Part 35
wyn, st. f., _pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment_: acc. sg. mæste ... worolde wynne (_the highest earthly joy_), 1081; eorðan wynne (_earth-joy, the delightful earth_), 1731; heofenes wynne (_heaven's joy_, the rising sun), 1802; hearpan wynne (_harp-joy, the pleasant harp_), 2108; þät he ... ge-drogen häfde eorðan wynne (_that he had had his earthly joy_), 2728; dat. sg. weorod wäs on wynne, 2015; instr. pl. mägenes wynnum (_in joy of strength_), 1717; so, 1888.--Comp.: êðel-, hord-, lîf-, lyft-, symbel-wyn.
wyn-leás, adj., _joyless_: acc. sg. wyn-leásne wudu, 1417; wyn-leás wîc, 822.
wyn-sum, adj., _winsome, pleasant_: acc. sg. wudu wyn-suman (_the ship_), 1920; nom. pl. word wæron wyn-sume, 613.
wyrcan, v. irreg.: 1) _to do, effect_, w. acc.: inf. (wundor) wyrcan, 931.--2) _to make, create_, w. acc.: pret. sg. þät se äl-mihtiga eorðan worh[te], 92; swâ hine _(the helmet_) worhte wæpna smið, 1453.--3) _to gain, win, acquire_, w. gen.: subj. pres. wyrce, se þe môte, dômes ær deáðe, 1388.
be-wyrcan, _to gird, surround_: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle be-worhton, 3163.
ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., _to act, behave_: inf. swâ sceal geong guma gôde gewyrcean ... on fäder wine þät ... (_a young man shall so act with benefits towards his father's friends that_ ...), 20.--2) w. acc., _to do, make, effect, perform_: inf. ne meahte ic ät hilde mid Hruntinge wiht ge-wyrcan, 1661; sweorde ne meahte on þam aglæcan ... wunde ge-wyrcean, 2907; pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. part. acc. ic þâ leóde wât ... fäste ge-worhte. 1865.--3) _to make, construct_: inf. (medo-ärn) ge-wyrcean, 69; (wîg-bord) ge-wyrcean, 2338; (hlæw) ge-wyrcean, 2803; pret. pl. II. ge-worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part. ge-worht, 1697.--4) _to win, acquire_: pres. sg. ic me mid Hruntinge dôm ge-wyrce, 1492.
Wyrd, st. f., _Weird_ (one of the Norns, guide of human destiny; mostly weakened down = _fate, providence_): nom. sg., 455, 477, 572, 735, 1206, 2421, 2527, 2575, 2815; acc. sg. wyrd, 1057, 1234; gen. pl. wyrda, 3031. (Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.)
wyrdan, w. v., _to ruin, kill, destroy_: pret. sg. he tô lange leóde mine wanode and wyrde, 1338.
â-wyrdan, w. v., _to destroy, kill_: pret. part.: äðeling monig wundum â-wyrded, 1114.
wyrðe, adj., _noble; worthy, honored, valued_: acc. sg. m. wyrðne (ge-dôn) (_to esteem worthy_), 2186; nom. pl. wyrðe, 368; compar. nom. sg. rîces wyrðra (_worthier of rule_), 862.--Comp. fyrd-wyrðe. See weorð.
wyrgen, st, f., _throttler_ [cf. sphinx], _she-wolf_; in comp. grund-wyrgen.
ge-wyrht, st. n., _work; desert_; in comp. eald-gewyrht, 2658.
wyrm, st. m., _worm, dragon, drake_: nom. sg., 898, 2288, 2344, 2568, 2630, 2670, 2746, 2828; acc. sg. wyrm, 887, 892, 2706, 3040, 3133; dat. sg. wyrme, 2308, 2520; gen. wyrmes, 2317, 2349, 2760, 2772, 2903; acc. pl. wyrmas, 1431.
wyrm-cyn, st. m., _worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons_: gen. sg. wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426.
wyrm-fâh, adj., _dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned_ (ornamented with figures of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in Germania X., 278): nom. sg. sweord ... wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fâh, 1699.
wyrm-hord, st. n., _dragon-hoard_: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, 2223.
for-wyrnan, w. v., _to refuse, reject_: subj. pres. II. þät þu me nô for-wyrne, þät... (_that thou refuse me not that_...), 429; pret. sg. he ne for-wyrnde worold-rædenne, 1143.
ge-wyrpan, w. v. reflex., _to refresh one's self, recover_: pret. sg. he hyne ge-wyrpte, 2977.
wyrpe, st. m., _change_: acc. sg. äfter weá-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman (_after the woe-spell to bring about a change of things_), 1316.
wyrsa, compar. adj., _worse_: acc. sg. neut. þät wyrse, 1740; instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sg. wyrsan geþinges, 525; nom. acc. pl. wyrsan wîg-frecan, 1213, 2497.
wyrt, st. f., [_-wort_], _root_: instr. pl. wudu wyrtum fäst, 1365.
wýscan, w. v., _to wish, desire_: pret. sg. wîscte (rihde, MS.) þäs yldan (_wished to delay that_ or _for this reason_, 2440, 1605(?). See Note.
Y
yfel, st n., _evil_: gen. pl. yfla, 2095.
yldan, w. v., _to delay, put off_: inf. ne þät se aglæca yldan þôhte, 740; weard wine-geômor wîscte þäs yldan, þät he lytel fäc long-gestreóna brûcan môste, 2240.
ylde, st. m. pl., _men_: dat. pl. yldum, 77, 706, 2118; gen. pl. ylda, 150, 606, 1662. See elde.
yldest. See eald.
yldo, st. f., _age (senectus), old age_: nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo, 1767; dat. sg. on ylde, 22.--2) _age (ætas), time, era_: gen. sg. yldo bearn, 70. See eldo.
yldra. See eald.
ylf, st. f., _elf (incubus, alp_): nom. pl. ylfe, 112.
ymb, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, _around, about, at, upon_: ymb hine (_around, with, him_), 399. With prep, postponed: hine ymb, 690; ymb brontne ford (_around the seas, on the high sea_), 568; ymb þâ gif-healle (_around the gift-hall, throne-hall_), 839; ymb þäs helmes hrôf (_around the helm's roof, crown_), 1031.--2) temporal, _about, after_: ymb ân-tîd ôðres dôgores (_about the same time the next day_), 219; ymb âne niht (_after a night_), 135.--3) causal, _about, on account of, for, owing to_: (frînan) ymb þînne sîð (_on account of, concerning?, thy journey_), 353; hwät þu ... ymb Brecan spræce (_hast spoken about B._), 531; so, 1596, 3174; nâ ymb his lîf cearað (_careth not for his life_), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439; sundor-nytte beheóld ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund (_about the swimming, the prize for swimming_), 507.
ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, 2884, 3171; hlæw oft ymbe hwearf (prep, postponed), 2297. 2) causal, 2071, 2619.--II. adv., _around_: him ... ymbe, 2598.
ymb-sittend, pres. part., _neighbor_ gen. pl. ymb-sittendra, 9.
ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pl. ymbe-sittendra, 2735.
yppe, w. f., _high seat, dais, throne_: dat. sg. eode ... tô yppan, 1816.
yrfe, st. n., _bequest, legacy_: nom. sg., 3052.
yrfe-lâf, st. f., _sword left as a bequest_: acc. sg. yrfe-lâfe, 1054; instr. sg. yrfe-lâfe, 1904.
yrfe-weard, st. m., _heir, son_: nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, 2454. (-as, MS.)
yrmðo, st. f., _misery, shame, wretchedness_: acc. sg. yrmðe, 1260, 2006.
yrre, st. n., _anger, ire, excitement_: acc. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg, on yrre, 2093.
yrre, adj., _angry, irate, furious_: nom. sg. yrre oretta (Beówulf), 1533; þegn yrre (the same), 1576; gäst yrre (Grendel), 2074; nom. pl. yrre, 770. See eorre.
yrringa, adv., _angrily, fiercely_, 1566, 2965.
yrre-môd, adj., _wrathful-minded, wild_: nom. sg., 727.
ys, _he is_. See wesan.
Ý
ýð (O.H.G. unda), st. f., _wave; sea_: nom. pl. ýða, 548; acc. pl. ýðe, 46, 1133, 1910; dat. pl. ýðum, 210, 421, 534, 1438, 1908; ýðum weallan (_to surge with waves_), 515, 2694; gen. pl. ýða, 464, 849, 1209, 1470, 1919.--Comp: flôd-, lîg-, wäter-ýð.
ýðan, w. v., _to ravage, devastate, destroy_: pret. sg. ýðde eotena cyn, 421 (cf. îðende = _depopulating_, Bosworth, from Ælfric's Glossary; pret. ýðde, Wanderer, 85).
ýðe. See eáðe.
ýðe-lîce, adv., _easily_: ýðe-lîce he eft â-stôd (_he easily arose afterwards_), 1557.
ýð-gebland, st. n., _mingling_ or _surging waters, water-tumult_: nom. sg. -geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pl. -gebland, 1621.
ýð-gewin, st. n., _strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water_: dat. sg. ýð-gewinne, 2413; gen. sg. -gewinnes, 1435.
ýð-lâd, st. f., _water-journey, sea-voyage_: nom. pl. ýð-lâde, 228.
ýð-lâf, st. f., _water-leaving, what is left by the water (undarum reliquiae), shore_: dat. sg. be ýð-lâfe, 566.
ýð-lida, w. m., _wave-traverser, ship_: acc. sg. ýð-lidan, 198.
ýð-naca, w. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg. [ýð-]nacan, 1904.
ýð-gesêne. See êð-gesýne.
ýwan, w. v. w. acc., _to show_: pret. sg. an-sýn ýwde (_showed itself, appeared_), 2835. See eáwan, eówan.
ge-ýwan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to lay before, offer_: inf., 2150.
GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH.
âbrecan, st. v., _to shatter_: part. his byrne âbrocen wære (_his byrnie was shattered_).
ânyman, st. v., _to take, take away_.
bân-helm, st. m., _bone-helmet; skull_, [_shield_, Bosw.].
buruh-þelu, st. f., _castle-floor_.
cêlod, part, (adj.?), _keeled_, i.e. boat-shaped or hollow.
dagian, w. v., _to dawn_: ne þis ne dagiað eástan (_this is not dawning from the east_).
deór-môd, adj., _brave in mood_: deór-môd häleð.
driht-gesîð, st m., _companion, associate_.
eástan, adv., _from the east_.
eorð-bûend, st. m., _earth-dweller, man_.
fêr, st. m. _fear, terror_.
fýren, adj., _flaming, afire_: nom. f. swylce eal Finns-buruh fýrenu wære (_as if all Finnsburh were afire_).
gehlyn, st. n., _noise, tumult_.
gellan, st. v., _to sing_ (i.e. ring or resound): pres. sg. gylleð græg-hama (_the gray garment_ [byrnie] _rings_); (_the gray wolf yelleth_?).
genesan, st. v., _to survive, recover from_: pret. pl. þâ wîgend hyra wunda genæson (_the warriors were recovering from their wounds_).
gold-hladen, adj., _laden with gold_ (wearing heavy gold ornaments).
græg-hama, w. m., _gray garment, mail-coat_; (_wolf_?--Brooke).
gûð-wudu, st. m., _war-wood, spear_.
häg-steald, st. m., _one who lives in his lord's house, a house-carl._
heaðo-geong, adj., _young in war._
here-sceorp, st. n., _war-dress, coat of mail_.
hleoðrian, w. v., _to speak, exclaim_: pret. sg. hleoðrode ... cyning (_the prince exclaimed_).
hræw, st. n., _corpse_.
hrôr, adj., _strong_: here-sceorpum hrôr (_strong_ [though it was] _as armor_, Bosw.).
lac (lað?)? for flacor, _fluttering?_
oncweðan, st. v., _to answer_: pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwyð (_the shield answers the spear_).
onwacnian, w. v., _to awake, arouse one's self_: imper. pl. onwacnigeað..., wîgend mine (_awake, my warriors!_).
sceft (sceaft), st. m., _spear, shaft_.
sealo-brûn, adj., _dusky-brown_.
sige-beorn, st. m., _victorious hero, valiant warrior_.
swäðer (swâ hwäðer), pron., _which of two, which_.
swân, st. m., _swain, youth; warrior_.
sweart, adj., _swart, black_.
swêt, adj., _sweet_: acc. m. swêtne medo ... forgyldan (_requite the sweet mead_, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief).
swurd-leóma, w. m., _sword-flame, flashing of swords_.
þyrl, adj., _pierced, cloven_.
undearninga, adv., _without concealment, openly_.
wandrian, w. v., _to fly about, hover_: pret. sg. hräfn wandrode (_the raven hovered_).
waðol, st. m., _the full moon_ [Grein]; [adj., _wandering_, Bosw.].
wäl-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., _combat, deadly struggle_: gen. pl. wäl-slihta gehlyn (_the din of combats_)
weâ-dæd, st. f., _deed of woe_: nom. pl. ârisað weâ-dæda.
witian (weotian), w. v., _to appoint, determine_: part. þe is ... witod.
wurðlîce (weorðlîce), adv., _worthily, gallantly_: compar. wurð-lîcor.
wäg, weg, st. m., _way_.
CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT:
ARGUMENT, recals = recalls POEM: ll. 131, 737 þryð-swyð = þrýð-swýð l. 256 ôfest = ôfost l. 303 sciónon = scionon l. 706 buton = bûton l. 1115 ât = ät l. 1133 wîð = wið ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied l. 1436 here-sträl = here-stræl l. 1642 feôwer- = feówer l. 1747 sträle = stræle l. 1828 þywað = þýwað l. 1926 betlic = betlîc l. 2224 gesceód = gesceôd ll. 2288, 3036 wâs = wäs l. 2453 to = tô l. 2503 Huga = Hûga l. 2586 niðe = nîðe l. 2587 sið = sîð l. 2684 irenna = îrenna l. 2915 Hugas = Hûgas l. 2956 heáðo-liðendum = heaðo-lîðendum l. 3000 Þât = Þät; feônd- = feónd- l. 3056 sóð = sôð l. 3137 Hrônes = Hrones list of names, under: Dene, Scedenîgge = Scedenigge Eádgils, Ohthere = Ôhthere Freáwaru, Freawaru = Freáwaru Hrôðgâr, Hrôð-gâre = Hrôðgâre Hygelac, Hæreð = Häreð NOTES for l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30 l. 1441, wôð- = wæg- l. 1916, leôfra = leófra GLOSSARY, under headword äðele, Beowulf's = Beówulf's ân, gehwilces = gehwylces æg-hwâ, ægh-wäs = æghwäs ät-beran, beadolâce = beadulâce beadu-lâc, beado- = beadu- (twice) beág, beages = beáges beorh, heáford- = heáfod beódan, leodum = leódum beón, cwênlic = cwênlîc biddan, bliðne = blîðne bitter, sträle = stræle ge-bîdan, therefor = therefore on-bîdan, earfôðlîce = earfoðlîce brecan, lêtdse = lêt se burne, of of = of bûtan, swîce = swice cempa, Huga = Hûga ge-ceósan, usic = ûsic on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes corðer, þä = þâ cunnan, þeáwe = þeáw cûð, wîð- = wîd- dôgor, gehwam = gehwâm dôn, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; þywað = þýwað drîfan, feoran = feorran dryhten, freáh- = freá- dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype ge-dýgan, wräcsið = wräcsîð eal, oncyððe = oncýððe ealdor, heresträl = herestræl eácen-cräftig, iúmanna = iúmonna eofor-spreót, hocyhtum = hôcyhtum eorlîc, eorlic [ellen] = eorlîc fâh, wâldreóre = wäldreóre ôð-ferian, panon = þonan fela, maððum- = mâððum fêran, wäre = wære feónd, feonda = feónda fleón, fenhôpu = fenhopu floga, wîð- = wîd- folc-toga, Hrôðgar = Hrôðgâr for, wonhydum = wonhýdum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc fôt-gemearc, long = lang ge-frignan, þeodcyninga = þeódcyninga ge-fyrðran, fratwum = frätwum ge-fýsan, to sêcanne = tô sêceanne gân, swa = swâ; [or] giong = gióng; flore = flôre; sîttan = sittan ge-gan, Wîglaf = Wîglâf gâr-wîga, Wîglaf = Wîglâf gäst, fêde- = fêðe- gegn-cwide, þinra = þînra ge-gyrwan, yðlidan = ýðlidan geóc, gást = gâst geômore-lîc, [bið] geômorlic = geômorlîc for-gildan, therefor = therefore gold-wlanc, guðrinc = gûðrinc grêtan, walgæst = wälgæst grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim habban, gecorene = gecorone wið-habban, winsele = wînsele hatan, sæliðend = sælîðend hatian, guð-sceaða = gûð-sceaða hâr, heâre = heáre here-stræl, -sträl = stræl heard, -sträl = -stræl; regen- = regn- heorte, starc- = stearc heoro-dreór, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-dreóre hlið, hliðu = hliðo (twice) hôp, hôp = hop (twice) hreow, þât = þät hrôf, geseáh = geseah hwîl, seo = seó hýran, æghwilc = æghwylc inne, abeád = âbeád îren, drihtlîc = dryhtlîc lâð, gewiðru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum be-leán, beleân = beleán mêtan, Aescheres = Äscheres mearcian, môrhôpu = môrhopu ge-mearian, hwam = hwâm morðor-bed, stred = strêd môd, stið- = stîð- nænig, horð-mâðum = hord-mâððum on, heáðe = heoðe; willen = willan ræd, fæst- = fäst reccan, hu = hû rîdan, gealgan = galgan sang, -leasne = leásne sceapan, Hugas = Hûgas (twice) scânan, sciónon = scionon scînan, scînon = scinon secg, synnigne = sinnigne ge-sêcan, -cyððe = cýððe ge-sîgan, ätsäcce = ät säcce ge-sleán, ge-slôgan = ge-slôgon standan, sträl = stræl stapan, furðor = furður ge-steppan, Ohtheres = Ôhteres stincan, þä = þâ styrian, ge-wiðru = ge-widru sweord, maððum- = mâððum ge-swîcan, þeodne = þeódne teón (w. v.), naläs = nalas; teodan = teódan tô, hälum = hælum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore ge-trûwan, -wäre = wære ge-twæfan, ôððe = oððe þær, snotera = snottra þe, gimfästan = ginfästan of-þincan, gehwam = gehwâm ge-þolian, þât = þät þu, sælran = selran þûsend, seófon = seofan un-heóre, -speru = -sporu ûs, æg-hwilc = æg-hwylc wacan, wôcon = wôcun werian, beaduscrûd = beaduscrûda be-werian, scynnum = scinnum wên, orlêg = orleg; ôr-wena = or-wêna weorðian, leôde = leóde willa, wyllum = willum wilnian, fäðer = fäder nât, hwilc = hwylc (twice) ge-wîtan, wäre = wære