part i
. p. 583.
Adult Male. Plate CXCVII. Fig. 1, 1.
Bill of ordinary length, strong, convex above and beneath; mandibles crossing each other and compressed towards the tips, which are incurvate and acute. Nostrils small, basal, rounded, covered by the small incumbent feathers of the forehead. The general form is compact and robust, the head and neck large. Feet rather short, strong; tarsus short compressed, anteriorly scutellate, sharp behind; toes separated, the two lateral nearly equal, and considerably shorter than the middle one; claws compressed, very acute, curved, the hind one largest.
The plumage is blended, but rather firm. Wings of ordinary length, curved, acute, the first and second primaries longest. Tail short, small, emarginate.
Bill brown, horn-colour on the edges, and darker at the tip. Iris hazel. Feet dusky. The general colour of the plumage is a dull light red, inclining to vermilion, darker on the wings. Quills and tail-feathers brownish-black; the red colour is paler on the lower parts, and on the belly passes into whitish.
Length 7 inches, extent of wings 10; bill along the ridge 8/12; tarsus 7/12.
Young Male after the first moult. Plate CXCVII. Fig. 2.
At this age the colours of the male are paler and duller, but are similarly distributed. There is an admixture of yellow tints on the back, and more especially on the rump.
Young Male fully fledged. Plate CXCVII. Fig. 3.
In its second plumage the young male is of a dull green colour mixed with brown above, greyish-yellow, tinged with green beneath, the sides of the head over the eyes greenish-yellow, and the rump and upper tail-coverts of the same colour.
Adult Female. Plate CXCVII. Fig. 4, 4.
The upper parts are greyish-brown, tinged with green, the rump dull greyish-yellow; the sides of the head and neck of the same colour as the back; the under parts pale greyish-yellow, brighter on the fore part of the breast.
Young Female fully fledged. Plate CXCVII. Fig. 5.
The young female resembles the old one, but has less yellow on the rump and under parts.
I have carefully compared skins of the American bird with others of that found in Scotland, but have not succeeded in detecting any differences sufficient to indicate a specific distinction.
THE HEMLOCK SPRUCE.
PINUS CANADENSIS, _Mich._ Arbor. Forest. vol. i. p. 137. pl. 13. _Pursh_, Fl. Amer. Sept. vol. ii. p. 640.—MONŒCIA MONADELPHIA, _Linn._ CONIFERÆ, _Juss._
The Hemlock or Canadian Spruce is characterised by its solitary, flat, somewhat distichous leaves, and very small ovate terminal cones. It is one of the most majestic and beautiful trees of the forests of the Middle States, where it grows abundantly in certain parts, such as the Great Pine Forest, the Pocano Mountains, &c., extending from Carolina to the extremity of Maine. The wood is not considered equal to that of the true pines and unless kept dry very soon decays, but the bark is excellent for tanning. The height sometimes reaches a hundred feet, and the diameter near the base is often six feet or more.
SWAINSON'S WARBLER.
_SYLVIA SWAINSONII._
PLATE CXCVIII. MALE.
Shortly after the death of WILSON, one of the wise men of a certain city in the United States, assured the members of a Natural History Society there, that no more birds would be found in the country than had been described by that justly celebrated writer. Had the assertions however been made in the hearing of that ornithologist, he would doubtless at once have refuted the speech of this _extraordinary_ orator, who continued as follows:—"No more Finches, no more Hawks, no more Owls, no more Herons, and certainly no more Pigeons; and as to Water birds, let the list given by WILSON of such as he has not described be filled, and again I say, there will end the American Ornithology." The orator has travelled much, having gone a few miles to the eastward of his own city, and even crossed the Mississippi; but as he had predicted, _he_ never discovered a bird in all his wanderings. Time passed on, and the orator has dreamed over it; but several industrious students of nature, doubting if all that he had said might really be strictly correct to the letter, have followed in the track of WILSON, have extended their investigations, ransacked the deep recesses of the forests and the great western plains, visited the shores of the Atlantic, ascended our noble streams, and explored our broadest lakes;—and, reader, they have found more new birds than the learned academician probably knew of old ones. Then, be not surprised when I assure you that our BONAPARTES, our NUTTALLS, our BACHMANS, our COOPERS, PICKERINGS, TOWNSENDS, PEALS, and other zealous naturalists, have very considerably augmented the Fauna of the United States. To the list of these amiable men may be added the names of learned and enterprising Europeans—PARRY, FRANKLIN, RICHARDSON, ROSS, DRUMMOND, and others, who with a zeal equalled only by that of WILSON himself, have crossed the broad Atlantic, and made discoveries in ornithology in portions of North America, never before visited, in which they have met with species that, although previously unknown to us, have since been found to traverse the whole extent of our wide territories. Then, reader, will you not agree with me in believing that even now, discoveries remain to be made in a region so vast that no individual, whatever might have been his exertions, could truly say of it that he had explored it all?
The bird represented in the plate before you was discovered by my friend, JOHN BACHMAN, near Charleston in South Carolina, while I was in another part of our continent, searching for the knowledge necessary to render my ornithological biographies as interesting as possible to you:—it was in the spring of 1832, when I was rambling over the rugged country of Labrador, that my southern friend found the first specimen of this bird, near the banks of the Edisto River. I have been favoured by him with the following account of it.
"I was first attracted by the novelty of its notes, four or five in number, repeated at intervals of five or six minutes apart. These notes were loud, clear, and more like a whistle than a song. They resembled the sounds of some extraordinary ventriloquist in such a degree, that I supposed the bird much farther from me than it really was; for after some trouble caused by these fictitious notes, I observed it near to me, and soon shot it.
"The form of its bill I observed at once to differ from all other known birds of our country, and was pleased at its discovery. On dissection it proved to be a male, and in the course of the same spring, I obtained two other males, of which the markings were precisely similar. In the middle of August of that year, I saw an old female accompanied with four young. One of the latter I obtained: it did not differ materially from the old ones. Another specimen was sent to me alive, having been caught in a trap. I have invariably found them in swampy muddy places, usually covered with more or less water. The birds which I opened had their gizzards filled with the fragments of coleopterous insects, as well as some small green worms that are found on water plants, such as the pond lily (_Nymphæa odorata_) and the _Nelumbium_ (_Cyamus flavicomus_). The manners of this species resemble those of the Prothonotary Warbler, as it skips among the low bushes growing about ponds and other watery places, seldom ascending high trees. It retires southward at the close of summer."
The Azalea and Butterflies accompanying the figure of this species were drawn by my friend's sister, Miss MARTIN, to whom I again offer my sincere thanks.
To none of my ornithological friends could I assuredly with more propriety have dedicated this species than to him, the excellent and learned, whose name you have seen connected with it—to him, who has himself traversed large portions of America, who has added so considerably to the list of known species of birds, and who has enriched the science of ornithology by so many valuable works. Surely, you will allow that on none else could I with more propriety have bestowed it.
SYLVIA SWAINSONII.
Adult. Plate CXCVIII.
Bill as long as the head, slender, straight, tapering to a point, much compressed, the ridge rather sharp, the sides of the upper mandible at the base declinate and flat, the edges inflected. Nostrils basal, lateral, oblong, half filled above by a cartilaginous membrane. The form is slender and graceful. Feet of ordinary length, slender; tarsus compressed, anteriorly covered with a few long scutella, posteriorly sharp, longer than the middle toe; toes free, but the outer united to the second joint; claws arched, very slender, very acute, extremely compressed, with a lateral groove, the hind claw much larger.
Plumage soft, blended, slightly glossed. Wings longish, the first three quills almost equal, the first being very slightly shorter, secondaries narrow and rounded. Tail of ordinary length, straight, even, of twelve rather narrow rounded feathers.
Bill light brown, darker at the tip. Iris brown. Feet and claws flesh-coloured. The colouring of the plumage is extremely simple, the whole of the upper parts being of a rich brown, tinged with red on the head, while the under parts are very pale brownish-grey, the sides darker. The sides of the head are brownish-white, the feathers tipped with brown, and a whitish line passes over the eye.
Length 5¼, extent of wings 8½; bill along the ridge 7/12, along the edges 9/12; tarsus 7½/12, middle toe including the nail ¾.
The species to which this approaches nearest is the _Sylvia vermivora_, which has been described in Vol. I. p. 177. The bird, however, is very closely allied to the Wrens, which it greatly resembles in the form of its bill and feet, although in the form of its wings it differs essentially.
THE ORANGE-COLOURED AZALEA.
AZALEA CALENDULACEA, _Mich._ Flor. Amer. vol. i. p. 151. _Pursh_, Fl. Amer. Sept. vol. i. p. 151.—PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA, _Linn._
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, downy on both sides; flowers large, not viscous, of a deep orange colour, the hairy tube of the corolla shorter than its segments. It is a native of Georgia. If I am not mistaken, none of the objects represented in this plate have ever been figured before. The flowers and the butterflies are from the pencil of Miss MARTIN.
THE LITTLE OR ACADIAN OWL.
_STRIX ACADICA_, GMEL.
PLATE CXCIX. MALE AND FEMALE.
This lively and beautiful little Owl is found in almost every portion of the United States. I have observed it breeding in Louisiana, Kentucky, and along our Eastern States, as far as Maine, where, however, it becomes scarce, being, as it were, replaced by the Tengmalm Owl, which I have seen as far south as Bangor in Maine. It is rare in the lower parts of South Carolina, where indeed my friend BACHMAN never observed it.
The Little Owl is known in Massachusetts by the name of the "Saw-whet," the sound of its love-notes bearing a great resemblance to the noise produced by filing the teeth of a large saw. These notes, when coming, as they frequently do, from the interior of a deep forest, produce a very peculiar effect on the traveller, who, not being aware of their real nature, expects, as he advances on his route, to meet with shelter under a saw-mill at no great distance. Until I shot the bird in the act, I had myself been more than once deceived in this manner. On one particular occasion, while walking near my saw-mill in Pennsylvania, to see that all was right there, I was much astonished to hear these sounds issuing from the interior of the grist-mill. The door having been locked, I had to go to my miller's house close by, to inquire if any one was at work in it. He, however, informed me that the sounds I had heard were merely the notes of what he called the Screech Owl, whose nest was close by, in a hollow tree, deserted by the Wood Ducks, a pair of which had been breeding there for several years in succession.
I have been thus particular in relating the above circumstance, from a desire to know if the European Little Owl (_Strix passerina_), emits the same curious sounds. The latter is said by several authors of eminence to lay only two white eggs, while I know, from my own observation, that ours has three, four, or five, and even sometimes six. The eggs are glossy-white, and of a short elliptical form, approaching to globular. It often takes the old nest of the Common Crow to breed in, and also lays in the hollows of trees a few feet above the ground A nest of our Little Owl, which I found near the city of Natchez, was placed in the broken stump of a small decayed tree, not more than four feet from the ground. I was attracted to it by the snoring notes of the young, which sounded as if at a considerable elevation; and I was so misled by them that, had not my dog raised himself to smell at the hole where the brood lay concealed, I might not have discovered them. In this instance the number was five. It was in the beginning of June, and the little things, which were almost ready to fly, looked exceedingly neat and beautiful. Their parents I never saw, although I frequently visited the nest before they left it. The Little Owl breeds more abundantly near the shores of the Atlantic than in the interior of the country, and is frequent in the swamps of the States of Maryland and New Jersey, during the whole year. Wherever I have found the young or the eggs placed in a hollow tree, they were merely deposited on the rotten particles of wood; and when in an old Crow's nest, the latter did not appear to have undergone any repair.
This species evinces a strong and curious propensity to visit the interior of our cities. I have known some caught alive in the Philadelphia Museum, as well as in that of Baltimore; and, whilst at Cincinnati, I had one brought to me which had been taken from the edge of a cradle, in which a child lay asleep, to the no small astonishment of the mother.
Being quite nocturnal, it shews great uneasiness when disturbed by day, and flies off in a hurried uncertain manner, throwing itself into the first covert it meets with, where it is not difficult to catch it, provided the necessary caution and silence be used. Towards dusk it becomes full of animation, flies swiftly, gliding, as it were, over the low grounds, like a little spectre, and pounces on small quadrupeds and birds with the quickness of thought. Its common cry at night resembles that of the European Scops Owl, but is more like the dull sounds of a whistle than that of Owls generally is.
In all parts of the United States where this species occurs it is a permanent resident.
STRIX ACADICA, _Gmel._ Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 149.—_Ch. Bonaparte_, Synops. of Birds of the United States, p. 38. —_Swains. and Richards._ Fauna Bor.-Amer. vol. i. p. 97.
STRIX ACADIENSIS, _Lath._ Ind. Ornith. vol. i. p. 65.
ACADIAN OWL, _Lath._ Synops. vol. i. p. 149.
LITTLE OWL, STRIX PASSERINA, _Wils._ Amer. Ornith. vol. iv. p. 61. pl. 34. fig. 2.
Adult Male. Plate CXCIX. Fig. 1.
Bill short, compressed, curved, acute, with a cere at the base; upper mandible with its dorsal outline curved from the base, the edges acute, the point trigonal, very acute, deflected; lower mandible with the edges acute and inflected, obtuse at the tip. Nostrils oval in the fore part of the cere. Head disproportionately large, as are the eyes and external ears, the former, however, less so than in the larger Owls. Body short. Legs of ordinary length; tarsus and toes feathered, the latter bare towards the end; toes papillar and tuberculate beneath; claws curved, rounded, long, extremely sharp.
Plumage very soft and downy, somewhat distinct above, tufty and loose beneath. Long bristly feathers at the base of the bill, stretching forwards. Eyes surrounded by circles of compact feathers; auricular coverts forming a ruff. Wings rather short, broad, rounded, the fourth quill longest, the first short. Tail of ordinary length, rounded, of twelve broad, rounded feathers.
Bill bluish-black, yellowish at the base. Iris light yellow. Claws bluish-black. The upper parts generally are of an olivaceous brown; the scapulars and some of the wing-coverts spotted with white; the first six primary quills obliquely barred with white; the tail darker than the back, with two narrow white bars. The upper part of the head is streaked with greyish-white, the feathers surrounding the eyes pale yellowish-grey, the ruff white, and spotted with dusky. The under parts are whitish, the sides and breast marked with broad elongated patches of brownish-red.
Length 7½ inches; extent of wings 17; bill 7/12; tarsus 1.
Adult Female. Plate CXCIX. Fig. 2.
The female does not differ materially from the male in colouring, but is somewhat larger.
The Young, like those of other Owls, are at first covered with down, and are many weeks before they are able to fly. I have not been able to ascertain whether they raise more than one brood in the season, but am inclined to think that they do not.
THE SHORE LARK.
_ALAUDA ALPESTRIS_, LINN.
PLATE CC. MALE, FEMALE, AND YOUNG.
It was on the 26th of July 1833, that the Ripley, with every sail set, was gently bounding over the waves, towards the Harbour of Bras d'Or. A thin mist covered the surface of the surrounding waters, so that, although it was already full day-light, scarcely could any of the party distinguish the coast of Labrador, which was only about a mile distant from the vessel, that so trippingly moved toward its shores. The person who had undertaken to act as pilot, proved so inadequate to the task, that, notwithstanding his having fished for many years in sight of the harbour we were desirous of entering, he could not afford the least aid to our captain in navigating the schooner. We neared the land, however, and through the mist at last discovered the slender spars of several vessels at anchor. A signal was instantly run apeak, and to our great joy was immediately answered. Over the waves now came dancing one of those buoyant crafts used by whalers. In a few moments it was alongside the Ripley, when my old acquaintance, the sturdy cod-fisher BILLINGS of Eastport, offered his services, and soon guided us into port, in entering which we passed through an aperture, guarded by two dangerous rocks, so narrow that one might have leaped ashore from our bark. Once entered, our nostrils were assailed by odours that, could Vultures smell, doubtless might entice them to fly here from the farthest Indies. I was surprised to find so much bustle in such a place: perhaps more than a hundred fishing-barks lay at anchor, in so regular array that they might remind one of the disciplined order of a squadron ready for action, although the business-like appearance of the fishermen would soon remove the illusion. Every deck was heaped with fish, the value of which has, for many years back, brought vessel after vessel to those inhospitable shores. Each "pickaxe" had its "Hampton boats" well manned and ready to sail towards the shallows, where the cod is obtained. Some, in search of bait, were plying their oars and nets, while others were strewing the salted cod over the naked rocks around, there to lie under the drying rays of the sun. Stacks of fish, nearly cured, stretched along to the view, in as close and regular array as haycocks in a meadow. A continued splash was produced by the garbage as it was thrown overboard, and you may judge, if you can, how many thousands of cod and ling have been destroyed, before the whole bottom of this harbour has been paved with their heads.
The thick fog rolled around us, impelled by the chill breeze of the east. Mountains high and bleak we knew were near, but as yet the landscape was concealed from our view. At length the mist disperses, reft by the northern blasts, the sun appears riding among the fleeting vapours, and now the curtain rises, when lo! what a magnificent prospect presents itself! craggy cliffs, with masses of snow still hanging to their sides, and from whose summits, under sheets of ice, cataracts rush in fury towards the plain. The dismal table-lands form a striking contrast with the beautiful verdure below. Turning towards the south-west, where lay my cherished land, I beheld the precipitous shores of Newfoundland, with masses of ice between, fixed to the foundations of the deep, their everchanging prismatic tints dazzling the eye. But hark! the song of the Shore Lark fills the air, as the warbler mounts on high. "Man the whale-boat," cries the watchful captain; "young friends, let us off to the shore," say I; and soon were we all at the place where we had seen the bird alight.
Although in the course of our previous rambles along the coast of Labrador, and among the numberless islands that guard its shores, I had already seen this Lark in the act of breeding, never before that day did I so much enjoy its song, and never before I reached this singular spot, had I to add to my joys that of finding its nest. Here I found the bird in the full perfection of plumage and song, and here I had an opportunity of studying its habits, which I will now, kind reader, endeavour to describe.
The Shore Lark breeds on the high and desolate tracts of Labrador, in the vicinity of the sea. The face of the country appears as if formed of one undulated expanse of dark granite, covered with mosses and lichens, varying in size and colour, some green, others as white as snow, and others again of every tint, and disposed in large patches or tufts. It is on the latter that the Lark places her nest, which is disposed with so much care, while the moss so resembles the bird in hue, that unless you almost tread upon her as she sits, she seems to feel secure, and remains unmoved. Should you, however, approach so near, she flutters away, feigning lameness so cunningly, that none but one accustomed to the sight can refrain from pursuing her. The male immediately joins her in mimic wretchedness, uttering a note so soft and plaintive, that it requires a strong stimulus to force the naturalist to rob the poor birds of their treasure.
The nest around is imbedded in the moss to its edges, which is composed of fine grasses, circularly disposed, and forming a bed about two inches thick, with a lining of grous' feathers, and those of other birds. In the beginning of July, the eggs are deposited. They are four or five in number, large, greyish, and covered with numerous pale blue and brown spots. The young leave the nest before they are able to fly, and follow their parents over the moss, where they are fed about a week. They run nimbly, emit a soft _peep_, and squat closely at the first appearance of danger. If observed and pursued, they open their wings to aid them in their escape, and separating, make off with great celerity. On such occasions it is difficult to secure more than one of them, unless several persons be present, when each can pursue a bird. The parents all this time are following the enemy overhead, lamenting the danger to which their young are exposed. In several instances, the old bird followed us almost to our boat, alighting occasionally on a projecting crag before us, and entreating us, as it were, to restore its offspring. By the first of August many of the young are fully fledged, and the different broods are seen associating together, to the number of forty, fifty, or more. They now gradually remove to the islands of the coast, where they remain until their departure, which takes place in the beginning of September. They start at the dawn of day, proceed on their way south at a small elevation above the water, and fly in so straggling a manner, that they can scarcely be said to move in flocks.
This species returns to Labrador and the adjoining islands in the beginning of June. The males are then so pugnacious and jealous of their females, that the sight of one of their own sex, instantly excites them to give battle; and it is curious to observe, that no sooner does one of these encounters take place, than several other males join in the fray. They close, flutter, bite, and tumble over, as the European Sparrow is observed to do on similar occasions. Several times while in Labrador, I took advantage of their pugnacious disposition, and procured two or three individuals at a shot, which it is difficult to do at any other time. Several pairs breed in the same place, but not near each other. The male bird sings sweetly while on wing, although its song is comparatively short. It springs from the moss or naked rock obliquely, for about forty yards, begins and ends its madrigal, then performs a few irregular evolutions, and returns to the ground. There also it sings, but less frequently, and with less fulness. Its call-note is quite mellow, and altered at times in a ventriloqual manner, so different, as to seem like that of another species. As soon as the young are hatched, the whole are comparatively mute, merely using the call-note. Only one brood is reared each season.
The food of the Shore Lark consists of grass-seeds, the blossoms of dwarf plants, and insects. It is an expert catcher of flies, following insects on wing to a considerable distance, and now and then betaking itself to the sea-shore to search for minute shell-fish or crustacea. It associates with the Brown Lark (_Anthus Spinoletta_), which indeed breeds in the same places. As I found the nest of the latter in Labrador, for the first time in my life, I will here describe it. It is always, I believe, placed next to the foot of a rock, in a tuft of grass, and is entirely composed of fine bent grass, neatly lined with delicate fibrous roots, without any feathers. The eggs, usually four, are small, and of a very dark uniform _chocolate_ colour.
The Shore Larks reach the United States at the approach of winter. When the weather is severe in the north, they are seen in Massachusetts as early as October. Many spend the winter there, in the vicinity of the sea shore and sandy fields; others retire farther south, but seldom proceed beyond Maryland on the Atlantic, or the lower parts of Kentucky, west of the Alleghany mountains. My friend BACHMAN never saw one near Charleston, and only one have I seen in Louisiana, where the poor thing appeared quite lost, and so fatigued, that I caught it. I am, therefore, scarcely disposed to believe that _this species_ was ever found on the table land of Mexico, as asserted by Mr BULLOCK.
At this season they fly in their usual loose manner, over the fields and open grounds, in search of food, which now consists of seeds, and the dormant larvæ of insects, mixing with the Brown Lark, and now and then with the Cow Bunting and others. They become plump and fat, and afford delicious food, for which reason our eastern markets are supplied with them. Although they at times alight on fences, I never saw one on a tree. The ground, indeed, is their proper place; there they repose, near tufts of dry grass, in small groups, until the return of day, when they run about in a straggling manner. If affrighted, the whole take to wing, perform a few evolutions, and alight on the same ground again.
I have given six figures of this beautiful Lark in different stages. The male birds, which, during the love season, have the black tufts of feathers on their head, as represented in the plate, nearly lose them at the approach of winter, when the brightness of their whole summer plumage is also much diminished.
ALAUDA ALPESTRIS, _Linn._ Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 289.—_Lath._ Ind. Ornith. vol. ii. p. 498.—_Ch. Bonaparte_, Synops. of Birds of the United States, p. 102.
SHORE LARK, _Wils._ Americ. Ornith. vol. i. p. 85. fig. 4. Female.
HORNED OR SHORE LARK, ALAUDA CORNUTA, _Swains. and Richards._ Fauna Bor.-Americ. vol. i. p. 245.
Adult Male. Plate CC. Fig. 1 and 3.
Bill rather short, somewhat conical, compressed, acute, straightish, entire; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly arched, the edges inflected and sharp, the point acute; lower mandible straight, with inflected edges and acute tip; nostrils basal, oval, with an arched membrane, and covered by the frontal feathers. Head rather large, neck short, body oval. Legs of ordinary length; tarsus longer than the middle toe, anteriorly scutellate, acute behind; lateral toes nearly equal, the outer united to the middle one at the base; hind toe of moderate size; claws longish, slightly arched, that of the hind toe very long, tapering, acute, and nearly straight.
Plumage rather dense and compact. Wings of moderate length; the second and third primaries longest, first and fourth nearly equal; secondaries emarginate; scapulars elongated. Tail emarginate, straight, of twelve feathers. The principal peculiarity in the plumage consists of two erectile pointed tufts of feathers on the anterior and lateral parts of the head, which give the bird, viewed from before, a very remarkable appearance, somewhat resembling that of an owl.
The colours of the male in its winter plumage, are as follows. Beak blue at the base, blackish at the point. Iris chestnut-brown. Feet and claws greyish-black. The general colour of the upper parts is a dusky-brown, the feathers paler on the edges. On the forehead is a recurved crescentic band of brownish-black, forming the erectile tufts; another curved downwards, proceeds on each side from the base of the upper mandibles; while a band of yellowish white runs over the eyes and forehead. Throat pale yellow, with a broad patch of a dusky tint on the lower neck anteriorly; the rest of the under parts brownish-white. The quills dusky, the tail-feathers blackish, excepting the two middle ones, which are of the same reddish-brown as the upper tail-coverts.
In summer, the male changes its aspect considerably; the brownish-black bands on the head and neck becoming deep black, the throat and frontal band white, and the upper parts light brownish-red.
Fig. 3 represents the Male in winter; Fig. 1 in summer.
Length 7½ inches, extent of wings 14; bill 3/12; tarsus 1 inch.
Adult Female. Plate CC. Fig. 2.
The female is dusky-brown above, dull white beneath, the wings and tail as in the male; but it wants the black bands on the head and neck.
Nestlings. Plate CC. Fig. 4, 5, 6.
The bill and feet flesh-coloured; iris brown; the upper parts deep brown, mottled with pale reddish-brown; the lower parts pale yellowish-grey.
KENTUCKY BARBICUE ON THE FOURTH OF JULY.
Beargrass Creek, which is one of the many beautiful streams of the highly cultivated and happy State of Kentucky, meanders through a deeply shaded growth of majestic beech woods, in which are interspersed various species of walnut, oak, elm, ash, and other trees, extending on either side of its course. The spot on which I witnessed the celebration of an anniversary of the glorious proclamation of our independence is situated on its banks, near the city of Louisville. The woods spread their dense tufts towards the shores of the fair Ohio on the west, and over the gently rising grounds to the south and east. Every open spot forming a plantation was smiling in the luxuriance of a summer harvest. The farmer seemed to stand in admiration of the spectacle: the trees of his orchards bowed their branches, as if anxious to restore to their mother earth the fruit with which they were laden; the flocks leisurely ruminated as they lay on their grassy beds; and the genial warmth of the season seemed inclined to favour their repose.
The free, single hearted Kentuckian, bold, erect, and proud of his Virginian descent, had, as usual, made arrangements for celebrating the day of his country's independence. The whole neighbourhood joined with one consent. No personal invitation was required where every one was welcomed by his neighbour, and from the governor to the guider of the plough all met with light hearts and merry faces.
It was indeed a beautiful day; the bright sun rode in the clear blue heavens; the gentle breezes wafted around the odours of the gorgeous flowers; the little birds sang their sweetest songs in the woods, and the fluttering insects danced in the sunbeams. Columbia's sons and daughters seemed to have grown younger that morning. For a whole week or more, many servants and some masters had been busily engaged in clearing an area. The undergrowth had been carefully cut down, the low boughs lopped off, and the grass alone, verdant and gay, remained to carpet the sylvan pavilion. Now the waggons were seen slowly moving along under their load of provisions, which had been prepared for the common benefit. Each denizen had freely given his ox, his ham, his venison, his turkeys, and other fowls. Here were to be seen flaggons of every beverage used in the country; "La belle Riviere" had opened her finny stores; the melons of all sorts, peaches, plums and pears, would have sufficed to stock a market. In a word, Kentucky, the land of abundance, had supplied a feast for her children.
A purling stream gave its waters freely, while the grateful breezes cooled the air. Columns of smoke from the newly kindled fires rose above the trees; fifty cooks or more moved to and fro as they plied their trade; waiters of all qualities were disposing the dishes, the glasses, and the punch-bowls, amid vases filled with rich wines. "Old Monongahela" filled many a barrel for the crowd. And now, the roasting viands perfume the air, and all appearances conspire to predict the speedy commencement of a banquet such as may suit the vigorous appetite of American woodsmen. Every steward is at his post, ready to receive the joyous groups that at this moment begin to emerge from the dark recesses of the woods.
Each comely fair one, clad in pure white, is seen advancing under the protection of her sturdy lover, the neighing of their prancing steeds proclaiming how proud they are of their burden. The youthful riders leap from their seats, and the horses are speedily secured by twisting their bridles round a branch. As the youth of Kentucky lightly and gaily advanced towards the Barbicue, they resembled a procession of nymphs and disguised divinities. Fathers and mothers smiled upon them, as they followed the brilliant cortege. In a short time the ground was alive with merriment. A great wooden cannon, bound with iron hoops, was now crammed with home-made powder; fire was conveyed to it by means of a train, and as the explosion burst forth, thousands of hearty huzzas mingled with its echoes. From the most learned a good oration fell in proud and gladdening words on every ear, and although it probably did not equal the eloquence of a CLAY, an EVERETT, a WEBSTER, or a PRESTON, it served to remind every Kentuckian present of the glorious name, the patriotism, the courage, and the virtue, of our immortal WASHINGTON. Fifes and drums sounded the march which had ever led him to glory; and as they changed to our celebrated "Yankee Doodle," the air again rang with acclamations.
Now the stewards invited the assembled throng to the feast. The fair led the van, and were first placed around the tables, which groaned under the profusion of the best productions of the country that had been heaped upon them. On each lovely nymph attended her gay beau, who in her chance or sidelong glances ever watched an opportunity of reading his happiness. How the viands diminished under the action of so many agents of destruction I need not say, nor is it necessary that you should listen to the long recital. Many a national toast was offered and accepted, many speeches were delivered, and many essayed in amicable reply. The ladies then retired to booths that had been erected at a little distance, to which they were conducted by their partners, who returned to the table, and having thus cleared for action, recommenced a series of hearty rounds. However, as Kentuckians are neither slow nor long at their meals, all were in a few minutes replenished, and after a few more draughts from the bowl, they rejoined the ladies, and prepared for the dance.
Double lines of a hundred fair ones extended along the ground in the most shady part of the woods, while here and there smaller groups awaited the merry trills of reels and cotillons. A burst of music from violins, clarionets, and bugles, gave the welcome notice, and presently the whole assemblage seemed to be gracefully moving through the air. The "hunting-shirts" now joined in the dance, their fringed skirts keeping time with the gowns of the ladies, and the married people of either sex stepped in and mixed with their children. Every countenance beamed with joy, every heart leaped with gladness; no pride, no pomp, no affectation, were there; their spirits brightened as they continued their exhilarating exercise, and care and sorrow were flung to the winds. During each interval of rest, refreshments of all sorts were handed round, and while the fair one cooled her lips with the grateful juice of the melon, the hunter of Kentucky quenched his thirst with ample draughts of well tempered punch.
I know, reader, that had you been with me on that day, you would have richly enjoyed the sight of this national fête champetre. You would have listened with pleasure to the ingenuous tale of the lover, the wise talk of the elder on the affairs of the State, the accounts of improvement in stock and utensils, and the hopes of continued prosperity to the country at large, and to Kentucky in particular. You would have been pleased to see those who did not join the dance, shooting at distant marks with their heavy rifles, or watched how they shewed off the superior speed of their high bred "old Virginia" horses, while others recounted their hunting exploits, and at intervals made the woods ring with their bursts of laughter. With me the time sped like an arrow in its flight, and although more than twenty years have elapsed since I joined a Kentucky Barbicue, my spirit is refreshed every 4th of July by the recollection of that day's merriment.
But now the sun has declined, and the shades of evening creep over the scene. Large fires are lighted in the woods, casting the long shadows of the live columns far along the trodden ground, and flaring on the happy groups, loth to separate. In the still clear sky, began to sparkle the distant lamps of heaven. One might have thought that Nature herself smiled on the joy of her children. Supper now appeared on the tables, and after all had again refreshed themselves, preparations were made for departure. The lover hurried for the steed of his fair one, the hunter seized the arm of his friend, families gathered into loving groups, and all returned in peace to their happy homes.
And now, Reader, allow me also to take my leave and wish you good night, trusting that when I again appear with another volume, you will be ready to welcome me with a cordial greeting.
ERRATA.
Page 9, line 15 from the bottom, _dele_ primaries.
Page 204, _for_ Plate CXXXIV. _read_ CXXXIII.
Page 251, _read_ extent of wings 22; bill along the back ¾.
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INDEX.
Page Acadian Owl, 567
Acer spicatum, 207
Alauda alpestris, 570
Almond, Wild, 340, 521
American Crow, 317
— Golden-crested Wren, 476
— Robin, 190
— Sparrow Hawk, 246
— Starling, 216
— Swift, 329
Anona, Purple-flowered, 359
Apple, Seven years', 391
Arbutus uva-ursi, 454
Azalea, calendulacea, 566
— Orange-leaved, 566
— viscosa, 96
Bachman's Finch, 366
— Warbler, 483
Ball in Newfoundland, 211
Balsam Fir, 426
Barberry, Canadian, 514
Barbicue, Kentucky, 576
Barn Owl, 403
Barn Swallow, 413
Bay of Fundy, 485
Bignonia capreolata, 83
— radicans, 16
Black and Yellow Warbler, 145
Blackberry, 175
Blackbird, Great Crow, 504
Blackburnian Warbler, 208
Black-cap Titmouse, 343
Black-poll Warbler, 201
Black-throated Blue Warbler, 309
Black Gum Tree, 204
Black Haw, 328
Black Jack Oak, 107
Black Larch, 459
Black Locust, 23
Black Snake, 107
Black Vulture, 33
Black Walnut, 324
Blue Bird, 84
Blue Grosbeak, 140
Blue-headed Pigeon, 411
Blue Jay, 11
Boat-tailed Grakle, 504
Brown-headed Nuthatch, 151
Bunting, Townsend's, 183
— Snow, 515
Burning of the Forests, 397
Butter-nut, 252
Calopogon pulchellus, 231
Canada Flycatcher, 17
Canada Grous, 437
Canada Jay, 53
Canadian Barberry, 514
Canadian Columbine, 311
Caprimulgus virginianus, 273
Caracara Eagle, 350
Cardinal Grosbeak, 336
Carolina Titmouse, 341
Carrion Crow, 33
Cat Bird, 171
Cathartes Aura, 296
— Jota, 33
Chat, Yellow-breasted, 223
Chelone glabra, 150
Chestnut-oak, 195
Chimney Swallow, 329
Chipping Sparrow, 21
Citrus aurantium, 260, 360, 475
Cloudberry, 542
Coccyzus Seniculus, 390
Cod-fishing, 522
Columba cyanocephala, 411
— leucocephala, 443
— montana, 382
— passerina, 471
— Zenaida, 354
Columbine, Canadian, 311
Common Crossbill, 559
Connecticut Warbler, 227
Cordia, Rough-leaved, 448
Cordia Sebestena, 448
Cornus canadensis, 365
— florida, 144
— suecica, 541
Corvus americanus, 317
— canadensis, 53
— Corax, 1
— cristatus, 11
— ossifragus, 269
Cotton Plant, 130
Cratægus apiifolia, 538
Crossbill, Common, 559
Crow, American, 317
— Fish, 269
Cuckoo, Mangrove, 390
Cypselus pelasgius, 329
Death of a Pirate, 180
Dogwood, 144
Dove, Ground, 471
Dove, Zenaida, 354
Downy Woodpecker, 81
Dwarf Cornel, 541
Dwarf Huckle-berry, 231
Dwarf Maple, 207
Eagle, Caracara, 350
— Golden, 464
— White-headed, 160
Emberiza nivalis, 515
Falco Chrysaëtos, 464
— islandicus, 552
— lagopus, 377
— leucocephalus, 160
— niger, 381
— Palumbarius, 241
— plumbeus, 108
— Sparverius, 246
— Stanleii, 245
Falcon, Rough-legged, 377
— Iceland, 552
Falcon, Jer, 532
False Acacia, 23
Finch, Bachman's, 366
— MacGillivray's, 285
— Pine, 455
— Savannah, 63
— Sharp-tailed, 281
Field Sparrow, 229
Fir, Balsam, 426
— Silver, 426
Fish Crow, 269
Ferruginous Thrush, 102
Florida Keys, 312, 345
Flowering Raspberry, 147
Flycatcher, Fork-tailed, 387
— Great Crested, 176
— Green-Black-capped, 148
— Olive-sided, 422
— Pewee, 122
— Pipiry, 392
— Small Green Crested, 256
— Warbling, 114
— Wood Pewee, 93
— Yellow-throated, 119
Force of the Waters, 97
Forests, Burning of the, 397
Forked-tailed Flycatcher, 387
Fox-coloured Sparrow, 58
Fringilla Bachmanii, 366
— canadensis, 513
— caudacuta, 281
— cærulea, 140
— iliaca, 58
Fringilla leucophrys, 88
— Lincolnii, 539
— ludoviciana, 166
— Macgillivraii, 285
— passerina, 185
— pinus, 455
— pusilla, 229
— Savanna, 63
— socialis, 21
Fundy, Bay of, 485
Gentiana saponaria, 228
Gerardia flava, 222
— yellow-flowered, 222
Glaucous Kalmia, 542
Gleditschia triacanthos, 279, 290
Golden-crested Wren, American, 476
Gordonia Lasianthus, 389
— pubescens, 484
Gossypium herbaceum, 130
Golden Eagle, 464
Golden-crowned Thrush, 253
Goshawk, 241
Grakle, Boat-tailed, 504
— Rusty, 325
Grape, Racoon, 80
— Summer, 92
Great Cinereous Shrike, 534
— Crested Flycatcher, 176
— Crow Blackbird, 504
— Laurel, 20
Green Black-capped Flycatcher, 148
Grosbeak, Blue, 140
— Cardinal, 336
— Rose-breasted, 166
Ground Dove, 471
— Ground Hemlock, 170
— Squirrel, 410
Grous, Canada, 437
— Pinnated, 490
— Spotted or Canada, 437
— Willow, 528
Habenaria lacera, 365
Hare, Northern, 469
Haw, Black, 328
Hawk, Black, 381
— Sparrow, 246
Helenium quadridentatum, 262
Hemlock, Ground, 170
— Spruce, 562
— Warbler, 205
Hickory, Thick shell-bark, 10
Hirundo rustica, 413
Hobble Bush, 260
Honey Locust, 272, 290
Honeysuckle, Swamp, 96
Hooded Warbler, 66
Huckleberry, 451
— Dwarf, 231
Hudson's Bay Titmouse, 543
Humming Bird, Mango, 480
Hydrangea quercifolia, 121
Iceland Falcon, 552
Icteria viridis, 223
Ilex laxiflora, 308
Indian Pink-root, 65
Iris versicolor, 306
Jay, Blue, 11
— Canada, 53
Jer Falcon, 552
Journey in New Brunswick and Maine, 459
Juglans cinerea, 252
— sulcata, 10
Kalmia angustifolia, 548
— glauca, 542
— narrow-leaved, 548
Kentucky Barbicue, 576
Key West Pigeon, 382
Kite, Mississippi, 108
Labrador, Squatters of, 154
— Tea-plant, 533
— Cod Fishing at, 522
Lanius Excubitor, 534
Large-flowered Bignonia, 482
Lark, Meadow, 216
— Shore, 570
Laurel, Great, 20
— Narrow-leaved, 548
Laurus Sassafras, 258
Ledum latifolium, 533
Lost One, The, 69
Loxia curvirostra, 559
Lilium superbum, 503
Lily, Tiger, 503
Lincoln's Finch, 539
Little Owl, 567
Live Oak, 509
Live-Oakers, the, 237
Macgillivray's Finch, 285
Magnolia glauca, 118
— grandiflora, 482
— swamp, 118
Mango Humming Bird, 480
Mangrove Cuckoo, 390
Maple, Dwarf, 207
Meadow Lark, 216
Merchant of Savannah, 549
Migratory Thrush, 190
Mississippi Kite, 108
— Squatters of the, 131
Moose Hunt, 431
Mullein, Great, 87
Muscicapa acadica, 256
— canadensis, 17
— Cooperi, 422
— crinita, 176
— dominicensis, 392
— fusca, 122
— savana, 387
— virens, 93
— Wilsonii, 148
Narrow-leaved Kalmia, 548
— Laurel, 548
Newfoundland, Ball in, 211
Night Hawk, 273
Nightshade, Woody, 255
Northern Hare, 469
Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 151
— Red-bellied, 24
— White-breasted, 299
Nuttall's Short-billed Marsh Wren, 427
Nyssa aquatica, 204
Oak, Black Jack, 107
— Chestnut, 195
— Live, 509
— White, 56, 278
Olive-sided Flycatcher, 422
Orange-crowned Warbler, 449
— leaved Azalea, 566
— Wild, 475, 460, 560
Owl, Acadian, 567
— Barn, 403
— Little, 567
— Snowy, 135
Parus atricapillus, 373
— carolinensis, 341
— hudsonicus, 543
Pea, Sea, 533
Pewee Flycatcher, 122
Phlox aristata, 65
— maculata, 210
Pigeon, Blue-headed, 411
— Key West, 382
— White-headed, 443
Picus pileatus, 74
— pubescens, 81
— tridactylus, 197
— varius, 519
Pileated Woodpecker, 74
Pine Creeping Warbler, 233
— Yellow, 235
— Swamp Warbler, 279
— Finch, 455
Pinus balsamea, 426
— canadensis, 562
— pendula, 458
— variabilis, 235
Pink-root, Indian, 65
Pinnated Grous, 490
Pipiry Flycatcher, 392
Pirate, death of a, 180
Pisum maritimum, 533
Polyborus vulgaris, 350
Porcelia parviflora, 359
Purple-flowered Anona, 359
Quercus alba, 56
— nigra, 107
— virens, 509
Quiscalus ferrugineus, 325
— major, 504
Racoon Grape, 80
Ramping Trumpet-flower, 83
Raspberry, Flowering, 147
Raven, 1
Red-bellied Nuthatch, 24
Red-eyed Vireo, 287
Regulus Calendula, 546
— tricolor, 476
— Ruby-crowned, 546
Rhododendron maximum, 20
Robin, American, 190
Robinia Pseudacacia, 23
Rock Oak, 195
Rosa rubiginosa, 225
Rose-breasted Grosbeak, 166
Rough-leaved Cordia, 448
Rough-legged Falcon, 377
Rubus Chamæmorus, 542
— villosus, 175
Ruby-crowned Regulus, 546
Runaway, the, 27
Rusty Grakle, 325
Sassafras, 258
Savannah, Merchant of, 551
— Finch, 63
Sea Pea, 533
Seven Years' Apple, 391
Shrike, Great Cinereous, 534
Sharp-tailed Finch, 281
Shore Lark, 570
Short-billed Marsh Wren, 427
Silver Fir, 426
Sitta carolinensis, 299
— canadensis, 24
— pusilla, 151
Small Green Crested Flycatcher, 256
Smilacina borealis, 454
Snake, Black, 107
Snake's Head, 160
Snow Bunting, 515
Snowy Owl, 135
Snowball, Swamp, 121
Solanum Dulcamara, 255
Sparrow, Chipping, 21
— Field, 229
— Fox-coloured, 58
— Tree, 511
— White-crowned, 88
— Yellow-winged, 180
— Hawk, American, 246
Spigelia marilandica, 65
Spotted Grous, 437
Spring Garden, 263
Spruce, Hemlock, 562
Squatters of the Mississippi, 131
— of Labrador, 154
Squirrel, Ground, 410
Strix flammea, 403
— nyctea, 135
Stanley Hawk, 245
Streptopus distortus, 442
Sturnus ludovicianus, 216
St John's River in Florida, 291
Swainson's Warbler, 563
Swallow, Barn, 413
— Chimney, 329
Swamp Honeysuckle, 96
— Magnolia, 118
— Snowball, 121
Swedish Cornel, 541
Sweet Briar, 225
Swift, American, 329
Supple Jack, 344
Summer Grape, 92
Sylvia agilis, 227
— Bachmanii, 483
— Blackburniæ, 208
— canadensis, 309
— celata, 449
— coronata, 303
— maculosa, 145
— mitrata, 66
— Parus, 205
— petechia, 259, 360
— peregrina, 307
— Pinus, 233
— Sialis, 84
— sphagnosa, 279
— striata, 201
— Swainsonii, 563
Tawny Thrush, 362
Tea Plant, Labrador, 533
Tennessee Warbler, 307
Tetrao canadensis, 437
— Cupido, 490
— Saliceti, 528
Thalia dealbata, 479
Thick Shell-bark Hickory, 10
Three-toed Woodpecker, 197
Thrush, Golden-crowned, 253
— Ferruginous, 102
— Migratory, 190
— Tawny, 262
Tiger Lily, 503
Titmouse, Black-cap, 343
— Carolina, 341
— Hudson's Bay, 543
Townsend's Bunting, 188
Tree Sparrow, 511
Trillium pictum, 442
Troglodytes Americana, 453
— brevirostris, 427
Trochilus Mango, 480
Trumpet-flower, 16
— Ramping, 83
Turdus aurocapillus, 253
— felivox, 171
— migratorius, 190
— rufus, 102
— Wilsonii, 362
Turkey Buzzard, 296
Turtle, Green, 371
— Hawk-billed, 371
— Loggerhead, 371
Turtlers, the, 370
Tyrannus borealis, 422
Vaccinium tenellum, 231
Verbascum Thapsus, 87
Viburnum lantanoides, 280
Vireo flavifrons, 119
— gilvus, 114
— olivaceus, 287
— Red-eyed, 287
— Warbling, 114
— Yellow-throated, 119
Vitis æstivalis, 80, 92
Walnut, Black, 324
Warbler, Bachman's, 483
— Black and Yellow, 145
— Blackburnian, 208
— Black-poll, 201
— Black-throated, 309
— Connecticut, 227
— Hemlock, 205
— Hooded, 66
— Orange-crowned, 449
— Pine Creeping, 233
— Pine Swamp, 279
— Swainson's, 563
— Tennessee, 307
— Yellow Red-poll, 259, 360
— Yellow-rump, 303
Warbling Flycatcher, 114
— Vireo, 114
White-crowned Sparrow, 88
— headed Eagle, 160
— — Pigeon, 443
— breasted Nuthatch, 299
— Oak, 56, 278
— Walnut, 252
Wild Almond, 340, 521
— orange, 360, 460, 475
Willow Grous, 528
Woodpecker, Downy, 81
— Pileated, 74
— Three-toed, 197
— Yellow-bellied, 519
Wood Pewee, 93
— Wren, 452
Woody Nightshade, 255
Worm-grass, 65
Wren, Nuttall's Short-billed Marsh, 427
— Wood, 453
Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, 519
— breasted Chat, 223
— flowered Gerardia, 222
— Pine, 235
— Red poll Warbler, 259, 360
— Rump Warbler, 303
— throated Flycatcher, 119
— — Vireo, 119
— winged Sparrow, 180
Zenaida Dove, 354
PRINTED BY NEILL & CO. OLD FISHMARKET, EDINBURGH.
FOOTNOTES
[1] Birds of America, vol. i. Pl. V.
[2] Fauna Boreali-Americana, p. 225. Note.
[3] The name given by the wreckers and smugglers to the Marion.