Part 54

IRREMEDIABLE, ir-re-m[=e]'di-a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be remedied or redressed.--_n._ IRREM[=E]'DIABLENESS.--_adv._ IRREM[=E]'DIABLY.

IRREMISSIBLE, ir-re-mis'i-bl, _adj._ not to be remitted or forgiven.--_ns._ IRREMISS'IBLENESS, IRREMISS'ION.--_adj._ IRREMISS'IVE.

IRREMOVABLE, ir-re-m[=oo]v'a-bl, _adj._ not removable: steadfast.--_ns._ IRREMOVABIL'ITY, IRREMOV'ABLENESS.--_adv._ IRREMOV'ABLY.

IRRENOWNED, ir-re-nownd', _adj._ (_Spens._) not renowned.

IRREPARABLE, ir-rep'ar-a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be repaired or rectified.--_ns._ IRREPARABIL'ITY, IRREP'ARABLENESS.--_adv._ IRREP'ARABLY.

IRREPEALABLE, ir-re-p[=e]l'a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be repealed or annulled.--_adv._ IRREPEAL'ABLY.

IRREPLACEABLE, ir-re-pl[=a]s'a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be replaced.

IRREPREHENSIBLE, ir-rep-re-hens'i-bl, _adj._ that cannot be blamed.--_n._ IRREPREHENS'IBLENESS.--_adv._ IRREPREHENS'IBLY.

IRREPRESSIBLE, ir-re-pres'i-bl, _adj._ not to be restrained.--_adv._ IRREPRESS'IBLY.

IRREPROACHABLE, ir-re-pr[=o]ch'a-bl, _adj._ free from blame: upright: innocent.--_n._ IRREPROACH'ABLENESS, freedom from blame.--_adv._ IRREPROACH'ABLY.

IRREPRODUCIBLE, ir-re-pro-d[=u]s'i-bl, _adj._ that cannot be reproduced.

IRREPROVABLE, ir-re-pr[=oo]v'a-bl, _adj._ blameless.--_n._ IRREPROV'ABLENESS.--_adv._ IRREPROV'ABLY.

IRRESISTANCE, ir-re-zist'ans, _n._ want of resistance: passive submission.--_adj._ IRRESIST'IBLE, not to be opposed with success.--_ns._ IRRESIST'IBLENESS, IRRESISTIBIL'ITY.--_adv._ IRRESIST'IBLY.

IRRESOLUBLE, ir-rez'ol-[=u]-bl, _adj._ that cannot be resolved into parts: indissoluble: that cannot be released.

IRRESOLUTE, ir-rez'o-l[=u]t, _adj._ not firm in purpose.--_adv._ IRRES'OLUTELY.--_ns._ IRRES'OLUTENESS, IRRESOL[=U]'TION, want of resolution.

IRRESOLVABLE, ir-re-zolv'-a-bl, _adj._ that cannot be resolved.--_ns._ IRRESOLVABIL'ITY, IRRESOLV'ABLENESS.

IRRESPECTIVE, ir-re-spek'tiv, _adj._ not having regard to (with _of_).--_adv._ IRRESPEC'TIVELY.

IRRESPONSIBLE, ir-re-spons'i-bl, _adj._ not responsible (with _for_).--_n._ IRRESPONSIBIL'ITY.--_adv._ IRRESPONS'IBLY.--_adj._ IRRESPONS'IVE.--_n._ IRRESPONS'IVENESS.

IRRESTRAINABLE, ir-re-str[=a]n'a-bl, _adj._ not restrainable.

IRRESUSCITABLE, ir-re-sus'i-ta-bl, _adj._ incapable of being resuscitated or revived.--_adv._ IRRESUS'CITABLY.

IRRETENTION, ir-re-ten'shun, _n._ absence of retention or power to retain.--_adj._ IRRETEN'TIVE.

IRRETRIEVABLE, ir-re-tr[=e]v'a-bl, _adj._ not to be recovered.--_n._ IRRETRIEV'ABLENESS.--_adv._ IRRETRIEV'ABLY.

IRREVERENT, ir-rev'[.e]r-ent, _adj._ not reverent: proceeding from irreverence.--_n._ IRREV'ERENCE, want of reverence or veneration: want of due regard for the character and authority of the Supreme Being.--_adj._ IRREVEREN'TIAL.--_adv._ IRREV'ERENTLY.

IRREVERSIBLE, ir-re-v[.e]rs'i-bl, _adj._ not reversible: that cannot be recalled or annulled.--_ns._ IRREVERSIBIL'ITY, IRREVERS'IBLENESS.--_adv._ IRREVERS'IBLY.

IRREVOCABLE, ir-rev'o-ka-bl, _adj._ that cannot be recalled.--_n._ IRREV'OCABLENESS.--_adv._ IRREV'OCABLY.

IRRIGATE, ir'i-g[=a]t, _v.t._ to water: to wet or moisten: to cause water to flow upon.--_adj._ IRR'IGABLE, capable of being irrigated.--_ns._ IRRIG[=A]'TION, a method of producing or increasing fertility in soils by an artificial supply of water, or by inundating them at stated periods: act of watering, esp. of watering lands artificially; IRRIGAT'OR, one who, or that which, irrigates: an appliance for washing a wound, &c.--_adj._ IRRIG'UOUS, watered: wet. [L. _irrig[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_in_, upon, _rig[=a]re_, to wet; cf. Ger. _regen_, Eng. _rain_.]

IRRISION, ir-rizh'un, _n._ act of laughing at another. [Fr.,--L. _irrision-em_--_in_, against, _rid[=e]re_, _risum_, to laugh.]

IRRITATE, ir'i-t[=a]t, _v.t._ to make angry: to provoke: to excite heat and redness in: (_Scots law_) to render null and void.--_n._ IRRITABIL'ITY, the quality of being easily irritated: the peculiar susceptibility to stimuli possessed by the living tissues.--_adj._ IRR'ITABLE, that may be irritated: easily provoked: (_med._) susceptible of excitement or irritation.--_n._ IRR'ITABLENESS.--_adv._ IRR'ITABLY.--_n._ IRR'ITANCY, the state of being irritant: a becoming null and void.--_adj._ IRR'ITANT, irritating.--_n._ that which causes irritation.--_n._ IRRIT[=A]'TION, act of irritating or exciting: excitement: (_med._) the term applied to any morbid excitement of the vital actions not amounting to inflammation, often, but not always, leading to that condition.--_adjs._ IRR'IT[=A]TIVE, IRR'IT[=A]TORY, tending to irritate or excite: accompanied with or caused by irritation. [L. _irrit[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, prob. freq. of _irr[=i]re_, to snarl, as a dog.]

IRRUPTION, ir-rup'shun, _n._ a breaking or bursting in: a sudden invasion or incursion.--_adjs._ IRRUP'TED, broken through with violence; IRRUP'TIVE, rushing suddenly in or upon.--_adv._ IRRUP'TIVELY. [Fr.,--L. _irruption-em_--_in_, in, _rump[)e]re_, _ruptum_, to break.]

IRVINGITE, [.e]r'ving-[=i]t, _n._ a popular name for a member of the so-called Catholic Apostolic Church.--_n._ IR'VINGISM, the doctrine and practice of the Irvingites. [From Edward _Irving_ (1792-1834).]

IS, iz, third pers. sing. pres. of _be_. [A.S. _is_; Ger. _ist_, L. _est_, Gr. _esti_, Sans. _asti_--_as_, to be.]

ISABEL, ISABELLE, iz'a-bel, _n._ a yellowish-gray or drab colour. [From _Isabella_, daughter of Philip II., wife of the Archduke Albert, who did not change her linen for three years till Ostend was taken.]

ISAGOGICS, [=i]-sa-goj'iks, _n._ that part of theological science introductory to exegesis or interpretation of the Scriptures.--_adj._ ISAGOG'IC. [Gr. _eisag[=o]g[=e]_, an introduction--_eis_, into, _agein_, to lead.]

ISANDROUS, [=i]-san'drus, _adj._ (_bot._) having the stamens similar and equal in number to the divisions of the corolla.

ISANTHEROUS, [=i]-san'ther-us, _adj._ (_bot._) having the anthers equal.

ISANTHOUS, [=i]-san'thus, _adj._ (_bot._) having regular flowers.

ISAPOSTOLIC, [=i]-sap-os-tol'ik, _adj._ equal to the apostles, as bishops of apostolic creation, the first preachers of Christ in a country, &c. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _apostolikos_, apostolic.]

ISATINE, [=i]'sa-tin, _n._ a substance capable of being crystallised, obtained by oxidising indigo.--_adj._ ISAT'IC.--_n._ I'S[=A]TIS, a genus of _Cruciferae_.--_Isatis tinctoria_, woad. [Gr. _isatis_, woad.]

ISCHIADIC, is-ki-ad'ik, _adj._ relating to the region of the hip--also ISCHIAT'IC and IS'CHIAL.--_ns._ ISCHIAG'RA, gout in the hip; ISCHIAL'GIA, sciatica; IS'CHIUM, the posterior part of the pelvic arch in vertebrates. [L.,--Gr., from _is-chion_, the hip-joint.]

ISCHURIA, is-k[=u]'ri-a, _n._ a stoppage of urine.--_adj._ and _n._ ISCHURET'IC. [Gr. _ischein_, to hold, _ouron_, urine.]

ISENERGIC, [=i]-se-n[.e]r'jik, _adj._ in physics, denoting equal energy. [Gr. ISOS, equal, _energy_.]

ISENGRIM, [=i]'sen-grim, _n._ the name of the wolf in the famous beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_.

ISENTROPIC, [=i]-sen-trop'ik, _adj._ (_phys._) of equal entropy. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _entrope_, a turning about--_en_, in, _trepein_, to turn.]

ISH, ish, _n._ (_Scot._) issue, liberty of going out.

ISHMAELITE, ish'm[=a]-el-[=i]t, _n._ a descendant of _Ishmael_: one like Ishmael (Gen. xvi. 12), at war with society.--_adj._ ISHMAEL[=I]'TISH.

ISIAC, [=i]-si-ak. See ISIS.

ISIDIUM, [=i]-sid'i-um, _n._ (_bot._) a wart-like excrescence on the thalli of some lichens:--_pl._ ISID'IA.

ISIDORIAN, is-i-d[=o]'ri-an, _adj._ of or pertaining to St _Isidore_ of Seville (c. 560-636), or the collection of canons and decretals adopted by him; but esp. applying to the interpolated collection, now called the _Pseudo-Isidorian_ or _False Decretals_, possibly fabricated in Western Gaul, but published in Spain about 845 by _Isidore_ Mercator, and naturally fathered upon the great Isidore of Seville.

ISINGLASS, [=i]'zing-glas, _n._ a glutinous substance, chiefly prepared from the air-bladders of the sturgeon. [A corr. of Dut. _huizenblas_--_huizen_, a kind of sturgeon, _blas_, a bladder; Ger. _hausenblase_.]

ISIS, [=i]'sis, _n._ an Egyptian goddess, wife and sister of Osiris.--_adj._ I'SIAC.

ISLAM, iz'lam, ISLAMISM, iz'lam-izm, _n._ the proper name of the Mohammedan religion: the whole Mohammedan world.--_adjs._ ISLAM'IC, ISLAMIT'IC.--_n._ IS'LAMITE.--_v.t._ ISLAM[=I]ZE', to conform to Mohammedanism. [Ar. _isl[=a]m_--_salama_, to submit to God.]

ISLAND, [=i]'land, _n._ the smaller masses of land surrounded with water: a large floating mass.--_v.t._ to cause to appear like an island: to dot as with islands.--_n._ ISLANDER ([=i]'land-[.e]r), an inhabitant of an island. [M. E. _iland_--A.S. _['i]gland_--_['i]g_, an island, and _land_, land; Dut. and Ger. _eiland_, Ice. _eyland_, Sw. and Dan. _[:o]land_. A.S. _['i]g_ is from a root which appears in Angles-_ea_, Aldern-_ey_, &c., A.S. _e['a]_, L. _aqua_, water, so that it originally means water-land. The _s_ in island is due to a confusion with _isle_, from L. _insula_.]

ISLE, [=i]l, _n._ an island.--_ns._ ISLES'MAN, an islander, esp. an inhabitant of the Hebrides; ISLET ([=i]'let), a little isle. [M. E. _ile_, _yle_--O. Fr. _isle_ (Fr. _[^i]le_)--L. _insula_, considered to be so called because lying _in salo_, in the main sea, L. _salum_ being akin to Gr. _salos_, the main sea.]

ISM, izm, _n._ any distinctive doctrine, theory, or practice--usually in disparagement.--_adjs._ ISMAT'IC, -AL, addicted to isms or faddish theories.--_n._ ISMAT'ICALNESS. [From the suffix _-ism_.]

ISMAILIAN, is-m[=a]-il'i-an, _n._ one of a sect of Shiite Mohammedans, who claim that _Ismail_ (_c._ 770) was the seventh and last of the Im[^a]ms.--_n._ IS'MAILISM.--_adj._ ISMAILIT'IC.

ISOBAR, [=i]'so-b[:a]r, _n._ an imaginary line connecting places on the earth where the mean height of the barometer at sea-level is the same.--_adj._ ISOBAROMET'RIC, applied to lines denoting equal barometric pressure. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _baros_, weight.]

ISOBATHYTHERM, [=i]-so-bath'i-therm, _n._ a line connecting points of the same temperature in a vertical section of any portion of the ocean.--_adjs._ ISOBATHYTHER'MAL, ISOBATHYTHER'MIC. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _bathys_, deep, _therm[=e]_, heat.]

ISOBILATERAL, [=i]-so-b[=i]-lat'e-ral, _adj._ (_bot._) having the flanks of the organ flattened surfaces. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _bilateral_.]

ISOBRIOUS, [=i]-sob'ri-us, _adj._ growing equally in both lobes, of a dicotyledonous embryo.--Also ISODYN'AMOUS. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _brian_, to be strong.]

ISOBRONT, [=i]'so-bront, _n._ a line on a map connecting points at which a peal of thunder is heard simultaneously. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _bront[=e]_, thunder.]

ISOCHASMIC, [=i]-so-kaz'mik, _adj._ denoting equality as regards frequency of auroral displays. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _chasma_, a gap.]

ISOCHEIMAL, [=i]-so-k[=i]'mal, _adj._ having the same mean winter temperature--also ISOCHEI'MENAL.--_n._ I'SOCHEIM, an imaginary line connecting together those places where the mean winter temperature is the same. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _cheima_, winter.]

ISOCHORIC, [=i]-so-kor'ik, _adj._ pertaining to equal volume or density. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _ch[=o]ra_, space.]

ISOCHROMATIC, [=i]-so-kr[=o]-mat'ik, _adj._ (_optics_) having the same colour. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _chr[=o]ma_, colour.]

ISOCHRONAL, [=i]-sok'ron-al, _adj._ of equal time: performed in equal times--also ISOCH'RONOUS.--_n._ ISOCH'RONISM, the quality of being isochronous or done in equal times.--_adv._ ISOCH'RONOUSLY. [Gr. _isochronos_--_isos_, equal, _chronos_, time.]

ISOCHROOUS, [=i]-sok'r[=o]-us, _adj._ of uniform colour.

ISOCLINAL, [=i]-so-kl[=i]'nal (or ISOCLIN'IC), ISODYNAM'IC, and ISOGON'IC LINES, three systems of lines which being laid on maps represent the magnetism of the globe as exhibited at the earth's surface in three classes of phenomena, the varying dip or inclination of the needle, the varying intensity of the force, and its varying declination from the true meridian. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _dynamis_, force, _klinein_, to bend, _g[=o]nia_, an angle.]

ISOCRYME, [=i]'s[=o]-kr[=i]m, _n._ a line on maps connecting points of the same mean winter temperature.--Also I'SOCRYMAL. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _krymos_, cold.]

ISODIA, [=i]-s[=o]'di-a, _n.pl._ the feast of the presentation of Jesus in the Temple. [Gr. _eisodos_, entrance.]

ISODIAMETRIC, [=i]-so-d[=i]-a-met'rik, _adj._ being of equal diameters.

ISODICON, [=i]-sod'i-kon, _n._ (_Gr. Church_) a troparion or short anthem sung while the Gospel is being carried through the church. [Gr. _eisodos_, an entrance.]

ISODIMORPHOUS, [=i]-so-d[=i]-mor'fus, _adj._ in crystallography, having the quality of isodimorphism or isomorphism between the members of two dimorphous groups.

ISODOMON, [=i]-sod'[=o]-mon, _n._ masonry having courses of uniform thickness and length, the vertical joints placed over the middle of the courses below--also ISOD'OMUM:--_pl._ ISOD'OMA.--_adj._ ISOD'OMOUS. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _demein_, to build.]

ISODONT, [=i]'so-dont, _adj._ having the teeth all alike, as in the _Isodontia_--cetacea, &c. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _odous_, _odontos_, a tooth.]

ISOETES, [=i]-s[=o]'e-t[=e]z, _n._ a widely distributed genus of vascular cryptogamous plants, the quillworts--Merlin's Grass, &c. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _etos_, a year.]

ISOGAMY, [=i]-sog'a-mi, _n._ (_bot._) the conjugation of two protoplasmic masses not clearly differentiated into a male and female element.--_adj._ ISOG'AMOUS. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _gamos_, marriage.]

ISOGENY, [=i]-soj'e-ni, _n._ likeness of origin, a general homology.--_adj._ ISOG'ENOUS. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _genos_, kind.]

ISOGEOTHERMAL, [=i]-so-j[=e]-o-th[.e]r'mal, _adj._ of imaginary lines beneath the earth's surface through points having the same degree of heat. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _g[=e]_, the earth, _therm[=e]_, heat--_thermos_, hot.]

ISOGNATHOUS, [=i]-sog'na-thus, _adj._ having the molar teeth alike in both jaws. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _gnathos_, the jaw.]

ISOGON, [=i]'so-gon, _n._ a figure having equal angles. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _gonia_, an angle.]

ISOGONIC, [=i]-so-gon'ik, _adj._ exhibiting ISOG'ONISM, or the production of like generative individuals from differing stocks, as in certain hydroids. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _gonos_, offspring.]

ISOHYETAL, [=i]-so-h[=i]'e-tal, _n._ an imaginary line connecting places which have an equal annual rainfall. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _hyetos_, rain.]

ISOLATE, [=i]'so-l[=a]t, or is'o-l[=a]t, _v.t._ to place in a detached situation, like an island.--_adj._ IS'OLABLE (_chem._), capable of being separated from any other substance: capable of being obtained pure.--_n._ ISOL[=A]'TION. [It. _isolare_--_isola_--L. _insula_, an island.]

ISOMERISM, [=i]-som'er-izm, _n._ the relation between chemical compounds which are identical in their ultimate or percentage composition, but present difficulties in their chemical properties.--_adjs._ ISOMER'IC, ISOM'EROUS. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _meros_, part.]

ISOMETRIC, -AL, [=i]-so-met'rik, -al, _adj._ having equality of measure. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _metron_, measure.]

ISOMORPHISM, [=i]-so-morf'izm, _n._ a term applied by chemists to those substances which are not only similar in their crystalline form, but are also analogous in their chemical composition.--_adj._ ISOMORPH'OUS. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _morph[=e]_, form.]

ISONOMY, [=i]-son'o-mi, _n._ equal law, rights, or privileges. [Gr. _isonomia_--_isos_, equal, _nomos_, law.]

ISONYM, [=i]'so-nim, _n._ a paronym.--_adj._ ISONYM'IC.--_n._ ISON'YMY.

ISOPATHY, [=i]-sop'a-thi, _n._ the cure of diseases by the same disease or by its virus. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _pathos_, disease.]

ISOPERIMETRICAL, [=i]-so-per-i-met'rik-al, _adj._ denoting figures having equal perimeters or circumferences.--_n._ ISOPERIM'ETRY. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _perimetron_, circumference.]

ISOPOD, [=i]'so-pod, _n._ a crustacean whose legs are all alike, any one of the ISOP'ODA, an order of higher Crustaceans in the division with unstalked eyes.--_adjs._ I'SOPOD, ISOP'ODOUS. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _pous_, _podos_, a foot.]

ISOPOLITY, [=i]-so-pol'i-ti, _n._ equal rights of citizenship in different communities. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _polit[=e]s_, a citizen.]

ISOPTEROUS, [=i]-sop'te-rus, _adj._ having the wings equal. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _pteron_, a wing.]

ISORRHYTHMIC, [=i]-s[=o]-rith'mik, _adj._ in ancient prosody, equal in the number of times for thesis and arsis, as a dactyl and anapaest. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _hrythmos_, rhythm.]

ISOSCELES, [=i]-sos'e-l[=e]z, _adj._ (_geom._) having two equal sides, as a triangle. [Gr. _isoskel[=e]s_--_isos_, equal, _skelos_, a leg.]

ISOSEISMAL, [=i]-s[=o]-s[=i]s'mal, _n._ a curve or line connecting points at which an earthquake shock is felt with equal intensity.--_adjs._ ISOSEIS'MAL, ISOSEIS'MIC. [Gr. _isos_, equal, SEISMOS, a shaking.]

ISOSTATIC, [=i]-so-stat'ik, _adj._ in hydrostatic equilibrium from equality of pressure. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _statikos_, stable.]

ISOTHERAL, [=i]'so-th[=e]r-al, _adj._ having the same mean summer temperature.--_n._ I'SOTH[=E]RE, an imaginary line connecting places on the earth which have the same mean summer temperature. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _theros_, summer--_therein_, to be warm.]

ISOTHERMAL, [=i]-so-th[.e]r'mal, _adj._ having an equal degree of heat.--_n._ I'SOTHERM, an imaginary line connecting places on the earth which have the same mean annual temperature. [Fr. _isotherme_--Gr. _isos_, equal, _therm[=e]_, heat--_thermos_, hot.]

ISOTONIC, [=i]-so-ton'ik, _adj._ having equal tones. [Gr. _isos_, equal, _tonos_, tone.]

ISOTROPISM, [=i]-sot'rop-izm, _n._ physical homogeneity or amorphism: identity of elastic forces of propagation of vibration (light, heat, sound), or identity of susceptibility to magnetisation, in all directions.--_adjs._ ISOTROP'IC, ISOT'ROPOUS.

I-SPY, [=i]'-sp[=i]', _n._ a children's game of hide-and-seek, so called from the cry when one is found.

ISRAELITE, iz'ra-el-[=i]t, _n._ a descendant of Israel or Jacob: a Jew.--_adjs._ ISRAELIT'IC, ISRAEL[=I]T'ISH, pertaining to the Israelites or Jews. [Gr. _Isra[=e]lit[=e]s_--_Isra[=e]l_, Heb. _Isra[=e]l_, contender, soldier of God--_sara_, to fight, _El_, God.]

ISSUE, ish'[=u], _v.i._ to go, flow, or come out: to proceed, as from a source: to spring: to be produced: (_law_) to come to a point in fact or law: to terminate.--_v.t._ to send out: to put into circulation: to give out for use.--_n._ a going or flowing out: act of sending out: that which flows or passes out: fruit of the body, children: produce, profits: circulation, as of bank-notes: publication, as of a book: a giving out for use: ultimate result, consequence: (_law_) the point of fact in dispute which is submitted to a jury: (_med._) an ulcer produced artificially.--_adj._ ISS'UABLE, capable of issuing, admitting of an issue.--_n._ ISS'UANCE, act of giving out, promulgation.--_adjs._ ISS'UANT (_her._), issuing or coming up from another, as a charge or bearing; ISS'UELESS, without issue: childless.--_n._ ISS'UER, one who issues or emits.--AT ISSUE, in quarrel or controversy; FEIGNED ISSUE (_law_), an issue made up for trial by agreement of the parties or by an order of court, instead of by the ordinary legal procedure; GENERAL ISSUE, a simple denial of the whole charge, as 'Not guilty,' instead of a SPECIAL ISSUE, an issue taken by denying a particular part of the allegations; IMMATERIAL ISSUE, an issue which is not decisive of any part of the litigation, as opp. to a MATERIAL ISSUE, one which necessarily involves some part of the rights in controversy.--JOIN, or TAKE, ISSUE, of the two parties taking up the affirmative and the negative on the point in debate. [O. Fr. _issue_, _issir_, to go or flow out--L. _ex[=i]re_--_ex_, out, _[=i]re_, to go.]

ISTHMUS, ist'mus, _n._ a narrow neck of land connecting two larger portions.--_adj._ ISTH'MIAN, pertaining to an isthmus, esp. the Isthmus of Corinth.--The ISTHMIAN GAMES were celebrated in the ISTHMIAN SANCTUARY on the north-east shore of the isthmus. [L.,--Gr. _isthmos_, a passage, an isthmus, allied to _ithma_, a step, from root of _ienai_, to go.]

ISTLE, is'tl, _n._ a valuable fibre obtained from a tropical American plant, also from several Mexican species of _Agave_.--Also IX'TLE.

IT, it, _pron._ the thing spoken of. [M. E. and A.S. _hit_, neut. of _he_; Ice. _hit_, Dut. _het_, Goth. _ita_; akin to L. _id_, Sans. _i_, pronominal root=here. The _t_ is an old neuter suffix, as in _tha-t_, _wha-t_, and cognate with d in L. _illu-d_, _istu-d_, _quo-d_.]

ITACISM, ITACIST. See IOTA.

ITACOLUMITE, it-a-kol'[=u]m-[=i]t, _n._ a schistose quartzite, containing scales of mica, talc, and chlorite, often having a certain flexibility.

ITALIAN, i-tal'yan, Italic, i-tal'ik, _adj._ of or relating to Italy or its people.--_n._ a native of Italy: the language of Italy.--_vs.t._ ITAL'IANATE, ITAL'IANISE, to make Italian.--_vs.i._ to play the Italian: to speak Italian.--_n._ ITAL'IANISM.--ITALIAN ARCHITECTURE, the style practised by the Italian architects of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, which originated in a revival of the ancient architecture of Rome; ITALIAN WAREHOUSEMAN, a dealer in the finer kinds of groceries, as macaroni, vermicelli, dried fruits, &c.--ITALIC VERSION, or IT'ALA, a translation of the Bible into Latin, based on a still older version, called Old Latin, and made probably in the time of Augustine. [It. _Italiano_, _Italico_--L. _Italia_--Gr. _italos_, a bull.]

ITALICS, i-tal'iks, _n.pl._ a kind of types which _slope to the right_ (as in the last four words), so called because first used by an _Italian_ printer, Aldo Manuzio, about 1500, employed for emphasis and other distinctive purposes.--_n._ ITALICIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ ITAL'IC[=I]SE, to print in Italics.

ITCH, ich, _n._ an uneasy, irritating sensation in the skin: an eruptive disease in the skin, caused by a parasitic animal: a constant teasing desire.--_v.i._ to have an uneasy, irritating sensation in the skin: to have a constant, teasing desire.--_ns._ ITCH'INESS; ITCH'-MITE, a mite which burrows in the skin, causing itch or scabies.--_adj._ ITCH'Y, pertaining to or affected with itch.--ITCHING PALM, a greed for gain. [A.S. _giccan_, to itch; Scot. _youk_, _yuck_, Ger. _jucken_, to itch.]

ITEM, [=i]'tem, _adv._ likewise: also.--_n._ a separate article or

## particular.--_v.t._ to make a note of.--_v.t._ I'TEMISE, to give by items.

[L.,--_id_, that.]

ITERATE, it'[.e]r-[=a]t, _v.t._ to do again: to repeat, in modern usage replaced by the verb reiterate.--_ns._ IT'ERANCE, ITER[=A]'TION, repetition.--_adjs._ IT'ERANT, IT'ER[=A]TIVE, repeating. [L. _iter[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_iterum_, again.]

ITHYPHALLIC, ith-i-fal'ik, _adj._ pertaining to certain rites: obscene.--_n._ ITHYPHALL'US, an erect phallus.

ITINERANT, [=i]-tin'er-ant, _adj._ making journeys from place to place: travelling.--_n._ one who travels from place to place, esp. a Methodist preacher: a wanderer.--_ns._ ITIN'ERACY, ITIN'ERANCY.--_adv._ ITIN'ERANTLY.--_adj._ ITIN'ERARY, travelling: done on a journey.--_n._ a book of travels: a guide-book for travellers: a rough sketch and description of the country through which troops are to march.--_v.i._ ITIN'ER[=A]TE, to travel from place to place, esp. for the purpose of preaching or lecturing. [L. _itinerans_, _-antis_, part. of _itiner[=a]ri_-, _-atus_, to travel--L. _iter_, _itineris_, a journey--_[=i]re_, _[=i]tum_, to go.]

ITS, its, _poss. pron._ the possessive of _it._ [The old form was _his_, _its_ not being older than the end of the 16th century. _Its_ does not occur in the English Bible of 1611, or in Spenser, rarely in Shakespeare, and is not common until the time of Dryden.]

ITSELF, it-self', _pron._ the neuter reciprocal pronoun, applied to things.--BY ITSELF, alone, apart; IN AND BY ITSELF, separately considered.

ITTNERITE, it'n[.e]r-[=i]t, _n._ a dark blue or gray mineral, consisting chiefly of silica, alumina, potash, and soda.

IVORY, [=i]'vo-ri, _n._ the hard, white substance composing the tusks of the elephant and of the sea-horse.--_adj._ made of, or resembling, ivory.--_adj._ I'VORIED, made like ivory: furnished with teeth.--_ns._ I'VORY-BLACK, a black powder, originally made from burnt ivory, but now from bone; I'VORY-NUT, the nut of a species of palm, containing a substance like ivory; I'VORY-PALM, the tree which bears the ivory-nut; I'VORY-POR'CELAIN, a fine ware with an ivory-white glaze.--SHOW ONE'S IVORIES, to show the teeth. [O. Fr. _ivurie_ (Fr. _ivoire_)--L. _ebur_, _eboris_, ivory; Coptic _ebu_; Sans. _ibhas_, an elephant.]

IVY, [=i]'vi, _n._ a creeping evergreen plant on trees and walls.--_adjs._ I'VIED, I'VYED, I'VY-MAN'TLED, overgrown or mantled with ivy.--_n._ I'VY-BUSH, a plant of ivy formerly hung over tavern-doors, the ivy being sacred to Bacchus. [A.S. _ifig_; Old High Ger. _ebah_; prob. conn. with L. _apium_, parsley.]

IWIS, YWIS, i-wis', _adv._ certainly--sometimes ignorantly written _I wis_, as if 'I know.' [M. E. _ywis_, _iwis_--A.S. _gewis_, certain; Ger. _gewiss_ (adv.).]

IXION, ik-s[=i]'on, _n._ (_Gr. myth._) a king of the Lapithae, bound, for an impious attempt on Hera, hand and foot to a fiery wheel which rolled for ever in the sky.

IXOLITE, iks'o-l[=i]t, _n._ a fossil resin, found in bituminous coal, which becomes soft and sticky when heated. [Gr. _ixos_, birdlime, _lithos_, a stone.]

IXTLE. See ISTLE.

* * * * *

J the tenth letter in our alphabet, developed from I, the initial form _j_ being specialised to denote the consonantal sound, the medial _i_ being retained for the vowel-sound--not universal in English books before the middle of the 17th century. As a numeral, a variant of I, used in medical prescriptions, as _vj_, six: representing the mechanical equivalent of heat--from Joule.

JABBER, jab'[.e]r, _v.i._ to gabble or talk rapidly and indistinctly: to chatter.--_v.t._ to utter indistinctly:--_pr.p._ jabb'ering; _pa.p._ jabb'ered.--_n._ rapid indistinct speaking.--_n._ JABB'ERER.--_adv._ JABB'ERINGLY. [From root of _gabble_.]

JABBLE, jab'l, _n._ (_Scot._) an agitation on the surface of water.--_v.t._ to splash. [Cf. _jaup_.]

JABIRU, jab'i-r[=u], _n._ a kind of large stork. [Brazilian.]

JABORANDI, jab'o-ran'di, _n._ a Brazilian shrub with sialogogue and diaphoretic properties. [Brazilian.]

JABOT, zha-b[=o]', _n._ a frill of lace, &c., worn by women on the bodice.

JACAMAR, jak'a-mar, _n._ a South American bird something like a kingfisher. [Fr.,--Brazilian.]

JACANA, ja-k[=a]'na, _n._ a tropical bird, allied to the rails, and frequenting swamps. [Brazilian.]

JACARANDA, jak-a-ran'da, _n._ a South American tree with hard, heavy, brown wood. [Brazilian.]

JACCHUS, jak'us, _n._ a South American marmoset.

JACENT, j[=a]'sent, _adj._ lying at length.

JACINTH, j[=a]'sinth, _n._ (_B._) a precious stone, a red variety of zircon, now called hyacinth: a reddish-orange colour. [Contr. of _hyacinth_.]

JACK, jak, _n._ used as a familiar name or diminutive of John: a saucy or paltry fellow: a sailor: any instrument serving to supply the place of a boy or helper, as a bootjack for taking off boots, a contrivance for turning a spit (smoke-jack, roasting-jack), a screw for raising heavy weights, a figure which strikes the bell in clocks: the male of some animals: a young pike: a support to saw wood on: a miner's wedge: a flag displayed from the bowsprit of a ship: a leather pitcher or bottle: a coat of mail: (_coll._) a knave in cards: the small white ball that forms the aim in bowls.--_ns._ JACK'-A-DAN'DY, a dandy or fop, esp. if diminutive; JACK'-A-LAN'TERN, the _ignis fatuus_ or Will-o'-the-Wisp; JACK'-A-LENT' (_Shak._), a boy (for JACK OF LENT, a kind of puppet formerly thrown at in sport at Lent); JACK'-BLOCK, a block of pulleys used for raising and lowering topgallant-masts.--_n.pl._ JACK'BOOTS, large boots reaching above the knee, to protect the leg, formerly worn by cavalry, and covered with plates of iron.--_ns._ JACK'-CROSS'-TREE, the cross-tree at the head of a topgallant-mast; JACK'-FLAG, a flag which is hoisted at the spritsail topmast-head; JACK'-FOOL, an absolute ass; JACK'-IN-OFF'ICE, a conceited and impertinent official; JACK'-IN-THE-BOX', a box with a figure in it that springs up when the lid is lifted; JACK'-IN-THE-GREEN', a May-day chimney-sweep almost covered up with green shrubs; JACK'-KNIFE, a large clasp-knife; JACK'-MAN, a soldier armed with a jack or coat of mail: a retainer; JACK'-NAS'TY, a sneak, a sloven; JACK'-OF-ALL'-TRADES, one who can turn his hand to anything; JACK'-PLANE, a large, strong plane used by joiners; JACK'-PUDD'ING, a merry-andrew, buffoon; JACK'-RABB'IT, one of several species of prairie-hares, with very long ears and legs; JACK'-RAFT'ER, a rafter, shorter than the rest, used in hip-roofs; JACK'-SAUCE (_Shak._), a saucy fellow; JACK'-SCREW, a screw for raising heavy weights; JACK'-SLAVE (_Shak._), a low servant, a vulgar fellow; JACK'-SMITH, a smith who makes jacks for the kitchen; JACK'-SNIPE, a small species of snipe; JACK'-STAFF, the staff on which the jack is hoisted.--_n.pl._ JACK'-STAYS, ropes or strips of wood or iron stretched along the yards of a ship to bind the sails to.--_ns._ JACK'-STRAW, a straw effigy, a low servile fellow; JACK'-TAR, a sailor; JACK'-TOWEL, a long endless towel passing over a roller.--JACK FROST, frost personified as a mischievous fellow; JACK KETCH, a public hangman--from one so named under James II.; JACK SPRAT, a diminutive fellow.--CHEAP JACK (see CHEAP); EVERY MAN JACK, one and all; YELLOW JACK (_slang_), yellow fever. [Fr. _Jacques_, the most common name in France, hence used as a substitute for _John_, the most common name in England; but it is really=_James_ or _Jacob_--L. _Jacobus_.]