlers in the provinces _cortes_ or _cortem_, thence _court_ became a common affix to the names of mansions in England and France--thus Hampton Court and Hunton Court, in England; Leoncourt, Aubigne-court, Honnecourt (the mansion of Leo, Albinius, and Honulf); Aubercourt (of Albert); Mirecourt, Lat. _Mercurii-curtis_, where altars were wont to be dedicated to Mercury. From the diminutives of this word arose Cortiles, Cortina, Corticella, Courcelles, etc. The words _court_, _cour_, and _corte_ were also used as equivalent to the Lat. _curia_ (the place of assembly for the provincial councils)--thus Corte, in Corsica, where the courts of justice were held; but Corsica itself derived its name from the Phœnician _chorsi_ (a woody place). The Cortes, in Spain, evidently equivalent to the Lat. _curia_, gives its name to several towns in that country; Coire, the capital of the Grisons, in Switzerland, comes from the anc. _Curia Rhætiorum_ (the place where the provincial councils of the Rhætians were held); Corbridge, in Northumberland, is supposed to take its name from a Roman _curia_, and perhaps Currie, in East Lothian.

[Sidenote: CRAIG, CARRAIG, CARRICK (Gadhelic), CRAIG (Cym.-Cel.),]

a rock; _e.g._ Craigie, Creich, Crathie, Gael. _Creagach_ (rocky), parishes in Scotland; Carrick and Carrig, in Ireland (either the rocks or rocky ground); Carrick-on-Suir (the rock of the R. Suir)--_v._ p. 42; Craigengower (the goat’s rock); Craigendarroch (the rock of the oak-wood); Craigdou (black rock); Craigdearg (red rock); Craigmore (great rock); Craig-Phadric (St. Patrick’s rock), in Inverness-shire; Craignish (the rock of the island), the extremity of which is Ardcraignish; Craignethan (the rock encircled by the R. Nethan), supposed to be the archetype of Tullietudlem; Craigentinny (the little rock of the fire)--_v._ TEINE; Criggan (the little rock). In Wales, Crick-Howel and Crickadarn (the rock of Howel and Cadarn); Criccaeth (the narrow hill); Crick, in Derbyshire; Creach, in Somerset; Critch-hill, Dorset.

[Sidenote: CREEK (A.S.), CRECCA, KREEK (Teut.), CRIQUE (Fr.),]

a small bay; _e.g._ Cricklade, anc. _Creccagelade_ (the bay of the stream); Crayford (the ford of the creek); Crique-bœuf, Crique-by, Crique-tot, Crique-villa (the dwelling on the creek); Criquiers (the creeks), in France. In America this word signifies a small stream, as Saltcreek, etc.

[Sidenote: CROES, CROG (Cym.-Cel.), CROIS, CROCH (Gadhelic), CROD (A.S.), KRYS (Scand.), KREUTZ (Ger.), CROIX (Fr.),]

a cross, cognate with the Lat. _crux_; _e.g._ Crosby (the dwelling near the cross); Crossmichael (the cross of St. Michael’s Church); Groes-wen for Croes-wen (the blessed cross), in Glamorgan; Crossthwaite (the forest-clearing at the cross); Croxton (cross town); Crewe and Crewkerne (the place at the cross); Croes-bychan (little cross); Kruzstrait (the road at the cross), in Belgium; Crosscanonby, Crosslee, Crosshill, places in different parts of Scotland, probably named from the vicinity of some cross; but Crossgates, Co. Fife, so called from its situation at a spot where roads cross each other. It was usual with the Celts in Ireland, as well as with the Spaniards and Portuguese in America, to mark the place where any providential event had occurred, or where they founded a church or city, by erecting a cross--as in St. Croix, Santa-Cruz, and Vera Cruz (the true cross), in South America. In Ireland: Crosserlough (the cross on the lake); Crossmolina (O’Mulleeny’s cross); Aghacross (the fort at the cross); Crossard (high cross); Crossreagh (gray cross); Crossmaglen, Irish _Cros-mag-Fhloinn_ (the cross of Flann’s son); Crossau, Crossoge, and Crusheen (little cross); Oswestry, in Shropshire, anc. _Croes-Oswalt_ (the cross on which Oswald, King of Northumberland, was executed by Penda of Mercia). Its Welsh name was _Maeshir_ (long field), by the Saxons rendered _Meserfield_; Marcross (the cross on the sea-shore), in Glamorgan; Pen-y-groes, Maen-y-groes, Rhyd-y-croessau (the hill, the stone of the cross, the ford of the crosses), in Wales; Glencorse, near Edinburgh, for _Glencross_, so named from a remarkable cross which once stood there; Corstorphine, in Mid-Lothian, corrupt. from _Crostorphin_, which might mean the cross of the beautiful hill, _torr fioum_, or the cross of a person called Torphin. In the reign of James I. the church of Corstorphine became a collegiate foundation, with a provost, four prebendaries, and two singing boys. _Croich_ in Gaelic means a gallows--thus Knockacrochy (gallows hill); Raheenacrochy (the little fort of the gallows), in Ireland.

[Sidenote: CROAGH (Gael.),]

a hill of a round form--from _cruach_ (a haystack); _e.g._ Croghan, Crohane (the little round hill); Ballycroghan (the town of the little hill), in Ireland; Bencruachan (the stack-shaped hill), in Argyleshire.

[Sidenote: CROFT (A.S.),]

an enclosed field; _e.g._ Crofton (the town on the croft); Thornycroft (thorny field).

[Sidenote: CROM, CRUM (Gadhelic), CRWM (Cym.-Cel.), KRUMM (Ger.), CRUMB (A.S.),]

crooked; _e.g._ Cromdale (the winding valley), in Inverness-shire; Croome, in Worcester; Cromlin, Crimlin (the winding glen, _ghlinn_), in Ireland; Krumbach (the winding brook); Krumau and Krumenau (the winding water or valley); Ancrum, a village in Roxburghshire, situated at the _bend_ of the R. Alne at its confluence with the Teviot.

[Sidenote: CRUG (Welsh),]

a hillock; _e.g._ Crughwel (the conspicuous hillock, _hywel_); Crug-y-swllt (the hillock of the treasure), in Wales; Crickadarn, corrupt. from _Crug-eadarn_ (the strong crag), in Wales.

[Sidenote: CUL, CUIL} (Gadhelic) (the corner),}]

_e.g._ Coull, Cults, parishes in Scotland; Culter, _i.e._ _Cul-tir_ (at the back of the land), in Lanarkshire; Culcairn (of the cairn); Culmony (at the back of the hill or moss, _monadh_); Culloden for _Cul-oiter_ (at the back of the ridge); Culnakyle (at the back of the wood); Cultulach (of the hill); Culblair (the backlying field); Culross (behind the headland), in Scotland. In Ireland: Coolboy (yellow corner); Coolderry (at the back or corner of the oak-wood); Cooleen, Cooleeny (little corner); Coleraine, in Londonderry, as well as Coolraine, Coolrainy, Coolrahne, Irish _Cuil-rathain_ (the corner of ferns); Coolgreany (sunny corner); Coolnasmear (the corner of the blackberries).

[Sidenote: CUND (Hindostanee),]

a country; _e.g._ Bundelcund, Rohilcund (the countries of the Bundelas and Rohillas).

D

[Sidenote: DAGH, TAGH (Turc.),]