Part 8

EREBUS, er'e-bus, _n._ (_myth._) the dark and gloomy cavern between earth and Hades: the lower world, hell. [L.,--Gr. _Erebos_.]

ERECT, e-rekt', _v.t._ to set upright: to raise: to build: to exalt: to establish.--_adj._ upright: directed upward.--_adj._ ERECT'ED.--_ns._ ERECT'ER, ERECT'OR, one who, or that which, erects or raises: a muscle which assists in erecting a part or an organ: an attachment to a compound microscope for making the image erect instead of inverted.--_adj._ ERECT'ILE, that may be erected.--_ns._ ERECTIL'ITY, quality of being erectile; EREC'TION, act of erecting: state of being erected: exaltation: anything erected: a building of any kind.--_adj._ ERECT'IVE, tending to erect.--_adv._ ERECT'LY.--_n._ ERECT'NESS. [L. _erectus_, _erig[)e]re_, to set upright--_e_, out, _reg[)e]re_, to direct.]

EREMACAUSIS, er-e-ma-kaw'sis, _n._ (_chem._) slow combustion or oxidation. [Gr. _erema_, slowly, _kausis_--_kaiein_, to burn.]

EREMITE, er'e-m[=i]t, _n._ a recluse who lives apart, from religious motives: a hermit.--_adjs._ EREMIT'IC, -AL.--_n._ ER'EMITISM, state of being an eremite. [Late L.,--Gr. _er[=e]mos_, desert.]

ERETHISM, er'e-thizm, _n._ excitement or stimulation of any organ.--_adjs._ ERETHIS'MIC, ERETHIS'TIC, ERETHIT'IC. [Gr.]

ERF, erf, _n._ a garden-plot in South Africa. [Dut.]

ERG, erg, _n._ the unit of work in the centimetre-gramme-second system--that is, the quantity of work done by a force which, acting for one second upon a mass of one gramme, produces a velocity of one centimetre per second. [Gr. _erg-on_, work.]

ERGO, [.e]r'go, _adv._ (_logic_) therefore, used to mark the conclusion of a syllogism.--_v.i._ ER'GOTISE, to wrangle. [L. _ergo_, therefore.]

ERGOT, [.e]r'got, _n._ a disease, consisting of a parasitical fungus, found on the seed of certain plants, esp. rye and some other grasses.--_ns._ ER'GOTINE, the active principle of ergot of rye; ER'GOTISM, poisoning caused by eating bread made of rye diseased with ergot; ERGOTIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ ER'GOTISE. [Fr.]

ERIC, er'ik, _n._ the blood-fine paid by a murderer to his victim's family in old Irish law.--Also ER'IACH, ER'ICK.

ERICA, e-r[=i]'ka, _n._ the scientific name for heath.--_adj._ ERIC[=A]'CEOUS, belonging to plants of the genus _Erica_. [L.,--Gr. _ereik[=e]_, heath.]

ERINGO. Same as ERYNGO.

ERINITE, er'i-n[=i]t, _n._ native arseniate of copper found in Cornwall and Ireland. [_Erin_, old name of Ireland.]

ERINYS, e-r[=i]'nis, _n._ one of the Furies:--_pl._ ERINYES (e-rin'i-[=e]z).

ERIOMETER, er-i-om'e-ter, _n._ an optical instrument for measuring small diameters of fibres, &c. [Gr. _erion_, wool, _metron_, a measure.]

ERISTIC, -AL, er-is'tik, -al, _adj._ of or pertaining to controversy. [Gr. _erizein_, to strive--_eris_, strife.]

ERL-KING, [.e]rl'-king, _n._ for German _erl-k[:o]nig_, a mistranslation (meaning 'alder-king') of the Danish _ellerkonge_ (i. e. _elverkonge_, king of the elves).

ERMELIN, [.e]r'me-lin, _n._ (_arch._) ermine.

ERMINE, [.e]r'min, _n._ a well-known carnivore belonging to the genus which includes polecat, weasel, ferret, &c.--its white fur often used as an emblem of purity: ermine fur used for the robes of judges and magistrates.--_adj._ ER'MINED, adorned with ermine. [O. Fr. _ermine_ (Fr. _hermine_), perh. from L. (_mus_) _Armenius_, lit. mouse of Armenia, whence it was brought to Rome; but acc. to Skeat from Old High Ger. _harmin_ (Ger. _hermelin_), ermine-fur.]

ERNE, [.e]rn, _n._ the eagle. [A.S. _earn_; cf. Ice. _orn_, Dut. _arend_.]

ERNE, [.e]rn, _v.i._ obsolete form of _earn_, to yearn.

ERODE, e-r[=o]d', _v.t._ to eat away: to wear away.--_n._ ER[=O]'DENT, a caustic drug.--_adj._ ER[=O]SE', gnawed.--_n._ ER[=O]'SION, act or state of eating or being eaten away.--_adj._ ER[=O]'SIVE, having the property of eating away. [L. _e_, out, _rod[)e]re_, _rosum_, to gnaw.]

EROSTRATE, e-ros'tr[=a]t, _adj._ (_bot._) having no beak.

EROTESIS, er-[=o]-t[=e]'sis, _n._ (_rhet._) a figure consisting of an oratorical question.--_adj._ EROTET'IC. [Gr.]

EROTIC, er-ot'ik, _adj._ pertaining to love: amatory.--_n._ an amatory poem.--_ns._ EROTOM[=A]'NIA, morbid sexual passion; EROTOM[=A]'NIAC, one affected with this. [Gr. _er[=o]tikos_--_er[=o]s_, _er[=o]tos_, love.]

ERR, er, _v.i._ to wander from the right way: to go astray: to mistake: to sin.--_adj._ ERR'ABLE, capable of erring.--_n._ ERRAT'IC, a wanderer: an erratic boulder.--_adjs._ ERRAT'IC, -AL, wandering: having no certain course: not stationary: irregular.--_adv._ ERRAT'ICALLY.--_n._ ERR[=A]'TUM, an error in writing or printing, esp. one noted in a list at the end of a book:--_pl._ ERR[=A]'TA.--_adj._ ERR[=O]'NEOUS, erring: full of error: wrong: mistaken: (_obs._) wandering.--_adv._ ERR[=O]'NEOUSLY.--_ns._ ERR[=O]'NEOUSNESS; ERR'OR, a deviation from truth, right, &c.: a blunder or mistake: a fault: sin; ERR'ORIST. [Fr. _errer_--L. _err[=a]re_, to stray; cog. with Ger. _irren_, and _irre_, astray.]

ERRAND, er'and, _n._ a message: a commission to say or do something.--A FOOL'S ERRAND, a useless undertaking; GO AN ERRAND, to go with messages; MAKE AN ERRAND, to invent a reason for going. [A.S. _['ae]rende_; Ice. _eyrindi_; prob. conn. with Goth. _['a]irus_, Ice. _['a]rr_, a messenger.]

ERRANT, er'ant, _adj._ wandering: roving: wild: (_obs._) thorough (cf. ARRANT).--_n._ a knight-errant.--_adv._ ERR'ANTLY.--_n._ ERR'ANTRY, an errant or wandering state: a rambling about like a knight-errant. [Fr.,--L. _errans_, _errantis_, pr.p. of _err[=a]re_.]

ERRHINE, er'in, _adj._ affecting the nose.--_n._ a sternutatory. [Gr., _en_, in, _rhis_, _rhinos_, the nose.]

ERSE, [.e]rs, _n._ the name given by the Lowland Scotch to the language of the people of the West Highlands, as being of Irish origin--now sometimes used for Irish, as opposed to Scotch, Gaelic. [_Irish_.]

ERST, [.e]rst, _adv._ at first: formerly.--_adv._ ERST'WHILE, formerly. [A.S. _['ae]rest_, superl. of _['ae]r_. See ERE.]

ERUBESCENT, er-[=oo]-bes'ent, _adj._ growing red: blushing.--_ns._ ERUBES'CENCE, ERUBES'CENCY. [L. _erubescens_, _-entis_, pr.p. of _erubesc[)e]re_, to grow red--_e_, out, and _rubesc[)e]re_--_rub[=e]re_, to be red. See RUBY.]

ERUCTATE, e-ruk't[=a]t, _v.t._ to belch out, as wind from the stomach.--_n._ ERUCT[=A]'TION, the act of belching: a violent ejection of wind or other matter from the earth, as a volcano, &c. [L. _eruct[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, out, _ruct[=a]re_, to belch forth.]

ERUDITE, er'[=oo]-d[=i]t, _adj._ learned.--_n._ a learned person.--_adv._ ER'UDITELY.--_n._ ERUDI'TION, state of being erudite or learned: knowledge gained by study: learning, esp. in literature. [L. _erud[=i]re_, _erud[=i]tum_, to free from rudeness--_e_, from, _rudis_, rude.]

ERUPT, e-rupt', _v.i._ to break out or through, as a volcano.--_n._ ERUP'TION, a breaking or bursting forth: that which bursts forth: a breaking out of spots on the skin.--_adjs._ ERUP'TIONAL; ERUPT'IVE, breaking forth: attended by or producing eruption: produced by eruption.--_n._ ERUPT'IVENESS. [L. _erump[)e]re_, _eruptum_.--_e_, out, _rump[)e]re_, to break.]

ERYNGO, e-ring'go, _n._ a genus of evergreen plants resembling thistles, the young leaves of _E. maritimum_ (sea-holly) being sometimes eaten as a salad. [L. _eryngion_--Gr. _[=e]ryngos_.]

ERYSIMUM, er-is'i-mum, _n._ a genus of _Cruciferae_, allied to Hedge-mustard and Dame's Violet. [Formed through L. from Gr. _erysimon_.]

ERYSIPELAS, er-i-sip'e-las, _n._ an inflammatory disease, generally in the face, marked by a bright redness of the skin.--_adj._ ERYSIPEL'ATOUS. [Gr.; prob. from the root of _erythros_, red, _pella_, skin.]

ERYTHEMA, er-i-th[=e]'ma, _n._ a name applied to certain skin diseases, but scarcely used by any two writers in exactly the same sense.--_adjs._ ERYTHEMAT'IC, ERYTHEM'ATOUS. [Gr.,--_erythainein_, to redden--_erythros_, red.]

ERYTHRITE, e-rith'r[=i]t, _n._ a reddish hydrous arseniate of cobalt.--_adj._ ERYTHRIT'IC.

ESCALADE, es-ka-l[=a]d', _n._ the scaling of the walls of a fortress by means of ladders.--_v.t._ to scale: to mount and enter by means of ladders--sometimes written ESCAL[=A]'DO. [Fr.,--Sp. _escalada_--_escala_, a ladder--L. _scala_.]

ESCALLOP, es-kal'up, _n._ a variant of _scallop_.--_adj._ ESCALL'OPED. (_her._), covered with scallop-shells.

[Illustration]

ESCAPE, es-k[=a]p', _v.t._ to free from: to pass unobserved: to evade: to issue.--_v.i._ to flee and become safe from danger: to be passed without harm.--_n._ act of escaping: flight from danger or from prison.--_adj._ ESCAP'ABLE.--_ns._ ESCAP[=A]DE', an escape: a mischievous freak; ESC[=A]PE'MENT, act of escaping: means of escape: part of a timepiece connecting the wheelwork with the pendulum or balance, and allowing a tooth to escape at each vibration; ESCAPE'-VALVE, a valve on a boiler so as to let the steam escape when wanted. [O. Fr. _escaper_ (Fr. _['e]chapper_)--L. _ex cappa_, (lit.) 'out of one's cape or cloak.']

ESCARMOUCHE, e-sk[:a]r'moosh, _n._ (_obs._) a skirmish. [Fr.]

ESCARP, es-k[:a]rp', _v.t._ to make into a scarp or sudden slope.--_n._ a scarp or steep slope: (_fort._) the side of the ditch next the rampart.--_n._ ESCARP'MENT, the precipitous side of any hill or rock: escarp. [Fr. _escarper_, to cut down steep, from root of _scarp_.]

ESCHALOT, esh-a-lot'. See SHALLOT.

ESCHAR, es'k[:a]r, _n._ a slough or portion of dead or disorganised tissue, gen. of artificial sloughs produced by the application of caustics.--_adj._ ESCHAROT'IC, tending to form an eschar: caustic.--_n._ a caustic substance. [L.,--Gr. _eschara_, a hearth.]

ESCHATOLOGY, es-ka-tol'o-ji, _n._ (_theol._) the doctrine of the last or final things, as death, judgment, the state after death.--_adjs._ ESCHATOLOG'IC, -AL.--_n._ ESCHATOL'OGIST. [Gr. _eschatos_, last, _logia_, a discourse.]

ESCHEAT, es-ch[=e]t', _n._ property which falls to the state for want of an heir, or by forfeiture: (_Spens._) plunder.--_v.t._ to confiscate.--_v.i._ to fall to the lord of the manor or the state.--_adj._ ESCHEAT'ABLE.--_ns._ ESCHEAT'AGE; ESCHEAT'OR. [O. Fr. _eschete_--_escheoir_ (Fr. _['e]choir_)--Low L.,--L. _ex_, out, _cad[)e]re_, to fall.]

ESCHEW, es-ch[=oo]', _v.t._ to shun: to flee from: to abstain from. [O. Fr. _eschever_; cog. with Ger. _scheuen_, to shun.]

ESCLANDRE, e-sklang'dr, _n._ notoriety: any unpleasantness. [Fr.,--L. _scandalum_.]

ESCORT, es'kort, _n._ a body of men, or a single man, accompanying any one on a journey, for protection, guidance, or merely courtesy: attendance.--_v.t._ ESC[=O]RT', to attend as guide or guard. [Fr. _escorte_--It. _scorta_--_scorgere_, to guide--L. _ex_, out, _corrig[)e]re_, to set right.]

ESCOT, es-kot', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to pay a reckoning for, to maintain. [O. Fr. _escoter_, _escot_=_scot_, a tax.]

ESCRITOIRE, es-kri-twor', _n._ a writing-desk.--_adj._ ESCRIT[=O]'RIAL. [Fr. _escritoire_--Low L. _scriptorium_--L. _scrib[)e]re_, _scriptum_, to write.]

ESCROLL, es-kr[=o]l', _n._ (_her._). Same as SCROLL.

ESCUAGE, es'k[=u]-[=a]j, _n._ scutage.

ESCULAPIAN, es-k[=u]-l[=a]'pi-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Esculapius_, and hence to the art of healing.--Also AESCUL[=A]'PIAN. [_Aesculapius_, god of medicine.]

ESCULENT, es'k[=u]-lent, _adj._ eatable: fit to be used for food by man.--_n._ something that is eatable. [L. _esculentus_, eatable--_esca_, food--_ed[)e]re_, to eat.]

ESCUTCHEON, es-kuch'un, _n._ a shield on which a coat of arms is represented: a family shield: the part of a vessel's stern bearing her name.--_adj._ ESCUTCH'EONED ('und), having an escutcheon.--ESCUTCHEON OF PRETENCE, an escutcheon placed with the arms of an heiress in the centre of her husband's coat.--A BLOT ON THE ESCUTCHEON, a stain on one's good name. [O. Fr. _escuchon_--L. _scutum_, a shield.]

ESEMPLASTIC, es-em-plas'tik, _adj._ shaping into one.

ESKAR, ESKER. Same as ASAR (q.v.).

ESKIMO, es'ki-m[=o], _n._ and _adj._ one of a nation constituting the aboriginal inhabitants of the whole northern coast of America, and spread over the Arctic islands, Greenland, and the nearest Asiatic coast.--_n._ ESKIMO DOG, a half-tamed variety, widely distributed in the Arctic regions, and indispensable for drawing the sledges. [Said by Dr Rink to be from an Indian word=eaters of raw flesh.]

ESLOIN, es-loin'. See ELOIN.

ESNECY, es'ne-si, _n._ the right of first choice belonging to the eldest.

ESOPHAGUS. See OESOPHAGUS.

ESOTERIC, es-o-ter'ik, _adj._ inner: secret: mysterious: (_phil._) taught to a select few--opp. to _Exoteric_.--_adv._ ESOTER'ICALLY.--_ns._ ESOTER'ICISM, ESOT'ERISM, the holding of esoteric opinions.--ESOTERIC BUDDHISM (see THEOSOPHY). [Gr. _es[=o]terikos_--_es[=o]ter[=o]_, inner, a comp. form from _es[=o]_, within.]

ESPALIER, es-pal'y[.e]r, _n._ a lattice-work of wood on which to train fruit-trees: a fruit-tree trained on stakes: (_obs._) a row of trees so trained.--_v.t._ to train as an espalier. [Fr.,--It. _spalliera_, a support for the shoulders--_spalla_, a shoulder. Cf. EPAULET.]

ESPARTO, es-par't[=o], _n._ a strong kind of grass found in the south of Europe, esp. in Spain, used for making baskets, cordage, paper, &c. [Sp.,--L. _spartum_--Gr. _sparton_, a kind of rope.]

ESPECIAL, es-pesh'al, _adj._ special: particular: principal: distinguished.--_adv._ ESPEC'IALLY.--IN ESPECIAL, in particular. [O. Fr.,--L. _specialis_--_species_.]

ESPERANCE, es'p[.e]r-ans, _n._ (_Shak._) hope. [Fr.,--L. _sperans_, pr.p. of _sper[=a]re_, to hope.]

ESPI[`E]GLE, es-pi-[=a]'gl, _adj._ roguish, frolicsome.--_n._ ESPI[`E]G'LERIE, raillery: frolicsomeness. [Fr.]

ESPIONAGE, es'pi-on-[=a]j, _n._ practice or employment of spies. [Fr.,--_espionner_--_espion_, a spy.]

ESPLANADE, es-pla-n[=a]d', _n._ a level space between a citadel and the first houses of the town: any level space for walking or driving in. [Fr.,--Sp. _esplanada_--L. _explan[=a]re_--_ex_, out, _planus_, flat.]

ESPOUSE, es-powz', _v.t._ to give in marriage: to take as spouse: to wed: to take with a view to maintain: to embrace, as a cause.--_ns._ ESPOUS'AL, the act of espousing or betrothing: the taking upon one's self, as a cause: (_pl._) a contract or mutual promise of marriage; ESPOUS'ER. [O. Fr. _espouser_ (Fr. _['e]pouser_)--L. _spons[=a]re_--_spond[=e]re_, _sponsum_, to promise.]

ESPRIT, es-pr[=e]', _n._ spirit: liveliness.--ESPRIT DE CORPS (es-pr[=e]' d' k[=o]r), regard for the character of that body to which one belongs; ESPRIT FORT (es-pr[=e]' f[=o]r), a person of strong character. [Fr. _esprit_, spirit, _corps_, body, _fort_, strong.]

ESPY, es-p[=i]', _v.t._ to watch: to see at a distance: to catch sight of: to observe: to discover unexpectedly.--_n._ ESP[=I]'AL, the act of espying: observation. [O. Fr. _espier_, from root of _spy_.]

ESQUIMAU, es'ki-m[=o] (_pl._ ESQUIMAUX, es'ki-m[=o]z). Same as ESKIMO.

ESQUIRE, es-kw[=i]r', _n._ (_orig._) a squire or shield-bearer: an attendant on a knight: a landed proprietor: a title of dignity next below a knight: a title given to younger sons of noblemen, &c.: a general title of respect in addressing letters. [O. Fr. _esquier_ (Fr. _['e]cuyer_)--L. _scutarius_--_scutum_, a shield.]

ESS, the name of the letter S (q.v.).

ESSAY, es'[=a], _n._ a trial: an experiment: a written composition less elaborate than a treatise.--_v.t._ ESSAY', to try: to attempt: to make experiment of:--_pr.p._ essay'ing; _pa.p._ essayed'.--_ns._ ESSAY'ER, ES'SAYIST, one who essays: a writer of essays; ESSAYETTE', ES'SAYKIN, a little essay.--_adjs._ ES'SAYISH; ESSAYIS'TIC. [O. Fr. _essai_--L. _exagium_, weighing--_exag[)e]re_, to try, examine.]

ESSE, es'i, _n._ used in phrase IN ESSE, in existence, opposed to _In posse_, in potentiality. [L. _esse_, to be.]

ESSENCE, es'ens, _n._ the inner distinctive nature of anything: the qualities which make any object what it is: a being: the extracted virtues of any drug: the solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essential oil: a perfume.--_adj._ ESSEN'TIAL, relating to or containing the essence: necessary to the existence of a thing: indispensable or important in the highest degree: highly rectified: pure.--_n._ something necessary: a leading principle.--_n._ ESSENTIAL'ITY, the quality of being essential: an essential part.--_adv._ ESSEN'TIALLY.--_n._ ESSEN'TIALNESS. [Fr.,--L. _essentia_--_essens_, _-entis_, assumed pr.p. of _esse_, to be.]

ESSENE, es-s[=e]n', _n._ one of a small religious fraternity among the ancient Jews leading retired ascetic lives and holding property in common.--_n._ ESSEN'ISM. [Bishop Lightfoot prefers the der. from Heb. _ch[=a]sh[=a]_, to be silent, whence _chashsh[=a][=i]m_, 'the silent ones' who meditate on mysteries.]

ESSOIN, es-soin', _n._ (_law_) excuse for not appearing in court: (_Spens._) excuse.--_n._ ESSOIN'ER. [O. Fr. _essoine_ (Fr. _exoine_), _es_--L. _ex_, out, _soin_, care.]

ESSORANT, es'[=o]-rant, _adj._ (_her._) about to soar.

ESTABLISH, es-tab'lish, _v.t._ to settle or fix: to confirm: to prove a point: to ordain: to found: to set up in business: to institute by law as the recognised state church, and to support officially and financially.--_p.adj._ ESTAB'LISHED, fixed: ratified: instituted by law and supported by the state.--_ns._ ESTAB'LISHER; ESTAB'LISHMENT, act of establishing: fixed state: that which is established: a permanent civil or military force: one's residence and style of living: the church established by law.--_adj._ ESTABLISHMENT[=A]R'IAN, maintaining the principle of the established church.--_n._ one who maintains this principle. [O. Fr. _establir_, pr.p. _establissant_--L. _stabil[=i]re_--_stabilis_, firm--_st[=a]re_, to stand.]

ESTACADE, es-ta-k[=a]d', _n._ a dike of piles in a morass, river, &c., against an enemy. [Fr.,--Sp.]

ESTAFETTE, es-ta-fet', _n._ a military courier or express. [Fr.,--It. _staffetta_--Old High Ger. _stapho_, a step.]

ESTAMINET, es-tam-in-[=a]', a restaurant where smoking is allowed. [Fr.]

ESTATE, es-t[=a]t', _n._ condition or rank: position: property, esp. landed property: fortune: an order or class of men in the body-politic: (_pl._) dominions: possessions.--_v.t._ to give an estate to: (_arch._) to bestow upon.--_n._ ESTATES'MAN, statesman.--MAN'S ESTATE, the state of manhood; THE ESTATES OF THE REALM are three--Lords Spiritual, Lords Temporal, and Commons; but often misused for the legislature--king, lords, and commons.--The ancient parliament of Scotland consisted of the king and the THREE ESTATES--viz.: (1) archbishops, bishops, abbots, and mitred priors; (2) the barons and the commissioners of shires and stewartries; (3) the commissioners from the royal burghs;--in France, the nobles, clergy, and THIRD ESTATE (_tiers ['e]tat_) remained separate down to 1789; THE FOURTH ESTATE, often used humorously for the press. [O. Fr. _estat_ (Fr. _['e]tat_)--L. _status_, a state.]

ESTEEM, es-t[=e]m', _v.t._ to set a high estimate or value on: to regard with respect or friendship: to consider or think.--_n._ high estimation or value: favourable regard.--_p.adj._ ESTEEMED', respected.--_adj._ ES'TIMABLE, that can be estimated or valued: worthy of esteem: deserving our good opinion.--_adv._ ES'TIMABLY.--_v.t._ ES'TIM[=A]TE, to judge of the worth of a thing: to calculate.--_n._ reputation: a valuing in the mind: judgment or opinion of the worth or size of anything: a rough calculation: estimation.--_n._ ESTIM[=A]'TION, act of estimating: a reckoning of value: esteem, honour: importance: conjecture.--_adj._ ES'TIM[=A]TIVE.--_n._ ES'TIM[=A]TOR.--HOLD IN ESTIMATION, to esteem highly.--THE ESTIMATES, accounts given before parliament showing the probable expenditure for the year. [Fr. _estimer_--L. _aestim[=a]re_.]

ESTHETIC, ESTHETICS. See AESTHETIC, AESTHETICS.

ESTHONIAN, es-th[=o]'ni-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Esthonia_, the most northerly of the Baltic provinces of Russia, or its population, language, or customs.--_ns._ ESTH, an Esthonian of the original Finnish stock; ESTH'LANDER, an Esthonian of the mixed race, in which the German element preponderates.

ESTIVAL, ESTIVATION. See AESTIVAL, AESTIVATION.

ESTOP, es-top', _v.t._ to stop or bar: (_law_) to hinder, preclude:--_pr.p._ estop'ping; _pa.p._ estop'ped.--_ns._ ESTOP'P[=A]GE, the state of being estopped; ESTOP'PEL, a conclusive admission, which cannot be denied by the party whom it affects. [O. Fr. _estoper_--_estoupe_--L. _stuppa_, tow. See STOP.]

ESTOVERS, es-t[=o]'v[.e]rz, _n.pl._ (_law_) necessaries allowed by law, as wood to a tenant for necessary repairs, &c.--COMMON OF ESTOVERS, the right of taking necessary wood from another's estate for household use and the making of implements of industry. [O. Fr. _estovoir_, necessaries.]

ESTRADE, es-tr[:a]d', _n._ a low platform. [Fr.,--Sp. _estrado_.]

ESTRANGE, es-tr[=a]nj', _v.t._ to treat as an alien: to alienate: to divert from its original use or possessor.--_p.adj._ ESTRANGED', alienated: disaffected.--_ns._ ESTRANG'EDNESS; ESTRANGE'MENT; ESTRANG'ER. [O. Fr. _estranger_ (Fr. _['e]tranger_)--L. _extrane[=a]re_--_extraneus_. See STRANGE.]

ESTRAY, e-str[=a]', _n._ a beast found within a manor or lordship, and not owned.--_v.i._ to stray. [See ASTRAY.]

ESTREAT, e-str[=e]t', _n._ (_law_) a true extract, copy, or note of some original writing or record, esp. of fines and amercements to be levied by bailiffs or other officers.--_v.t._ to extract from the records of a court, as a forfeited recognisance: to levy fines under an estreat. [O. Fr. _estraite_--L. _extrah[)e]re_--_ex_, out, and _trah[)e]re_, to draw. See EXTRACT.]

ESTRICH, es'trich, ESTRIDGE, es'trij, _n._ (_obs._) the ostrich.

ESTUARY, es't[=u]-ar-i, _n._ the wide lower part of a river where it becomes tidal.--_adjs._ ESTU[=A]'RIAN, ES'T[=U]ARINE. [L. _aestuarium_--_aestus_, tide.]

ESURIENT, es-[=u]'ri-ent, _adj._ hungry: penurious.--_n._ ES[=U]'RIENCE, hunger: neediness. [L. _esuriens_, _-entis_, pr.p. of _esur[=i]re_, to be hungry--_ed[)e]re_, to eat.]

ET CETERA, et set'er-a, usually written ETC. or &C., a phrase meaning 'and so on.'--_n._ something in addition, which can easily be understood. [L. _et_ and, _cetera_, the rest.]

ETCH, ech, _v.t._ or _v.i._ to make designs on metal, glass, &c. by eating out the lines with an acid.--_ns._ ETCH'ER, one who etches; ETCH'ING, the act or art of etching or engraving: the impression from an etched plate; ETCH'ING-GROUND, the coating of wax or varnish on a plate prepared for etching; ETCH'ING-NEED'LE, a fine-pointed steel instrument used in etching. [From Ger. _[:a]tzen_, to corrode by acid; from same root as Ger. _essen_. See EAT.]

ETERNAL, [=e]-t[.e]r'nal, _adj._ without beginning or end of existence: everlasting: ceaseless: unchangeable--(_arch._) ETERNE'.--_v.t._ ETER'NALISE, ETER'NISE, to make eternal: to immortalise.--_n._ ETER'NALIST, one who thinks that matter has existed from eternity.--_adv._ ETER'NALLY.--_n._ ETER'NITY, eternal duration: the state or time after death.--THE ETERNAL, an appellation of God; THE ETERNITIES, the eternal reality or truth. [Fr. _['e]ternel_--L. _aeternus_, _aeviternus_--_aevum_--Gr. _aion_, a period of time, an age.]

ETESIAN, e-t[=e]'zhan, _adj._ periodical: blowing at stated seasons, as certain winds. [L. _etesius_--Gr. _et[=e]sios_, annual--_etos_, a year.]

ETHE, [=e]th, _adj._ (_Spens._) easy. [A.S. _eath._]

ETHER, [=e]'th[.e]r, _n._ the clear, upper air: the subtile medium supposed to fill all space: a colourless, transparent, volatile liquid of great mobility and high refractive power, and possessing a fragrant odour and a fiery, passing to a cooling, taste.--_adj._ ETH[=E]'REAL, consisting of ether: heavenly: airy: spirit-like.--_n._ ETHEREALIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ ETH[=E]'REALISE, to convert into ether, or the fluid ether: to render spirit-like.--_n._ ETHEREAL'ITY.--_adv._ ETH[=E]'REALLY.--_adj._ ETH[=E]'REOUS (_Milt._), ethereal.--_n._ ETHERIFIC[=A]'TION.--_adj._ E'THERIFORM.--_n._ ETHERIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ E'THERISE, to convert into ether: to stupefy with ether.--_n._ E'THERISM, the condition induced by using ether. [L.,--Gr. _aith[=e]r_, _aithein_, to light up.]

ETHIC, eth'ik, _adj._ relating to morals: treating of morality or duty.--_n._ (more commonly in _pl._ ETH'ICS) the science of morals, that branch of philosophy which is concerned with human character and conduct: a treatise on morals.--_adj._ ETH'ICAL, relating to the science of ethics.--_adv._ ETH'ICALLY.--_n._ ETH'ICIST, one versed in ethics.--ETHICAL DATIVE, the dative of a first or second personal pronoun implying an indirect interest in the fact stated, used colloquially to give a livelier tone to the sentence. [Gr. _[=e]thikos_--_[=e]thos_, custom.]

ETHIOPIAN, [=e]-thi-[=o]'pi-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Ethiopia_, a name given to the countries south of Egypt inhabited by the negro races.--_n._ a native of Ethiopia: a blackamoor--(_arch._) ETHIOP.--_adj._ ETHIOP'IC.--_n.pl._ [=E]'THIOPS, a term applied by the ancient chemists to certain oxides and sulphides of the metals which possessed a dull, dingy, or black appearance. [Gr. _Aithiops_, sun-burnt, Ethiopian--_aithein_, to burn, _[=o]ps_, the face.]

ETHMOID, -AL, eth'moid, -al, _adj._ resembling a sieve.--ETHMOID BONE, one of the eight somewhat cubical bones which collectively form the cranial box. [Gr. _[=e]thmos_, a sieve, and _eidos_, form.]

ETHNIC, -AL, eth'nik, -al, _adj._ concerning nations or races: pertaining to the heathen.--_ns._ ETH'NIC, a heathen; ETH'NICISM, heathenism; ETHNOG'RAPHER.--_adj._ ETHNOGRAPH'IC.--_n._ ETHNOG'RAPHY, the scientific description of the races of the earth.--_adj._ ETHNOLOG'ICAL.--_adv._ ETHNOLOG'ICALLY.--_ns._ ETHNOL'OGIST; ETHNOL'OGY, the science that treats of the varieties of the human race. [L.,--Gr. _ethnos_, a nation; Gr. _graph[=e]_, writing, _logia_, discourse.]

ETHOLOGY, [=e]-thol'o-ji, _n._ a discourse on ethics: the science of character.--_adjs._ ETHOLOG'IC, -AL, relating to ethology: treating of morality.--_ns._ ETHOL'OGIST, one versed in ethology or ethics; [=E]'THOS, habitual character and disposition: the quality of a work of art which produces a high moral impression. [Gr. _[=e]thos_, custom, _logia_, a discourse.]

ETHYL, [=e]'thil, _n._ a colourless, inflammable gas, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol--supposed base of ether. [Gr. _aith[=e]r_, ether, _hyl[=e]_, base.]

ETIOLATE, [=e]-ti-o-l[=a]t', _v.t._ (_med._, _bot._) to cause to grow pale from want of light and fresh air.--_v.i._ to become pale from disease or absence of light.--_n._ ETIOL[=A]'TION. [Fr. _['e]tioler_, to become pale, to grow into stubble, _['e]teule_, stubble--L. _stipula_, a stalk.]

ETIOLOGY, [=e]-ti-ol'o-ji, _n._ Same as AETIOLOGY.

ETIQUETTE, et-i-ket', _n._ forms of ceremony or decorum: ceremony: the unwritten laws of courtesy observed between members of the same profession, as 'medical etiquette.' [Fr. See TICKET.]

ETNA, et'na, _n._ a vessel for heating water, &c., at table or in the sick-room, in a cup placed in a saucer is which alcohol is burned.--_adj._ AETN[=E]'AN. [From the volcano, Mount _Aetna_.]

ETONIAN, et-[=o]n'i-an, _n._ and _adj._ one educated at _Eton_ College.--ETON JACKET, a boy's dress-coat, untailed.

ETRURIAN, et-r[=u]'ri-an, _adj._ and _n._ of or belonging to _Etruria_.--_adj._ and _n._ ETRUS'CAN, of or belonging to ancient Etruria or its people, language, art, &c.--sometimes jocularly put for Tuscan.

ETTLE, et'l, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to purpose, intend.--_v.t._ to guess.--_n._ purpose, intent. [Ice., _aetla_, to think, from root of Goth. _aha_, understanding.]

['E]TUDE, [=a]-t[:u]d', _n._ (_mus._) a composition intended either to train or to test the player's technical skill. [Fr.]

ETUI, ETWEE, et-w[=e]', _n._ a small case for holding valuables. [Fr.]

ETYMOLOGY, et-i-mol'o-ji, _n._ the investigation of the derivation and original signification of words: the science that treats of the origin and history of words: the part of grammar relating to inflection.--_adjs._ ETYM'IC; ETYMOLOG'ICAL.--_adv._ ETYMOLOG'ICALLY.--_ns._ ETYMOLOG'ICON, -CUM, an etymological dictionary.--_v.t._ ETYMOL'OGISE, to give, or search into, the etymology of a word.--_ns._ ETYMOL'OGIST, one skilled in or who writes on etymology; ET'YMON, the origin of a word: an original root: the genuine or literal sense of a word. [O. Fr.,--L.,--Gr. _etymos_, true, _logia_, an account.]

ETYPIC, -AL, [=e]-tip'ik, -al, _adj._ unconformable to type.

EUCALYPTUS, [=u]-kal-ip'tus, _n._ the 'gum-tree,' a large Australian evergreen, beneficial in destroying the miasma of malarious districts.--_ns._ EU'CALYPT, a eucalyptus; EUCALYP'TOL, a volatile, colourless, limpid oil. [Coined from Gr. _eu_, well, _kalyptos_, covered--_kalyptein_, to cover.]

EUCHARIST, [=u]'ka-rist, _n._ the sacrament of the Lord's Supper: the elements of the sacrament, as 'to receive the Eucharist.'--_adjs._ EUCHARIST'IC, -AL. [Gr. _eucharistia_, thanksgiving--_eu_, well, and _charizesthai_, to show favour--_charis_, grace, thanks.]

EUCHLORINE, [=u]-kl[=o]'rin, _n._ a very explosive green-coloured gas, prepared by the action of strong hydrochloric acid on chlorate of potash.--_adj._ EUCHL[=O]'RIC. [Gr. _eu_, well, _chloros_, green.]

EUCHOLOGION, [=u]-ko-l[=o]'ji-on, _n._ a formulary of prayers, primarily that of the Greek Church.--Also EUCHOL'OGY. [Gr. _euchologion_--_euch[=e]_, a prayer, _logia_--_legein_, to speak.]