Part 53

INTROVERT, in-tro-v[.e]rt', _v.t._ to turn inward.--_n._ anything introverted.--_n._ INTROVER'SION.--_adj._ INTROVER'SIVE. [L. _intro_, within, _vert[)e]re_, to turn.]

INTRUDE, in-tr[=oo]d', _v.i._ to thrust one's self in: to enter uninvited or unwelcome.--_v.t._ to force in.--_ns._ INTRUD'ER; INTRU'SION, act of intruding or of entering into a place without welcome or invitation: encroachment: a pushing in, an abnormal irruption, esp. in geology, of such rocks as have come up from below into another rock or series of beds; INTRU'SIONIST, one who intrudes, esp. one of those who, before the Scotch Disruption of 1843, refused a parish the right of objecting to the settlement of an obnoxious minister by a patron:--opp. to _Non-intrusionist_.--_adj._ INTRU'SIVE, tending or apt to intrude: entering without welcome or right.--_adv._ INTRU'SIVELY.--_n._ INTRU'SIVENESS. [L. _in_, in, _trud[)e]re_, _trusum_, to thrust.]

INTRUST. See ENTRUST.

INTUITION, in-t[=u]-ish'un, _n._ the power of the mind by which it immediately perceives the truth of things without reasoning or analysis: a truth so perceived, immediate knowledge in contrast with mediate.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ IN'TUIT, to know intuitively.--_adj._ INTUIT'IONAL.--_ns._ INTUIT'IONALISM, the doctrine that the perception of truth is by intuition; INTUIT'IONALIST.--_adj._ INT[=U]'ITIVE, perceived or perceiving by intuition: received or known by simple inspection.--_adv._ INT[=U]'ITIVELY.--_n._ INT[=U]'ITIVISM. [L. _in_, into or upon, _tu[=e]ri_, _tuitus_, to look.]

INTUMESCENCE, in-t[=u]-mes'ens, _n._ the action of swelling: a swelling: a tumid state.--_v.i._ INTUMESCE', to swell up. [Fr.,--L. _in_, in, _tum[=e]re_, to swell.]

INTURBIDATE, in-tur'bi-d[=a]t, _v.t._ to render turbid. [L. _in_, in, _turbid[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to trouble.]

INTUSE, in't[=u]s, _n._ (_Spens._) a bruise. [L. _in_, in, _tund[)e]re_, _tusum_, to bruise.]

INTUSSUSCEPTION, in-tus-su-sep'shun, _n._ the partial displacement of the bowel in which one portion of it passes into the portion immediately adjacent to it--also called _Invagination_.--_v.t._ IN'TUSSUSCEPT, to take into the interior.--_adjs._ INTUSSUSCEP'TED; INTUSSUSCEP'TIVE. [L. _intus_, within, _susception-em_--_suscip[)e]re_, to take up.]

INTWINE, in-tw[=i]n'. Same as ENTWINE.

INTWIST, in-twist'. Same as ENTWIST.

INULIN, in'[=u]-lin, _n._ a starch-like product used in medicine, obtained principally from the roots of the plant _Inula_ or _Elecampane._ [Prob. Gr. _helenion_.]

INUMBRATE, in-um'br[=a]t, _v.t._ to cast a shadow upon: to shade. [L. _inumbr[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_in_, in, _umbr[=a]re_, to shade--_umbra_, a shadow.]

INUNCTION, in-ungk'shun, _n._ the act of anointing, the process of rubbing into the skin, as an ointment or liniment.--_n._ INUNCTUOS'ITY, absence of oiliness.

INUNDATE, in-un'd[=a]t, or in'-, _v.t._ to flow upon or over in waves (said of water): to flood: to fill with an overflowing abundance.--_adj._ INUN'DANT, overflowing.--_n._ INUND[=A]'TION, act of inundating: a flood: an overflowing. [L.,--_inund[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_in_, in, _und[=a]re_, to rise in waves--_unda_, a wave.]

INURBANE, in-ur-b[=a]n', _adj._ not urbane, unpolished.--_adv._ INURBANE'LY.--_n._ INURBAN'ITY.

INURE, in-[=u]r', _v.t._ to use or practise habitually: to accustom: to harden.--_v.i._ (_law_) to come into use or effect: to serve to the use or benefit of.--_n._ INURE'MENT, act of inuring: practice. [From in and _ure_--O. Fr. _eure_ (Fr. _oeuvre_, work)--L. _opera_, work; the same word _ure_ is found in _manure_ (q.v.).]

INURN, in-urn', _v.t._ to place in an urn: to entomb.

INUSITATION, in-[=u]-zi-t[=a]'shun, _n._ (_obs._) disuse.

INUTILITY, in-[=u]-til'i-ti, _n._ want of utility: uselessness: unprofitableness: something useless.

INUTTERABLE, in-ut'[.e]r-a-bl, _adj._ not to be uttered.

INVADE, in-v[=a]d', _v.t._ to enter a country as an enemy: to attack: to encroach upon: to violate: to seize or fall upon.--_ns._ INVAD'ER; INV[=A]'SION, the act of invading: an attack: an incursion: an attack on the rights of another: an encroachment: a violation.--_adj._ INV[=A]'SIVE, making invasion: aggressive: infringing another's rights. [Fr.,--L. _invad[)e]re_, _invasum_--_in_, in, _vad[)e]re_, to go.]

INVAGINATION, in-vaj-i-n[=a]'shun, _n._ intussusception. [L. _in_, not, _vagina_, a sheath.]

INVALID, in-val'id, _adj._ without value, weight, or cogency: having no effect: void: null.--_adj._ IN'VALID, deficient in health, sick, weak.--_n._ one who is weak: a sickly person: one disabled for active service, esp. a soldier or sailor.--_v.t._ to make invalid or affect with disease: to enrol on the list of invalids.--_v.t._ INVAL'ID[=A]TE, to render invalid: to weaken or destroy the force of.--_ns._ INVALID[=A]'TION; IN'VALIDHOOD, IN'VALIDISM; IN'VALIDING, the return home, or to a more healthy climate, of soldiers or sailors who have been rendered incapable of

## active duty by wounds or the severity of foreign service; INVALID'ITY,

INVAL'IDNESS, want of cogency: want of force.

INVALUABLE, in-val'[=u]-a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be valued: priceless.--_adv._ INVAL'UABLY.

INVARIABLE, in-v[=a]'ri-a-bl, _adj._ not variable: without variation or change: unalterable: constantly in the same state.--_ns._ INV[=A]'RIABLENESS, INVARIABIL'ITY, the quality of being invariable or unchangeable.--_adv._ INV[=A]'RIABLY.

INVASION. See INVADE.

INVECKED, in-vekt', _adj._ invected.

INVECTED, in-vek'ted, _adj._ (_her._) having a border-line of small convex or outer curves:--opp. to _Engrailed_, of a line, or the edge of a bearing. [L. _invectus_, _inveh[)e]re_, to enter.]

INVECTIVE, in-vek'tiv, _n._ a severe or reproachful accusation brought against any one: an attack with words: a violent utterance of censure: sarcasm, or satire.--_adj._ railing: abusive: satirical.--_adv._ INVEC'TIVELY, by invective: satirically: sarcastically. [See INVEIGH.]

INVEIGH, in-v[=a]', _v.i._ to attack with words: to rail against: to revile. [L. _inveh[)e]re_, _invectum_--_in_, in, _veh[)e]re_, to carry.]

INVEIGLE, in-v[=e]'gl, _v.t._ to entice: to seduce: to wheedle.--_ns._ INVEI'GLEMENT, an enticing: an enticement--older forms INVEA'GLE, ENVEI'GLE; INVEI'GLER. [Ety. dub.; prob. a corr. of O. Fr. _enveogler_ (Fr. _aveugle_, blind)--L. _ab_, without, _oculus_, the eye.]

INVENDIBLE, in-ven'di-bl, _adj._ not vendible.--_n._ INVENDIBIL'ITY.

INVENT, in-vent', _v.t._ to devise or contrive: to make: to frame: to fabricate: to forge.--_adj._ INVEN'TIBLE.--_n._ INVEN'TION, that which is invented: contrivance: a deceit: power or faculty of inventing: ability displayed by any invention or effort of the imagination.--_adj._ INVEN'TIVE, able to invent: ready in contrivance.--_adv._ INVEN'TIVELY.--_ns._ INVEN'TIVENESS; INVEN'TOR, INVEN'TER, one who invents or finds out something new:--_fem._ INVEN'TRESS.--INVENTION OF THE CROSS, a festival observed on May 3, in commemoration of the alleged discovery of the true cross at Jerusalem in 326 by Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. [Fr.,--L. _inven[=i]re_, _inventum_--_in_, upon, _ven[=i]re_, to come.]

INVENTORY, in'ven-tor-i, _n._ a list or schedule of articles comprised in an estate, describing each article separately and precisely so as to show of what the estate consists.--_v.t._ to make an inventory of.--_adj._ INVENT[=O]'RIAL.--_adv._ INVENT[=O]'RIALLY. [Fr. _inventaire_--L. _inventarium_, a list of things found.]

INVERNESS-CAPE, in-v[.e]r-nes'-k[=a]p, _n._ a form of overcoat with cape or tippet--named from _Inverness_.

INVERSE, in-v[.e]rs', _adj._ inverted: in the reverse or contrary order: opposite, inverted--opp. to _Direct_: (_math._) opposite in effect, of one operation that annuls the effect of another, as subtraction to addition, &c.--_n._ an inverted state, a direct opposite.--_adv._ INVERSE'LY.--_n._ INVER'SION, the act of inverting: the state of being inverted: a change of order or position.--_adj._ INVER'SIVE.

INVERT, in-v[.e]rt', _v.t._ to turn in or about: to turn upside down: to reverse: to change the customary order or position.--_n._ (_archit._) an inverted arch or vault, as the floor of a sewer, &c.--_adj._ INVER'TED, turned upside down: reversed: (_geol._) denoting strata that appear to have been reversed or folded back by upheaval.--_adv._ INVER'TEDLY, in an inverted or contrary manner.--INVERTED ARCH, an arch with its curve turned downwards, as in a sewer. [L. _invert[)e]re_, _inversum_--_in_, in, _vert[)e]re_, to turn.]

INVERTEBRAL, in-v[.e]rt'e-bral, INVERTEBRATE, in-v[.e]rt'ebr[=a]t, _adj._ without a vertebral column or backbone: weak, irresolute.--_n.pl._ INVERTEBR[=A]'TA, a collective name for those animals which agree in not exhibiting the characteristics of vertebrates.--_n._ INVER'TEBRATE, an animal destitute of a skull and vertebral column.

INVEST, in-vest', _v.t._ to put vesture on, to dress: to confer or give: to place in office or authority: to adorn: to surround: to block up: to lay siege to: to place: as property in business: to lay out money on.--_adj._ INVES'TITIVE.--_ns._ INVES'TITURE, in feudal and ecclesiastical history, the act of giving corporal possession of a manor, office, or benefice, accompanied by a certain ceremonial, such as the delivery of a branch, a banner, &c., to signify the authority which it is supposed to convey; INVEST'MENT, the act of investing: a blockade: the act of surrounding or besieging: laying out money on: any placing of money to secure income or profit: that in which anything is invested: (_Shak._) clothing; INVES'TOR, one who invests. [L. _invest[=i]re_, _-[=i]tum_--_in_, on, _vest[=i]re_, to clothe.]

INVESTIGATE, in-vest'i-g[=a]t, _v.t._ to search into: to inquire into with care and accuracy.--_adj._ INVEST'IGABLE, able to be investigated.--_n._ INVESTIG[=A]'TION, act of examining into: research: study.--_adjs._ INVEST'IG[=A]TIVE, INVEST'IG[=A]TORY, promoting or given to investigation.--_n._ INVEST'IG[=A]TOR, one who investigates. [L. _investig[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_in_, in, _vestig[=a]re_, to track.]

INVETERATE, in-vet'[.e]r-[=a]t, _adj._ firmly established by long continuance: deep-rooted, confirmed in any habit: violent.--_adv._ INVET'ERATELY.--_ns._ INVET'ERATENESS, INVET'ERACY, firmness produced by long use or continuance. [L. _inveter[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to grow old--_in_, in, _vetus_, _veteris_, old.]

INVEXED, in-vekst', _adj._ (_her._) shaped in a curve.

INVIDIOUS, in-vid'i-us, _adj._ likely to incur or provoke ill-will: likely to excite envy, enviable: offensively discriminating.--_adv._ INVID'IOUSLY.--_n._ INVID'IOUSNESS. [L. _invidiosus_--_invidia_, envy.]

INVIGORATE, in-vig'or-[=a]t, _v.t._ to give vigour to: to strengthen: to animate.--_ns._ INVIGOR[=A]'TION, the act or state of being invigorated; INVIG'ORATOR, something that invigorates.

INVINCIBLE, in-vin'si-bl, _adj._ that cannot be overcome: insuperable.--_ns._ INVIN'CIBLENESS, INVINCIBIL'ITY.--_adv._ INVIN'CIBLY.--INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE (see IGNORANCE).--THE INVINCIBLE DOCTOR, William of Occam (c. 1280-1349).

INVIOLABLE, in-v[=i]'[=o]l-a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be profaned: that cannot be injured.--_ns._ INVIOLABIL'ITY, INV[=I]'OLABLENESS, the quality of being inviolable.--_adv._ INV[=I]'OLABLY.--_adjs._ INV[=I]'OL[=A]TE, -D, not violated: unprofaned: uninjured.--_adv._ INV[=I]'OL[=A]TELY, without violation.--_n._ INV[=I]'OL[=A]TENESS, the quality of being inviolate.

INVIOUS, in'vi-us, _adj._ (_rare_) impassable. [L.]

INVISIBLE, in-viz'i-bl, _adj._ not visible or capable of being seen--(_Shak._) INVISED'.--_ns._ INVISIBIL'ITY, INVIS'IBLENESS.--_adv._ INVIS'IBLY.--INVISIBLE CHURCH (see VISIBLE); INVISIBLE GREEN, a shade of green so dark as to be almost black; INVISIBLE INK (see INK).

INVITE, in-v[=i]t', _v.t._ to ask: to summon: to allure: to attract.--_v.i._ to ask in invitation.--_n._ INVIT[=A]'TION, the act of inviting: an asking or solicitation, the written or verbal form with which a person is invited: the brief exhortation introducing the confession in the Anglican communion-office.--_adj._ INVIT'[=A]TORY, using or containing invitation.--_n._ a form of invitation in worship, esp. the antiphon to the Venite or 95th Psalm.--_ns._ INVITE'MENT (_Lamb_), allurement, temptation; INVIT'ER.--_p.adj._ INVIT'ING, alluring: attractive.--_n._ (_Shak._) invitation.--_adv._ INVIT'INGLY, in an inviting manner.--_n._ INVIT'INGNESS, attractiveness. [Fr.,--L. _invit[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_.]

INVITRIFIABLE, in-vit'ri-f[=i]-a-bl, _adj._ not vitrifiable.

INVOCATE, in'vo-k[=a]t, _v.t._ to invoke or call on solemnly or with prayer; to implore.--_n._ INVOC[=A]'TION, the act or the form of invocating or addressing in prayer or supplication: a call or summons, especially a judicial order: any formal invoking of the blessing of God, esp. an opening prayer in a public religious service, and the petitions in the Litany addressed to God in each person and in the Trinity.--_adj._ INVOC'ATORY, that invokes: making invocation. [See INVOKE.]

INVOICE, in'vois, _n._ a letter of advice of the despatch of goods, with

## particulars of their price and quantity.--_v.t._ to make an invoice of.

[Prob. a corr. of _envois_, pl. of Fr. _envoi_.]

INVOKE, in-v[=o]k', _v.t._ to call upon earnestly or solemnly: to implore assistance: to address in prayer. [Fr.,--L. _invoc[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_in_, on, _voc[=a]re_, to call.]

INVOLUCRE, in-vol-[=u]'k[.e]r, _n._ (_bot._) a group of bracts in the form of a whorl around an expanded flower or umbel--also INVOL[=U]'CRUM.--_ns._ INVOL'UCEL, INVOLUCEL'LUM, a secondary involucre.--_adjs._ IN'VOLUCRAL, INVOL[=U]'CRATE, having an involucre.--_n._ INVOL[=U]'CRET. [L. _involucrum_--_involv[)e]re_, to involve.]

INVOLUNTARY, in-vol'un-tar-i, _adj._ not voluntary: not having the power of will or choice: not done willingly: not chosen.--_adv._ INVOL'UNTARILY.--_n._ INVOL'UNTARINESS.

INVOLUTE, in'vo-l[=u]t, _n._ that which is involved or rolled inward: a curve traced by the end of a string unwinding itself from another curve.--_adjs._ IN'VOLUTE, -D (_bot._), rolled spirally inward: turned inward, of shells.--_n._ INVOL[=U]'TION, the action of involving: state of being involved or entangled: complicated grammatical construction: (_arith._) act or process of raising a quantity to any given power. [See INVOLVE.]

INVOLVE, in-volv', _v.t._ to wrap up: to envelop: to implicate: to include: to complicate: to overwhelm: to catch: (_arith._) to multiply a quantity into itself any given number of times.--_n._ INVOLVE'MENT, act of involving: state of being involved or entangled. [Fr.--L. _involv[)e]re_--_in_, upon, _volv[)e]re_, _vol[=u]tum_, to roll.]

INVULNERABLE, in-vul'n[.e]r-a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be wounded.--_ns._ INVULNERABIL'ITY, INVUL'NERABLENESS.--_adv._ INVUL'NERABLY.

INVULTUATION, in-vul-t[=u]-[=a]'shun, _n._ the act of piercing a wax or clay image of a person that he may suffer torture and die--one of the commonest methods of witchcraft. [Low L. _invultuation-em_--_invultare_, to stab the face of--L. _in_, in, _vultus_, the face.]

INWALL. See ENWALL.

INWARD, in'ward, _adj._ placed or being within: internal: seated in the mind or soul, not perceptible to the senses, as the 'inward part' of a sacrament: (_B._) intimate.--_n.pl._ (_B._) the intestines.--_adv._ toward the inside: toward the interior: into the mind or thoughts.--_adv._ IN'WARDLY, in the parts within: in the heart: privately: toward the centre.--_n._ IN'WARDNESS, internal state: inner meaning or significance: (_Shak._) intimacy, familiarity.--_adv._ IN'WARDS, same as INWARD. [A.S. _inneweard_ (adv.).]

INWEAVE, in-w[=e]v', _v.t._ to weave into: to complicate.

INWICK, in'wik, _n._ in curling, a stroke in which the stone rebounds from the inside edge of another stone, and then slides close to the tee.

INWIT, in'wit, _n._ inward knowledge, conscience.

INWORK, in-wurk', _v.t._ and _v.i._ to work in or into.--_n._ IN'WORKING, energy exerted inwardly.--_p.adj._ IN'WROUGHT, wrought in or among other things: adorned with figures.

INWORN, in-w[=o]rn', _adj._ worn or worked into, inwrought.

INWRAP=ENWRAP.

INWREATHE=ENWREATHE.

IO, [=i]'[=o], _n._ an exclamation of joy or triumph. [L.]

IODAL, [=i]'[=o]-dal, _adj._ _n._ an oily liquid compound with properties like chloral, obtained by treating iodine with alcohol and nitric acid.

IODINE, [=i]'o-din, _n._ one of the four non-metallic elements, so named from the violet colour of its vapour.--_n._ I'OD[=A]TE, a combination of iodic acid with a salifiable base.--_adj._ IOD'IC, containing iodine.--_n._ I'OD[=I]DE, a binary compound of iodine.--_adj._ IODIF'EROUS, yielding iodine.--_n._ I'ODISM, a morbid condition due to iodine.--_v.t._ I'OD[=I]ZE, to treat with iodine: to impregnate with iodine, as collodion.--_n._ IOD'OFORM, a lemon-yellow crystalline substance, having a saffron-like odour and an unpleasant iodine-like taste.--_adj._ IODOMET'RIC (_chem._), measured by iodine.--_ns._ I'ODURE, IOD'[=U]RET, a compound of iodine with a simple base; IOD'YRITE, a yellowish mineral composed of iodine and silver. [Gr. _ioeid[=e]s_, violet-coloured--_ion_, a violet, _eidos_, form.]

IOLITE, [=i]'o-l[=i]t, _n._ a transparent gem which presents a violet-blue colour when looked at in a certain direction. [Gr. _ion_, violet, _lithos_, stone.]

ION, [=i]'on, _n._ one of the components into which an electrolyte is broken up on electrolysis--the _Anion_, the electro-negative component, chemically attacking the anode, and the _Cation_, the electro-positive component, the cathode. [Gr. _i[=o]n_, pr.p. of _ienai_, to go.]

IONIC, [=i]-on'ik, _adj._ relating to _Ionia_ in Greece: denoting an order in architecture distinguished by the ram's-horn volute of its capital--also I[=O]'NIAN.--_vs.t._ ION'ICIZE, I'ONIZE.--_ns._ I'ONISM; I'ONIST.--IONIC DIALECT, the most important of the three main branches of the ancient Greek language (Ionic, Doric, Aeolic), marked by greater softness and smoothness, the effect of its rich vowel system. Homer's _Iliad_ is written in _Old_, the history of Herodotus in _New_ Ionic: the Attic of Thucydides and Sophocles is its later form; IONIC MODE (see MODE); IONIC SCHOOL, a name given to the representative philosophers of the Ionian Greeks, such as Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Anaxagoras, who debated the question what was the primordial constitutive principle of the cosmical universe.

IOTA, [=i]-[=o]'ta, _n._ a jot: a very small quantity or degree.--_ns._ IOT'ACISM, IT'ACISM, the conversion of other vowel sounds into that of iota (Eng. _[=e]_), as in modern Gr. of [Greek: e], [Greek: u], [Greek: ei], [Greek: e], [Greek: oi], [Greek: ui]; IT'ACIST. [Gr., the smallest letter in the alphabet, corresponding to the English _i_.]

I O U, [=i]'[=o]'[=u]', _n._ a memorandum of debt given by a borrower to a lender, requiring no stamp, but to be holograph, dated, and addressed to some person.

IPECACUANHA, ip-e-kak-[=u]-an'a, _n._ the name both of a very valuable medicine and of the plant whose root produces it--used as an emetic. [Brazilian, 'smaller roadside sick-making plant.']

IPOMAEA, ip-[=o]-m[=e]'a, _n._ a genus of nat. ord. _Convolvulaceae_. [Gr. _ips_, a worm, _homoios_, like.]

IRACUND, [=i]'ra-kund, _adj._ (_Carlyle_) angry. [L.]

IRADE, i-r[:a]'de, _n._ a written decree of the Sultan of Turkey.

IRANIAN, [=i]-r[=a]n'i-an, _adj._ and _n._ of or pertaining to _Iran_, Persia: a branch of the Indo-European or Aryan tongues, including Persian, Zend, Pehlevi, and Parsi: an inhabitant of Iran.--Also IRAN'IC.

IRASCIBLE, [=i]-ras'i-bl, _adj._ susceptible of ire or anger: easily provoked: irritable.--_n._ IRASCIBIL'ITY.--_adv._ IRAS'CIBLY. [Fr.,--L. _irascibilis_--_irasci_, to be angry--_ira_, anger.]

IRE, [=i]r, _n._ anger: rage: keen resentment.--_adjs._ IRATE ([=i]-r[=a]t' or i-r[=a]t'), enraged: angry; IRE'FUL, full of ire or wrath: resentful.--_adv._ IRE'FULLY.--_n._ IRE'FULNESS. [L. _ira_, anger, _irasci_, _ir[=a]tus_, to be angry.]

IRENIC, [=i]-ren'ik, _adj._ tending to create peace: pacific--also IREN'ICAL.--_n._ IREN'ICON, a proposition or scheme for peace: the deacon's litany at the beginning of the Greek liturgy--from its opening petitions for peace.--_n.pl._ _Iren'ics_, irenical theology:--opp. to _Polemics_. [See EIRENICON.]

IRICISM. See IRISH.

IRIDEAE, [=i]-rid'e-[=e], _n.pl._ a natural order of endogenous plants, with fleshy root-stocks and showy flowers.--Also IRID[=A]'CEAE. [Gr. _iris_, a rainbow.]

IRIDIUM, [=i]-rid'i-um, _n._ the most infusible, and one of the heaviest, of the metals, found associated with the ore of platinum, so called from the iridescence of some of its solutions.--_n._ IRIDOS'MIUM, a native compound of iridium and osmium, used for pointing gold pens. [Gr. _iris_, _iridos_, the rainbow.]

IRIS, [=i]'ris, _n._ the rainbow: an appearance resembling the rainbow: the contractile curtain perforated by the pupil, and forming the coloured part of the eye (also I'RID): the fleur-de-lis, or flagflower:--_pl._ I'RISES.--_adjs._ I'RIDAL, IRID'IAN, exhibiting the colours of the iris or rainbow: prismatic.--_ns._ IRIDES'CENCE, IRIDIS[=A]'TION.--_adjs._ IRIDES'CENT, coloured like the iris or rainbow; I'RIDINE, iridescent.--_v.t._ IR'IDISE.--_adjs._ I'RIS[=A]TED, rainbow-coloured; IR'ISED, showing colours like the rainbow.--_ns._ IR[=I]'TIS, IRID[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the iris of the eye. [L. _iris_, _iridis_--Gr. _iris_, _iridos_, the rainbow.]

IRISCOPE, [=i]'ri-sk[=o]p, _n._ an instrument for exhibiting the prismatic colours. [Gr. _iris_, the rainbow, _skopein_, to see.]

IRISH, [=i]'rish, _adj._ relating to or produced in Ireland.--_n._ language of the Irish, a form of Celtic: (_pl._) the natives or inhabitants of Ireland.--_ns._ I'RICISM, I'RISHISM, a phrase or idiom peculiar to the Irish.--_n.pl._ I'RISHRY, the people of Ireland.--IRISH MOSS, carrageen; IRISH STEW, a palatable dish of mutton, onions, and potatoes, seasoned, and stewed in water mixed with flour.

IRK, [.e]rk, _v.t._ to weary: to trouble: to distress (now used only impersonally).--_adj._ IRK'SOME, causing uneasiness: tedious: unpleasant.--_adv._ IRK'SOMELY.--_n._ IRK'SOMENESS. [M. E. _irken_--Scand., Sw. _yrka_, to urge; prob. cog. with L. _urg[=e]re_.]

IRON, [=i]'urn, _n._ the most common and useful of the metals: an instrument or utensil made of iron, as a hand-harpoon, &c.: a golf-club with an iron head, more set back than the cleek: strength: (_pl._) fetters: chains.--_adj._ formed of iron: resembling iron: rude: stern: fast-binding: not to be broken: robust: dull of understanding.--_v.t._ to smooth with a smoothing-iron: to arm with iron: to fetter.--_adjs._ I'RON-BOUND, bound with iron: rugged, as a coast; I'RON-CASED; I'RONCLAD, clad in iron: covered or protected with iron.--_n._ a vessel defended by iron plates.--_ns._ I'RON-CLAY, a yellowish clay containing a large quantity of iron ore; I'RONER, one who irons; I'RON-FLINT, ferruginous quartz; I'RON-FOUND'ER, one who founds or makes castings in iron; I'RON-FOUND'RY, a place where iron is founded or cast.--_adj._ I'RON-GRAY, of a gray colour, like that of iron freshly cut or broken.--_n._ this colour.--_adjs._ I'RON-HAND'ED, having hands hard as iron; I'RON-HEART'ED, having a heart hard as iron: cruel.--_ns._ I'RON-HEAT'ER, the piece of metal heated in the fire for a laundress's box-iron; I'RONING, the act of smoothing with hot irons; I'RONING-BOARD, a smooth board covered with cloth, on which clothes are laid for ironing; I'RONING-MACHINE', a machine for hotpressing cloth, hats, &c.; I'RON-LIQ'UOR, iron acetate, a dyers' mordant; I'RONMASTER, a master or proprietor of ironworks; I'RONMONGER, a dealer in articles made of iron; I'RONMONGERY, a general name for articles made of iron: hardware; I'RON-MOULD, the spot left on wet cloth after touching rusty iron; I'RON-SAND, sand containing particles of iron ore: steel filings used in fireworks.--_adj._ I'RON-SICK (_naut._), having the iron bolts and spikes much corroded.--_n._ I'RONSIDE, a man of iron resolution: (_pl._) a name given to Cromwell's irresistible horse.--_adj._ I'RON-SID'ED, having a side of, or as hard as, iron: rough: hardy.--_ns._ I'RONSMITH, a worker in iron; I'RON-STONE, a term usually applied to any ore yielding iron; I'RONWARE, wares or goods of iron.--_adj._ I'RON-WIT'TED (_Shak._), unfeeling, insensible.--_n._ I'RONWOOD, applied to the timber of various trees on account of their hardness.--_adj._ I'RON-WORD'ED (_Tenn._), in words as strong as iron.--_n._ I'RONWORK, the parts of a building, &c., made of iron: anything of iron: a furnace where iron is smelted, or a foundry, &c., where it is made into heavy work.--_adj._ I'RONY, made, consisting, or partaking of iron: like iron: hard.--_ns._ CAST'-[=I]'RON, a compound of iron and carbon, obtained directly from iron ore by smelting; ITAL'IAN-[=I]'RON, an instrument for fluting linen or lace.--IRON AGE, an archaeological term indicating the condition as to civilisation and culture of a people using iron as the material for their cutting tools and weapons: a period of cruel tyranny; IRON BARK TREE, a name given in Australia to certain species of Eucalyptus (q.v.); IRON CROWN, the ancient crown of Lombardy, so named from a thin band of iron said to be made from one of the nails of the Cross; IRON ENTERED INTO HIS SOUL, the bitterest pang of grief has touched his heart.--BESSEMER IRON, pig-iron suitable for making Bessemer steel.--HAVE TOO MANY IRONS IN THE FIRE, to be trying to do too many things at once; IN IRONS, having fetters on; RULE WITH A ROD OF IRON, to rule with stern severity. [A.S. _iren_; Ger. _eisen_.]

IRONY, [=i]'run-i, _n._ a mode of speech which enables the speaker to convey his meaning with greater force by means of a contrast between the thought which he evidently designs to express and that which his words properly signify: satire.--_adj._ IRON'ICAL, meaning the opposite of what is expressed: satirical.--_adv._ IRON'ICALLY.--THE IRONY OF FATE, the perverse malignity of fate. [Fr.,--L. _ironia_, Gr. _eir[=o]neia_, dissimulation--_eir[=o]n_, a dissembler--_eirein_, to talk.]

IRRADIATE, ir-r[=a]'di-[=a]t, _v.t._ to dart rays of light upon or into: to adorn with lustre: to decorate with shining ornaments: to animate with light or heat: to illuminate the understanding.--_v.i._ to emit rays: to shine.--_adj._ adorned with rays of light or with lustre.--_ns._ IRR[=A]'DIANCE, IRR[=A]'DIANCY, the throwing of rays of light on (any object): that which irradiates or is irradiated: beams of light emitted: splendour.--_adj._ IRR[=A]'DIANT, irradiating or shedding beams of light.--_n._ IRRADI[=A]'TION, act of irradiating or emitting beams of light: that which is irradiated: brightness: intellectual light.--_adj._ IRR[=A]'DI[=A]TIVE.

IRRADICATE, i-rad'i-k[=a]t, _v.t._ to fix firmly.

IRRATIONAL, ir-rash'un-al, _adj._ void of reason or understanding: absurd.--_n._ IRRATIONAL'ITY.--_adv._ IRRA'TIONALLY.--IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, a term applied to those roots of numbers which cannot be accurately expressed by a finite number of figures--e.g. [sqrt]2 is an irrational number.

IRREALISABLE, ir-r[=e]'a-l[=i]-za-bl, _adj._ not realisable.

IRREBUTTABLE, ir-re-but'a-bl, _adj._ not to be rebutted.

IRRECEPTIVE, ir-re-sep'tiv, _adj._ not receptive.

IRRECIPROCAL, ir-re-sip'ro-kal, _adj._ not reciprocal.

IRRECLAIMABLE, ir-re-kl[=a]m'a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be reclaimed or reformed: incorrigible.--_n._ IRRECLAIM'ABLENESS.--_adv._ IRRECLAIM'ABLY.

IRRECOGNISABLE, ir-rek'og-n[=i]z-a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be recognised.--_n._ IRRECOGNI'TION, lack of recognition.

IRRECONCILABLE, ir-rek-on-s[=i]l'a-bl, _adj._ incapable of being brought back to a state of friendship: inconsistent.--_ns._ IRRECONCIL'ABLENESS, IRRECONCILABIL'ITY, incapability of being reconciled.--_adv._ IRRECONCIL'ABLY.--_adj._ IRREC'ONCILED, not reconciled or brought into harmony.--_n._ IRREC'ONCILEMENT.

IRRECOVERABLE, ir-re-kuv'[.e]r-a-bl, _adj._ irretrievable.--_n._ IRRECOV'ERABLENESS.--_adv._ IRRECOV'ERABLY.

IRREDEEMABLE, ir-re-d[=e]m'a-bl, _adj._ not redeemable: not subject to be paid at the nominal value.--_ns._ IRREDEEM'ABLENESS, IRREDEEMABIL'ITY.--_adv._ IRREDEEM'ABLY.

IRREDENTIST, ir-e-den'tist, _n._ one of an Italian party formed in 1878, its aim to incorporate into Italy all Italian people politically belonging to other countries, as in the Tyrol, Nice, &c.--_n._ IRREDEN'TISM, the programme of the Irredentist party. [It. _irredentista_--_irredenta_ (_Italia_), 'unredeemed'--L. _in_, not, _redemptus_, _redim[)e]re_, to redeem.]

IRREDUCIBLE, ir-re-d[=u]s'i-bl, _adj._ that cannot be reduced or brought from one degree, form, or state to another: not to be reduced by manipulation, as a hernia, &c.--_n._ IRREDUC'IBLENESS.--_adv._ IRREDUC'IBLY.--_ns._ IRREDUCTIBIL'ITY, IRREDUC'TION.

IRREFLECTIVE, ir-re-flekt'iv, _adj._ not reflective.--_n._ IRREFLEC'TION.

IRREFORMABLE, ir-re-for'ma-bl, _adj._ not reformable, not subject to revision or improvement.

IRREFRAGABLE, ir-ref'ra-ga-bl, _adj._ that cannot be refuted: unanswerable.--_ns._ IRREFRAGABIL'ITY, IRREF'RAGABLENESS.--_adv._ IRREF'RAGABLY.--_n._ IRREFRANGIBIL'ITY.--_adj._ IRREFRANGIBLE (ir-e-fran'-ji-bl), not to be broken.--_adv._ IRREFRAN'GIBLY.--THE IRREFRAGABLE DOCTOR, Alexander Hales (died 1245). [Fr.,--L. _in_, not, _re_, backwards, _frang[)e]re_, to break.]

IRREFUTABLE, ir-re-f[=u]t'a-bl, or ir-ref'[=u]-ta-bl, _adj._ that cannot be refuted.--_adv._ IRREF[=U]T'ABLY (also -ref'-).

IRREGULAR, ir-reg'[=u]-lar, _adj._ not according to rule: unnatural: unsystematic: vicious: (_gram._) departing from the ordinary rules in its inflection: variable: not symmetrical, without regular form--(_Shak._) IRREG'ULOUS.--_n._ a soldier not in regular service.--_n._ IRREGULAR'ITY, state of being irregular: deviation from a straight line, or from rule: departure from method or order: vice.--_adv._ IRREG'ULARLY.

IRRELATIVE, ir-rel'a-tiv, _adj._ not relative.--_adj._ IRREL[=A]T'ED.--_n._ IRREL[=A]'TION.--_adv._ IRREL'ATIVELY.

IRRELEVANT, ir-rel'e-vant, _adj._ not relevant.--_n._ IRREL'EVANCY.--_adv._ IRREL'EVANTLY.

IRRELIGIOUS, ir-re-lij'us, _adj._ destitute of religion: ungodly.--_adv._ IRRELIG'IOUSLY.--_ns._ IRRELIG'IOUSNESS, IRRELIG'ION, want of religion.

IRREMEABLE, ir-r[=e]'me-a-bl, _adj._ (_Pope_) not admitting of return. [L. _in_, not, _remeabilis_, _reme[=a]re_--_re_, back, _me[=a]re_, to go, come.]