Part 11
l. 2649. wutun; l. 3102, uton = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of wîtan, _to go_, used like Mod. Eng. _let us_ + inf., Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo_, Fr. _allons_; M. E. (_Layamon_) _uten_. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, _A.-S. Gram._, pp. 104, 196.
l. 2650. B. suggests hât for hyt,.--_Beit._ xii. 105.
l. 2656. fâne = fâh-ne; cf. fâra = fâh-ra, l. 578; so heánne (MS.) = heáh-ne, etc., l. 984. See Cook's Sievers' Gram.
ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read beadu-scrûd, as at l. 453, = _battle-shirt?_ B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between byrdu-scrûd and bâm gemæne. B. reads býwdu, = _handsome_, etc. Gr. suggests unc nû, = _to us two now_, for ûrum; and K. and Grundt. read beón gemæne for bâm, etc. This makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89.
l. 2666. Cf. the dat. absolute without preposition.
l. 2681. Nägling; cf. Hrunting, Lâfing, and other famous wundor-smiða geweorc of the poem.
l. 2687. B. changes þonne into þone (rel. pro.) = _which_.--_Beit._ xii. 105.
l. 2688. B. supports the MS. reading, wundum.
l. 2688. Cf. l. 2278 for similar language.
l. 2698. B. (_Beit._ xii. 105) renders: "he did not heed the head of the dragon (which Beowulf with his sword had struck without effect), but he struck the dragon somewhat further down." Cf. Saxo, vi. p. 272.
l. 2698. Cf. the language used at ll. 446 and 1373, where hafelan also occurs; and hýdan.
l. 2700. hwêne; cf. Lowl. Sc. _wheen_, a number; Chaucer's _woon_, number.
l. 2702. S. proposes þâ (for þät) þät fýr, etc., = _when the fire began_, etc.
l. 2704. "The (hup)-seax has often been found in Saxon graves on the hip of the skeleton."--E.
l. 2707. Kl. proposes: feorh ealne wräc, = _drove out all the life_; cf. _Gen._ l. 1385.--_Beit._ ix. 192. S. suggests gefylde,--_he felled the foe_, etc.--_Ibid_. Parentheses seem unnecessary.
l. 2727. däg-hwîl = _time allotted, lifetime_.
l. 2745, 2745. Ho. removes geong from the beginning of l. 2745 and places it at the end of l. 2744.
l. 2750. R. proposes sigle searogimmas, as at l. 1158.
l. 2767. (1) B. proposes doubtfully oferhîgean or oferhîgan, = Goth, _ufarhauhjan_, p. p. _ufarhauhids_ (Gr. [Greek: tuphwtheis]) = _exceed in value_.--_Tidskr_. viii. 60. (2) Kl. proposes oferhýdian, = _to make arrogant, infatuate_; cf. oferhýd.--_Beit._ ix. 192.
l. 2770. gelocen leoðocräftum = (1) _spell-bound_ (Th., Arnold, E.); (2) _wrought with hand-craft_ (G.); (3) _meshed, linked together_ (H., Ho.); cf. _Elene_, ll. 1251, 522.
l. 2778. B. considers bill ... ealdhlâfordes as Beowulf's short sword, with which he killed the dragon, l. 2704 (_Tidskr_. viii. 299). R. proposes ealdhlâforde. Müllenh. understands ealdhlâford to mean the former possessor of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives ærgescôd as a compd. = ære calceatus, _sheathed in brass_. Ha. translates ærgescôd as vb. and adv.
l. 2791. Cf. l. 224, eoletes ät ende; landes ät ende, _Exod_. (Hunt).
l. 2792. MS. reads wäteres weorpan, which R. would change to wätere sweorfan.
l. 2806. "Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, and called it Whale's Ness (Hrones-næs)."--Br. p. 28. Cf. l. 3137.
l. 2815. Wîglâf was the next of kin, the last of the race, and hence the recipient of Beowulf's kingly insignia. There is a possible play on the word lâf (Wîg-_lâf_, ende-_lâf_).
l. 2818. gingeste word; cf. _novissima verba_, and Ger. _jüngst_, lately.
l. 2837. E. translates on lande, _in the world_, comparing _on lîfe, on worulde_.
l. 2840. geræsde = pret. of geræsan (omitted from the Gloss.), same as ræsan; cf. l. 2691.
l. 2859. B. proposes deáð ârædan, = _determine death_.--_Beit._ xii. 106.
l. 2861. Change geongum to geongan as a scribal error (?), but cf. Lichtenheld, _Haupts Zeitschr._ xvi. 353-355.
l. 2871. S. and W. propose ôwêr.--_Beit._ ix. 142.
l. 2873. S. punctuates: wrâðe forwurpe, þâ, etc.
l. 2874. H.-So. begins a new sentence with nealles, ending the preceding one with beget.
l. 2879. ätgifan = _to render, to afford_; omitted in Gloss.
ll. 2885-2892. "This passage ... equals the passage in Tacitus which describes the tie of chief to companion and companion to chief among the Germans, and which recounts the shame that fell on those who survived their lord."--Br., p. 56.
l. 2886. cyn thus has the meaning of _gens_ or clan, just as in many Oriental towns all are of one blood. E. compares Tacitus, _Germania_, 7; and cf. "kith and kin."
l. 2892. Death is preferable to dishonor. Cf. Kemble, _Saxons_, i. 235.
l. 2901. The _[Greek: angelos]_ begins his _[Greek: angelia]_ here.
l. 2910. S. proposes higemêðe, _sad of soul;_ cf. ll. 2853 and 2864 (_Beit._ ix. 142). B. considers higemêðum a dat. or instr. pl. of an abstract in -u (_Beit._ xii. 106). H. makes it a dat. pl. = _for the dead_. For heafod-wearde, etc., cf. note on l. 446.
l. 2920-2921. B. explains "he could not this time, as usual, give jewels to his followers."--_Beit._ xii. 106.
l. 2922. The Merovingian or Frankish race.
l. 2940 _seq._ B. conjectures:
cwäð hîe on mergenne mêces ecgum gêtan wolde, sumon galgtreowu âheáwan on holte ond hîe âhôan on þâ fuglum tô gamene.
--_Beit._ xii. 107, 372. Cf. S., _Beit._ ix. 143. gêtan = _cause blood to be shed._
l. 2950. B. proposes gomela for gôda; "a surprising epithet for a Geat to apply to the 'terrible' Ongentheow."--Ha. p. 99. But "good" does not necessarily mean "morally excellent," as a "good" hater, a "good" fighter.
l. 2959. See H.-So. for an explanatory quotation from Paulus Diaconus, etc. B., K., and Th. read segn Higelâces, = H.'s banner uplifted began to pursue the Swede-men.--_Beit._ xii. 108. S. suggests sæce, = _pursuit_.
l. 2977. gewyrpton: this vb. is also used reflexively in _Exod_. (Hunt), l. 130: wyrpton hie wêrige.
l. 2989. bär is Grundt.'s reading, after the MS. "The surviving victor is the heir of the slaughtered foe."--H.-So. Cf. _Hildebrands Lied_, ll. 61, 62.
l. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). Cf. ll. 2196, 3051. Cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's _bis senas gentes_ and remarks: "Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the slaying of the foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's hand, answers to the Jutish king Hygelâc, who rewards his liegeman, for the slaying of Ongentheów, with jewels, enormous estates, and _his_ only daughter's hand."
l. 3006. H.-So. suggests Scilfingas for Scyldingas, because, at l. 2397, Beowulf kills the Scylfing Eádgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus ll. 3002, 3005, 3006, would indicate that, after Beowulf's death, the Swedes desired to shake off his hated yoke. Müllenh., however, regards l. 3006 as a thoughtless repetition of l. 2053.--_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 239.
l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at l. 256; and _Exod._ (Hunt.) l. 293.
l. 3022. E. quotes:
"Thai token an harp _gle and game_ And maked a lai and yaf it name." --_Weber_, l. 358.
and from Percy, "The word _glee_, which peculiarly denoted their art (the minstrels'), continues still in our own language ... it is to this day used in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition."
l. 3025. "This is a finer use than usual of the common poetic attendants of a battle, the wolf, the eagle, and the raven. The three are here like three Valkyrie, talking of all that they have done."--Br., p. 57.
l. 3033. Cf. Hunt's _Dan._ l. 731, for similar language.
l. 3039. B. supplies a supposed gap here:
[banan eác fundon bennum seócne (nê) ær hî þæm gesêgan syllîcran wiht] wyrm on wonge... --_Beit._ xii. 372.
Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [þær] before gesêgan.
l. 3042. Cf. l. 2561, where gryre-giest occurs as an epithet of the dragon. B. proposes gry[re-fâh].
l. 3044. lyft-wynne, _in the pride of the air_, E.; _to rejoice in the air_, Ha.
l. 3057. (1) He (God) is men's hope; (2) he is the heroes' hope; (3) gehyld = the secret place of enchanters; cf. hêlsmanna gehyld, Gr.'s reading, after A.-S. hælsere, haruspex, augur.
l. 3060. B. suggests gehýðde, = _plundered_ (i.e. by the thief), for gehýdde.
ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests wundur [deáðe] hwâr þonne eorl ellenrof ende gefêre = _let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by wondrous venture_, etc.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 241; cf. l. 3038. (2) S. supposes an indirect question introduced by hwâr and dependent upon wundur, = _a mystery is it when it happens that the hero is to die, if he is no longer to linger among his people_.--_Beit._ ix. 143. (3) Müllenh. suggests: _is it to be wondered at that a man should die when he can no longer live?_--_Zachers Zeitschr._ xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus:
Wundrað hwät þonne, eorl ellen-rôf, ende gefêre lîf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mäg (etc.),
in which hwät would = þurh hwät at l. 3069, and eorl would be subject of the conjectural vb. wundrað: "the valiant earl wondereth then through what he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live.... So Beówulf knew not (wondered how) through what _his_ end should come," etc. W. and Ho. join þonne to the next line. Or, for hwâr read wære: Wundur wære þonne (= gif), etc., = "would it be any wonder if a brave man," etc., which is virtually Müllenhoff's.
l. 3053. galdre bewunden, _spell-bound_, throws light on l. 2770, gelocen leoðo-cräftum. The "accursed" gold of legend is often dragon-guarded and placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) are thus banned. ll. 3047-3058 recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus."
l. 3073. herh, hearh, _temple_, is conjectured by E. to survive in _Harrow. Temple, barrow_, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. Biówulfes biorh of l. 2808.
l. 3074. H.-So. has strude, = _ravage_, and compares l. 3127. MS. has strade. S. suggests stride, = _tread_.
l. 3074. H.-So. omits strâdan, = _tread, stride over_, from the Gloss., referring ll. 3174 and 3074 to strûdan, q. v.
l. 3075. S. proposes: näs hê goldhwätes gearwor häfde, etc., = _Beowulf had not before seen the greedy possessor's favor_.--_Beit._ ix. 143. B. reads, goldhwäte gearwor häfde, etc., making goldhwäte modify êst, = _golden favor_; but see _Beit._ xii. 373, for B.'s later view.
l. 3086-3087. B. translates, "that which (i.e. the treasure) drew the king thither was granted indeed, but it overwhelmed us."--_Beit._ xii. 109.
l. 3097. B. and S. propose äfter wine deádum, = _in memory of the dead friend_.--_Beit._ ix. 144.
l. 3106. The brâd gold here possibly includes the iú-monna gold of l. 3053 and the wunden gold of l. 3135. E. translates brâd by _bullion_.
l. 3114. B. supposes folc-âgende to be dat. sg. to gôdum, referring to Beowulf.
l. 3116. C. considers weaxan, = Lat. _vescor_, to devour, as a parallel to fretan, and discards parentheses.--_Beit._ viii. 573.
l. 3120. fûs = _furnished with_; a meaning which must be added to those in the Gloss.
ll. 3124-3125. S. proposes:
eóde eahta sum under inwit-hrôf hilderinca: sum on handa bär, etc. --_Beit._ ix. 144.
l. 3136. H.-So. corrects (after B.) to äðeling_c_, the MS. having _e_.
l. 3145. "It was their [the Icelanders'] belief that the higher the smoke rose in the air the more glorious would the burnt man be in heaven."-- _Ynglinga Saga_, 10 (quoted by E.). Cf. the funeral pyre of Herakles.
l. 3146-3147. B. conjectures:
... swôgende lêc wôpe bewunden windblonda lêg
(lêc from lâcan, see Gloss.).--_Beit._ xii. 110. Why not windblonda lâc?
l. 3147. Müllenhoff rejected wind-blond geläg because a great fire raises rather than "lays" the wind; hence B., as above, = "swoughing sported the flame wound with the howling of wind-currents."
l. 3151 _seq._ B. restores conjecturally:
swylce giômor-gyd sio geó-meowle [äfter Beówulfe] bunden-heorde [song] sorg-cearig, sæde geneahhe, þät hió hyre [hearm-]dagas hearde on [dr]êde, wälfylla worn, [w]îgendes egesan, hý[n]ðo ond häftnýd, heóf on rîce wealg. --_Beit._ xii. 100.
Here geó-meowle = _old woman_ or _widow;_ bunden-heorde = _with bound locks;_ heóf = _lamentation;_ cf. l. 3143. on rîce wealg is less preferable than the MS. reading, heofon rêce swealg = _heaven swallowed the smoke_.-- H.-So. B. thinks Beowulf's widow (geómeowle) was probably Hygd; cf. ll. 2370, 3017-3021.
l. 3162. H.-So. reads (with MS.) bronda be lâfe, for betost, and omits colon after bêcn. So B., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 224.
l. 3171. E. quotes Gibbon's accounts of the burial of Attila when the "chosen squadrons of the Hun, wheeling round in measured evolutions, chanted a funeral song to the memory of a hero."
ll. 3173-3174. B. proposes:
woldon gên cwîðan [ond] kyning wordgyd wrecan ond ymb wel sprecan. --_Beit._ xii. 112.
l. 3183. Z., K., Th. read manna for mannum.
l. 3184. "It is the English ideal of a hero as it was conceived by an Englishman some twelve hundred years ago."--Br., p. 18.
NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG.
The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made and printed by Hickes in his _Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium_, i. 192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of homilies in the Lambeth Library. Möller, _Alteng. Epos_, p. 65, places the fragment in the Finn episode, between ll. 1146 and 1147. Bugge (_Beit._ xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnäf fell, _i.e._ as described in _Beówulf_ as antecedent to the events there given. Heinzel (_Anzeiger f. d. Altert_.), however, calls attention to the fact that Hengest in the fragment is called cyning, whereas in _Beówulf_, l. 1086, he is called þegn. See H.-So., p. 125.
"The _Fight at Finnsburg_ and the lays from which our _Beówulf_ was composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in the north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the Jutes or Goths."--Br., p. 101.
l. 1. R. supposes [hor]nas, and conjectures such an introductory conversation as follows: "Is it dawning in the east, or is a fiery dragon flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?" questions which the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the positive declaration, "rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams in the moonlight." --_Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch_, 1861. Heinzel and B. conjecture, [beorhtor hor]nas byrnað næfre. So. G.--_Beit._ xii. 22; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ x. 229.
l. 5. B. conjectures fugelas to mean _arrows_, and supplies:
ac hêr forð berað [fyrdsearu rincas, flacre flânbogan], fugelas singað.
He compares Saxo, p. 95, _cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus instant_, as explanatory of l. 6.--_Beit._ xii. 22. But see Brooke, _Early Eng. Literature_, who supposes fugelas = _raven_ and _eagle_, while græg-hama is = _wulf_ (the "grey-coated one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle.
l. 11. hicgeað, etc.: cf. _Maldon_, l. 5; _Exod_. l. 218.
l. 15. Cf. B. (_Beit._ xii. 25), etc., and Saxo, p. 101, for l. 13.
ll. 18-21. H.-So. remarks: "If, according to Möller and Bugge, Gârulf is one of the attackers, one of Finn's men, this does not harmonize with his character as Gûðlâf's son (l. 33), who (l. 16, and _Beówulf_, l. 1149) is a Dane, therefore one of Finn's antagonists." B. (_Beit._ xii. 25) conjectures:
þâ gyt Gûðdene Gârulf styrode, þät hê swâ freólîc feorh forman sîðe tô þære healle durum hyrsta ne bære, nû hîe nîða heard ânyman wolde;
in which Gûðdene is the same as Sigeferð, l. 24; hê (l. 22) refers to Gârulf; and hîe (l. 21) to hyrsta.
l. 27. swäðer = _either_ (bad or good, life or death).--H.-So.
l. 29. cêlod: meaning doubtful; cf. _Maldon_, l. 283. G. renders "curved board"; Sw. suggests "round"? "hollow"?
l. 30. B. suggests bâr-helm, = _boar-helm._ Cf. Saxo, p. 96.--_Beit._ xii. 26.
l. 34. B. conjectures: (1) hwearf flacra hræw hräfen, wandrode; (2) hwearf flacra hræw hräfen fram ôðrum = _flew from one corpse to another_.--_Beit._ xii. 27.
l. 43. B. supposes wund häleð to be a Dane, folces hyrde to be Hnäf, in opposition to Holtzmann (_Germania_, viii. 494), who supposes the wounded man to be a Frisian, and folces hyrde to be their king, Finn.--_Beit._ xii. 28.
l. 45. B. adopts Th.'s reading heresceorp unhrôr = _equipments useless_.--_Beit._ xii. 28.
l. 47. "Though wounded, they had retained their strength and activity in battle."--B., _Beit._ xii. 28.
ADDENDA.
ll. 105 and 218. MS. and Ho. read won-sæli and fâmi-heals.
ll. 143, 183, 186, etc. Read þæm for þäm.
l. 299. MS. reads gôd-fremmendra. So H.-So.
l. 338. Ho. marks wräc- and its group long.
l. 530. Hwät should here probably be printed as an interj., hwät! Cf. ll. 1, 943, 2249.
l. 2263. Koeppel suggests nis for näs.
The editors are much indebted to E. Koeppel (in _Eng. Stud._ xiii. 3) for numerous corrections in text and glossary.
l. 3070. H.-So. begins a new line with swâ.
GLOSSARY
A
ac, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) _but_ (like N.H.G. sondern), 109, 135, 339, etc.--2) _but_ (N.H.G. aber), _nevertheless_, 602, 697, etc.--3) in direct questions: nonne, numquid, 1991.
aglæca, ahlæca, äglæca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, _trouble_, O.N. agi, _terror_, + lâc, _gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble_; hence): 1) _evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being_; of Grendel, 159, 433, 593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.--2) _great hero, mighty warrior_; of Sigemund, 894; of Beówulf: gen. sg. aglæcan(?), 1513; of Beówulf and the drake: nom. pl. þâ aglæcean, 2593.
aglæc-wîf, st. n., _demon, devil, in the form of a woman_; of Grendel's mother, 1260.
aldor. See ealdor.
al-wealda. See eal-w.
am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., _servant, man-servant_: nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulfgâr, 336.
ambiht-þegn (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), _servant, man-servant_: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Beówulf's servant, 674.
an, prep, with the dat., _on, in, with respect to_, 678; _with, among, at, upon_ (position after the governed word), 1936; with the acc., 1248. Elsewhere on, which see.
ancor, st. m., _anchor_: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884.
ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), _anchor-cable_: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919.
and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39, 40, etc. (See Appendix.)
anda, w. m., _excitement, vexation, horror_: dat. wrâðum on andan, 709, 2315.
and-git, st. n., _insight, understanding_: nom. sg., 1060. See gitan.
and-hâtor, st. m. n., _heat coming against one_: gen. sg. rêðes and-hâttres, 2524.
and-lang, -long, adj., _very long._ hence 1) _at whole length, raised up high_: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers Ztschr., 4, 217).--2) _continual, entire_; andlangne däg, 2116, _the whole day_; andlonge niht, 2939.
and-leán, st. n., _reward, payment in full_: acc. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-, hond-lean, MS.).
and-risno, st. f. (see rîsan, surgere, decere), _that which is to be observed, that which is proper, etiquette_: dat. pl. for andrysnum, _according to etiquette_, 1797.
and-saca, w. m., _adversary_: godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683.
and-slyht, st. m., _blow in return_: acc. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times hond-slyht).
and-swaru, st. f., _act of accosting_: 1) to persons coming up, _an address_, 2861.--2) in reply to something said, _an answer_, 354, 1494, 1841.
and-weard, adj., _present, existing_: acc. sg. n. swîn ofer helme and-weard (_the image of the boar, which stands on his helm_), 1288.
and-wlita, w. m., _countenance_: acc. sg. -an, 690.
an-sund, adj., _entirely unharmed_: nom. sg. m., 1001.
an-sýn, f., _the state of being seen_: hence 1) _the exterior, the form_, 251: ansýn ýwde, _showed his form_, i.e. appeared, 2835.--2) _aspect, appearance_, 929; on-sýn, 2773.
an-walda, w. m., _He who rules over all, God_, 1273. See Note.
atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), _hostile, frightful, cruel_: of Grendel, 159, 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Grendel's mother's hands (dat. pl. atolan), 1503; of the undulation of the waves, 849; of battle, 597, 2479.--cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus.
atelîc, adj., _terrible, dreadful_: atelîc egesa, 785.
Â
â, adv. (Goth, áiv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), _ever, always_, 455, 882, 931, 1479: â syððan, _ever afterwards, ever, ever after_, 283, 2921.--_ever_, 780.--Comp. nâ.
âd st. m. _funeral pile_: acc. sg. âd, 3139; dat. sg. âde, 1111, 1115.
âd-faru, st. f., _way to the funeral pile_, dat. sg. on âd-färe, 3011.
âdl, st. f. _sickness_, 1737, 1764, 1849.
âð, st. m., _oath in general_, 2740; _oath of allegiance_, 472 (?); _oath of reconciliation of two warring peoples_, 1098, 1108.
âð-sweord, st. n., _the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath_: nom. pl., 2065. See sweord.
âðum-swerian, m. pl., _son-in-law and father-in-law_: dat. pl., 84.
âgan, verb, pret. and pres., _to have, to possess_, w. acc.: III. prs. sg. âh, 1728; inf. âgan, 1089; prt. âhte, 487, 522, 533; with object, geweald, to be supplied, 31. Form contracted with the negative: prs. sg. I. nâh hwâ sweord wege (_I have no one to wield the sword_), 2253.
âgen, adj., _own, peculiar_, 2677.
âgend (prs. part. of âgan), _possessor, owner, lord_: gen. sg. âgendes, _of God_, 3076.--Compounds: blæd-, bold-, folc-, mägen-âgend.
âgend-freá, w. m., _owner, lord_: gen. sg. âgend-freán, 1884.
âhsian, ge-âhsian, w. v.: 1) _to examine, to find out by inquiring_: pret. part. ge-âhsod, 433.--2) _to experience, to endure_: pret. âhsode, 1207; pl. âhsodon, 423.
âht, st. n. (contracted from â-wiht, which see), _something, anything_: âht cwices, 2315.
ân, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative character: 1) _this, that_, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.--2) _one_, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb âne niht (_the next night_), 135; þurh ânes cräft, 700; þâra ânum, 1038; ân äfter ânum, _one for the other_ (Hrêðel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, ân äfter eallum, 2269; ânes hwät, _some single thing, a part_, 3011; se ân leóda duguðe, _the one of the heroes of the people_, 2238; ânes willan, _for the sake of a single one_, 3078, etc.--Hence, again, 3) _alone, distinguished_, 1459, 1886.--4) _a_, in the sense of an indefinite article: ân ... feónd, 100; gen. sg. ânre bêne (or to No.2[?]), 428; ân ... draca, 221l--5) gen. pl. ânra, in connection with a pronoun, _single_; ânra gehwylces, _every single one_, 733; ânra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the dat. pl. in this sense: nemne feáum ânum, _except a few single ones_, 1082.--6) solus, _alone_: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form, 145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., âna Geáta duguðe, _alone of the warriors of the Geátas_, 2658.--7) solitarius, _alone, lonely_, see æn.--Comp. nân.
ân-feald, adj., _simple, plain, without reserve_: acc. sg. ânfealdne geþôht, _simple opinion_, 256.
ân-genga, -gengea, w. m., _he who goes alone_, of Grendel, 165, 449.
ân-haga, w. m., _he who stands alone_, solitarius, 2369.
ân-hydig, adj. (like the O.N. ein-râd-r, _of one resolve_, i.e. of firm resolve), _of one opinion_, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668.
ânga, adj. (only in the weak form), _single, only_: acc. sg. ângan dôhtor, 375, 2998; ângan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. ângan brêðer, 1263.
ân-päð, st. m., _lonely way, path_: acc. pl. ânpaðas, 1411.
ân-ræd, adj. (cf. under ân-hydig), _of firm resolution, resolved_, 1530, 1576.
ân-tîd, st. f., _one time_, i.e. the same time, ymb ân-tîd ôðres dôgores, _about the same time the second day_ (they sailed twenty-four hours), 219.--ân stands as in ân-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, _harmonious, of the same disposition_.
ânunga, adv., _throughout, entirely, wholly_, 635.
âr, st. m., _ambassador, messenger_, 336, 2784.
âr, st. f., 1) _honor, dignity_: ârum healdan, _to hold in honor_, 296; similarly, 1100, 1183.--2) _favor, grace, support_: acc. sg. âre, 1273, 2607; dat. sg. âre, 2379; gen. pl. hwät ... ârna, 1188.--Comp. worold-âr; also written ær.
âr-fäst, adj., _honorable, upright_, 1169; of Hûnferð (with reference to 588). See fäst.
ârian, w. v., (_to be gracious_), _to spare_: III. sg. prs. w. dat. nænegum ârað; of Grendel, 599.
âr-stäf, st. m.,(elementum honoris), _grace, favor_: dat. pl. mid ârstafum, 317.--_Help, support_: dat. pl. for âr-stafum, _to the assistance_, 382, 458. See stäf.