Part 10

ANEMOMETER, a-ne-mom'et-[.e]r, _n._ an instrument for measuring the velocity or pressure of the wind.--_adj._ ANEMOMET'RIC.--_n._ ANEMOM'ETRY, the measurement of the force or velocity of the wind. [Gr. _anemos_, wind, and METER.]

ANEMONE, a-nem'o-ne, _n._ a plant of the crowfoot family.--_n._ SEA'-ANEM'ONE, a popular name of Actinia and some allied genera of

## Actinoza. [Gr. _anem[=o]ne_, said to be from _anemos_, wind, because some

of the species love exposed and wind-swept situations.]

AN-END, an-end', _prep. phrase_, to the end, continuously: upright.--MOST AN-END, almost always.

ANENT, a-nent', _prep._ and _adv._ in a line with: against: towards: in regard to, concerning, about. [Mainly prov. Eng. and Scot., M.E. _anent_--A.S. _on-_ _efen_, 'on even with' (dat.).]

ANEROID, an'e-roid, _adj._ denoting a barometer by which the pressure of the air is measured without the use of quicksilver or other fluid.--_n._ a contr. of 'aneroid barometer.' [Fr.--Gr. _a_, neg., _n[=e]ros_, wet.]

ANEURISM, an'[=u]r-izm, _n._ a soft tumour arising from the dilatation of an artery acting on a part weakened by disease or injury: (_fig._) any abnormal enlargement--_adjs._ AN'EURISMAL, AN'EURISMATIC. [Gr. _aneurysma_--_ana_, up, _eurys_, wide.]

ANEW, a-n[=u]', _adv._ afresh: again. [OF and NEW.]

ANFRACTUOUS, an-fract-[=u]'us, _adj._ winding, involved, circuitous.--_n._ ANFRACTUOS'ITY. [L. _anfractu[:o]sus_, _anfract-us_.]

ANGEL, [=a]n'jel, _n._ a divine messenger: a ministering spirit: an attendant or guardian spirit: a person possessing the qualities attributed to such--gentleness, purity, &c.: one supposed to have a special commission, as the head of the Church in Rev. ii. and iii., or the _angel_ of the Catholic and Apostolic Church, who corresponds in a limited sense to the bishop of other Christian denominations: (_poet._) a messenger generally: in art, the conventional figure attributed to the angel--a figure of great beauty, youthful, clothed in flowing garments, with wings: an old Eng. coin = 10s., bearing the figure of an angel.--_n._ AN'GEL-FISH, a voracious fish, allied to the shark, from six to eight feet long, with large, wing-like pectoral fins.--_adjs._ ANGEL'IC (an-), ANGEL'ICAL.--_adv._ ANGEL'ICALLY.--_ns._ ANGELOL'ATRY ([=a]n-), angel-worship; ANGELOL'OGY, the doctrine regarding angels; ANGELOPH'ANY, the manifestation of an angel to man. [Gr. _angelos_, a messenger.]

ANGELICA, an-jel'i-ka, _n._ a genus of umbelliferous plants, the roots and seeds of some species of which are used in making gin, bitters, &c.--the tender stalks and midribs of the leaves are candied and used as a confection: confections.--_n._ AN'GEL-WAT'ER, a perfumed liquid, at first made largely from angelica, then from ambergris, rose-water, orange-flower water, &c. [From their supposed magical properties.]

ANGELUS, an'je-lus, _n._ the 'Hail, Mary,' or prayer to the Virgin, containing the angelic salutation: the bell rung in Roman Catholic countries at morning, noon, and sunset, to invite the faithful to recite the Angelic Salutation. [From its first words, _'Angelus_ domini nuntiavit Mariae.']

ANGER, ang'ger, _n._ a strong emotion excited by a real or fancied injury, and involving a desire for retaliation.--_v.t._ to make angry: to irritate.--_adj._ AN'GERLESS.--_advs._ AN'GERLY, a 17th-cent. form (still used in an archaic sense) for ANGRILY; ANG'RILY.--_n._ ANG'RINESS.--_adj._ ANG'RY, excited with anger: inflamed: lowering. [Ice. _angr_; allied to ANGUISH.]

ANGEVIN, an'je-vin, _adj._ pertaining to Anjou: relating to the Plantagenet house that reigned in England from 1154 to 1485, its first king, Henry II., being son of Geoffrey V., Count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of England. By some the term Angevin is only allowed until the loss of Anjou under John (1204); by others, till the deposition of Richard II. in 1399.

ANGINA, an-j[=i]'na, _n._ any inflammatory affection of the throat, as quinsy, croup, &c.: usually in medical phraseology with adjective, as _Angina rheumatica_ = rheumatic sore throat.--ANGINA PECTORIS, a disease of the heart marked by paroxysms of intense pain, beginning at the breastbone and radiating thence mainly towards the left shoulder and arm. [L. _ang[)i]na_. See ANGUISH.]

ANGIOCARPOUS, an-ji-[=o]-kar'pus, _adj._ having the fruit in an envelope distinct from the calyx. [Gr. _angeion_, a case, _karpos_, fruit.]

ANGIOSPERM, an'ji-o-sperm, _n._ a plant whose ovules or future seeds are enclosed in a closed ovary, and fertilised through the medium of a stigma, while in _Gymnosperms_ the ovule is naked, and the pollen is applied directly to its surface.--_adjs._ ANGIOSPERM'OUS, ANGIOSPERM'AL, ANGIOSPER'MATOUS.

[Illustration]

ANGLE, ang'gl, _n._ a corner: the point where two lines meet: (_geom._) the inclination of two straight lines which meet, but are not in the same straight line: any outlying corner or nook.--_adj._ ANG'ULAR, having an angle or corner: (_fig._) stiff in manner: the opposite of easy or graceful: bony and lean in figure.--_n._ ANGULAR'ITY.--_adj._ ANG'ULATED, formed with angles. [Fr.--L. _angulus_; cog. with Gr. _angkylos_; both from root _ank_, to bend, seen also in ANCHOR, ANKLE.]

ANGLE, ang'gl, _n._ a hook or bend: a fishing-rod with line and hook.--_v.i._ to fish with an angle.--_v.t._ to entice: to try to gain by some artifice.--_ns._ ANG'LER, one who fishes with an angle: a voracious fish about three feet long, not uncommon on British shores, and called also the _Fishing-frog_, the _Sea-devil_, and by the Scotch, _Wide-gab_; ANG'LING, the art or practice of fishing with a rod and line. [A.S. _angel_, a hook, allied to ANCHOR.]

ANGLES, ang'glz, _n.pl._ the Low German stock that settled in Northumbria, Mercia, and East Anglia.

ANGLICAN, ang'glik-an, _adj._ English: belonging to, or characteristic of, the Church of England.--_n._ ANG'LICANISM, attachment to English institutions, esp. the English Church: the principles of the English Church.--_v.t._ ANG'LICISE, to express in English idiom.--_n._ ANG'LICISM, an English idiom or peculiarity of language.--_v.t._ ANG'LIFY, to make English.

ANGLO-, ang'glo, _pfx._ English--used in composition, as _Anglo_-Saxon, &c.--_ns._ ANG'LO-CATH'OLIC, one who calls himself a Catholic of the Anglican pattern, refusing the name of 'Protestant;' used adjectively, as in 'Anglo-Catholic Library;' ANG'LO-CATHO'LICISM.--_adj._ and _n._ ANG'LO-SAX'ON, applied to the earliest form of the English language--the term Old English is now preferred. Properly it should have referred only to the Saxons of Wessex, Essex, Middlesex, and Sussex, as distinct from the Angles.--_ns._ ANG'LO-SAX'ONDOM; ANGLO-SAX'ONISM.--ANGLO-ISRAELITE THEORY, an opinion held by not a few well-meaning persons, innocent of scientific ethnology, that the English are descended from the Israelites who were carried into captivity by the Assyrians under Sargon in 721 B.C.

ANGLOMANIA, ang'glo-m[=a]n'i-a, _n._ a mania for what is English: an indiscriminate admiration of English institutions.--_ns._ ANG'LOMAN (_rare_), ANG'LOM[=A]N'IAC.

ANGLOPHOBIA, ang-gl[=o]-f[=o]'bi-a, _n._ fear and dislike of England.--_ns._ AN'GLOPHOBE, ANGLOPH[=O]'BIST.--_adj._ ANGLOPH[=O]'BIC. [Fr. _Anglophobe_--L. _Anglo-_, English, Gr. _phobein_, to fear.]

ANGORA, ang-g[=o]'ra, _n._ cloth made from the wool of the Angora goat.--ANGORA WOOL, the long white silky hair of the Angora goat, highly valued in manufactures. [_Angora_, a city of Asia Minor, famous for its breed of goats.]

ANGOSTURA, ang-gos-t[=oo]'ra, _n._ a town of Venezuela, on the Orinoco (renamed Ciudad Bolivar in 1819), giving its name to an aromatic bitter bark, valuable as a febrifuge and tonic.--ANGOSTURA BITTERS is an essence containing angostura, canella, cinchona, lemon peel, and other aromatics, but much of what is sold under that name contains no angostura, but consists mainly of cheretta or other simple tonic.

ANGRY. See ANGER.

ANGUINE, ang'gw[=i]n, _adj._ of or like a snake. [L. _anguis_, _anguin-is_, a snake.]

ANGUISH, ang'gwish, _n._ excessive pain of body or mind: agony.--_n._ ANG'UISHMENT. [O. Fr. _angoisse_--L. _angustia_, a strait, straitness--_ang-u-[)e]re_, to press tightly: to strangle. See ANGER.]

ANHARMONIC, an-har-mon'ik, _adj._ not harmonic: in geometry, a term applied to the section of a line by four points, A, B, C, D, when their mutual distances are such that AB divided by CB is unequal to AD divided by CD; the ratio between these two quotients being called the _anharmonic_ ratio of AC.

ANHELATION, an-he-l[=a]'shun, _n._ difficult respiration: shortness of breath. [L. _anhelatio_--_anhel[=a]re_, from _an_, for _amb_, around, and _hal-[=a]re_, to breathe.]

ANHUNGERED. See AHUNGERED.

ANHYDROUS, an-h[=i]'drus, _adj._ a term applied to a chemical substance free from water.--_n.pl._ ANHY'DRIDES, a term now commonly given to the compounds formerly known as anhydrous acids--in some cases the result of the dehydration of acids, and in all cases representing in their composition the acid _minus_ water.--_n._ ANHY'DRITE, a mineral consisting of anhydrous sulphate of lime, with some slight addition of sea-salt, appearing in several varieties--granular, fibrous, radiated and translucent, compact and of various shades--white, blue, gray, red. [Gr. _a_, _an_, neg., _hyd[=o]r_, water.]

ANIGHT, a-n[=i]t', _adv._ (_Shak._) of nights, at night. [OF and NIGHT.]

ANIL, an'il, _n._ a plant from whose leaves and stalks indigo is made. [Sp. _anil_; Ar. _an-nil_ for _al-nil_, the indigo plant.]

ANILE, an'[=i]l, _adj._ old womanish: imbecile.--_n._ ANIL'ITY, imbecile dotage. [L. _anus_, an old woman.]

ANILINE, an'il-in, _n._ a product of coal-tar extensively used in dyeing and other industrial arts. [Port. _anil_, indigo, from which it was first obtained.]

ANIMADVERT, an-im-ad-v[.e]rt', _v.i._ to criticise or censure.--_n._ ANIMADVER'SION, criticism, censure, or reproof. [L., to turn the mind to--_animus_, the mind, _ad_, to, and _vert[)e]re_, to turn.]

ANIMAL, an'im-al, _n._ an organised being, having life, sensation, and voluntary motion--it is distinguished from a plant, which is organised and has life, but not sensation or voluntary motion: the name sometimes implies the absence of the higher faculties peculiar to man.--_adj._ of or belonging to animals: sensual.--_n._ ANIMALIS[=A]'TION, the act of converting into animal substance, or of endowing with animal attributes: brutalisation.--_v.t._ AN'IMALISE, to endow with animal life: to convert into animal matter:--_pr.p._ an'imal[=i]sing; _pa.p._ an'imal[=i]sed.--_n._ AN'IMALISM, the state of being actuated by animal appetites only: the exercise or enjoyment of animal life, as distinct from intellectual: brutishness: sensuality: (_rare_) a mere animal being.--_adv._ AN'IMALLY, physically merely.--ANIMAL SPIRITS, nervous force: exuberance of health and life: cheerful buoyancy of temper: (_Milton_) the spirit or principle of volition and sensation. [L.--_anima_, air, life, Gr. _anemos_, wind--_a[=o]_, _a[=e]mi_, Sans. _an_, to breathe, to blow.]

ANIMALCULE, an-im-al'k[=u]l, _n._ a small animal, esp. one that cannot be seen by the naked eye:--_pl._ ANIMAL'CULES, ANIMAL'CULA.--_adj._ ANIMAL'CULAR. [L. _animalculum_, dim. of ANIMAL.]

ANIMATE, an'im-[=a]t, _v.t._ to give life to: to enliven or inspirit: to actuate.--_adj._ living: possessing animal life.--_adj._ AN'IMATED, lively: full of spirit: endowed with life.--_adv._ ANIMAT'EDLY.--_p.adj._ AN'IMATING.--_adv._ ANIMAT'INGLY.--_ns._ ANIM[=A]'TION, liveliness: vigour; AN'IMATOR, he who, or that which, animates. [See ANIMAL.]

ANIME, an'im, _n._ the resin of the West Indian locust-tree--used also for other gums and resins. [Said to be Fr. _anim['e]_, living, from the number of insects in it; but perhaps a native name.]

ANIMISM, an'im-izm, _n._ a theory which regards the belief in separate spiritual existences as the germ of religious ideas. It is adopted by E. B. Tylor in his _Primitive Culture_ as the minimum definition of religion, being considered to have arisen simply from the evidence of the senses, interpreted by the crude and child-like science of the savage: the theory of Stahl, which regarded the vital principle and the soul as identical.--_n._ AN'IMIST.--_adj._ AN'IMISTIC. [L. _anima_, the soul.]

ANIMOSITY, an-im-os'i-ti, _n._ bitter hatred: enmity. [L. _animositas_, fullness of spirit.]

ANIMUS, an'im-us, _n._ intention: actuating spirit: prejudice against. [L. _animus_, spirit, soul, as distinguished from _anima_, the mere life.]

ANISE, an'is, _n._ an umbelliferous plant, the aromatic seeds of which are used in making cordials. The anise of Matt. xxiii. 23 (Gr. _an[=e]thon_) is properly the dill.--_ns._ AN'ISEED; ANISETTE', a cordial or liqueur prepared from anise seed. [Gr. _anison_.]

ANKER, angk'[.e]r, _n._ a liquid measure used in Northern Europe, formerly in England, varying considerably--that of Rotterdam having a capacity of 10 old wine gallons, or 8-1/3 imperial gallons. [Dut.]

ANKLE, ANCLE, angk'l, _n._ the joint connecting the foot and leg.--_adj._ ANK'LED, having, or pertaining to ankles.--_n._ ANK'LET, an ornament for the ankle. [A.S. _ancl['e]ow_, cog. with Ger. _enkel_, and conn. with ANGLE.]

ANKYLOSIS. See ANCHYLOSIS.

ANLACE, ANELACE, an'l[=a]s, _n._ a short two-edged knife or dagger, tapering to a point, formerly worn at the girdle. [Low L. _anelacius_; perh. the old Welsh _anglas_.]

ANNA, an'a, _n._ an Indian coin worth nominally 1-1/2d sterling, but always the sixteenth part of a rupee. [Hind. _[=a]n[=a]_.]

ANNALS, an'alz, _n.pl._ records of events under the years in which they happened: any historical work that follows the order of time in its narrations, separating them off into single years, as the _Annals_ of Tacitus: historical records generally: year-books.--_v.t._ ANN'ALISE, to write annals: to record.--_n._ ANN'ALIST, a writer of annals. [L. _annales_--_annus_, a year.]

ANNAT, an'at, ANNATE, an'[=a]t, _n._ the first-fruits, or one year's income, or a specified portion of such, paid to the Pope by a bishop, abbot, or other ecclesiastic, on his appointment to a new see or benefice. It was abolished in England in 1534, and next year the right was annexed to the crown, the fund thus arising being administered for the benefit of the Church of England, afterwards transferred to the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty, next to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners: (_Scots law_) the half-year's stipend payable for the vacant half-year after the death of a parish minister, to which his family or nearest of kin have right under an act of 1672. [Low L. _annata_--L. _annus_, a year.]

ANNATTO. See ANATTA.

ANNEAL, an-[=e]l', _v.t._ to temper glass or metals by subjecting them to great heat and gradual cooling: to heat in order to fix colours on, as glass.--_n._ ANNEAL'ING. [Pfx. _an-_, and A.S. _aelan_, to burn.]

ANNELIDA, an-el'i-da, _n._ a class of animals comprising the red-blooded worms, having a long body composed of numerous rings.--_n._ ANN'ELID. [L. _annellus_, dim. of _annulus_, a ring.]

ANNEX, an-neks', _v.t._ to add to the end: to join or attach: to take permanent possession of additional territory: to affix: append (with _to_).--_n._ something added: a supplementary building--often with the Fr. spelling _annexe_.--_n._ ANNEX[=A]'TION, act of annexing.--_n._ and _adj._ ANNEX[=A]'TIONIST.--_ns._ ANNEX'ION, ANNEX'MENT (_Shak._), addition: the thing annexed. [Fr. _annexer_--L. _annex-um_, _annect[)e]re_: _ad_, to, _nect-[)e]re_, to tie.]

ANNIHILATE, an-n[=i]'hil-[=a]t, _v.t._ to reduce to nothing: to put out of existence: to render null and void, to abrogate.--_ns._ ANNIHIL[=A]'TION, state of being reduced to nothing: act of destroying: (_theol._) the destruction of soul as well as body; ANNIHIL[=A]'TIONISM, the belief that the soul dies with the body.--_adj._ ANNIHIL[=A]'TIVE.--_n._ ANNIHIL[=A]'TOR, one who annihilates. [L. _annihilatus_, _annihil[=a]re_; _ad_, to, _nihil_, nothing.]

ANNIVERSARY, an-ni-v[.e]rs'ar-i, _adj._ returning or happening every year: annual.--_n._ the day of the year on which an event happened or is celebrated: the celebration proper to such, esp. a mass or religious service. [L. _anniversarius_; _annus_, a year, and _vert[)e]re_, _versum_, to turn.]

ANNOTATE, an'not-[=a]t, _v.t._ to make notes upon.--_ns._ AN'NOTATION, a note of explanation: comment; AN'NOTATOR, a writer of notes, a commentator. [L. _annot[=a]re_--_ad_, to, _not[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to mark.]

ANNOUNCE, an-nowns', _v.t._ to declare: to give public notice of: to make known.--_n._ ANNOUNCE'MENT. [O. Fr. _anoncer_--L. _annunti[=a]re_--_ad_, to, _nunti_, _-[=a]re_, to deliver news.]

ANNOY, an-noi', _v.t._ to trouble: to vex: to tease: to harm, esp. in military sense:--_pr.p._ annoy'ing; _pa.p._ annoyed'.--_ns._ ANNOY (now poetic only), ANNOY'ANCE, that which annoys.--_adv._ ANNOY'INGLY. [O. Fr. _anoier_ (It. _annoiare_); noun, _anoi_ (mod. _ennui_), acc. to Diez from L. phrase, _in odio_, as in 'est mihi _in odio_' = 'it is to me hateful.']

ANNUAL, an'n[=u]-al, _adj._ yearly: coming every year: requiring to be renewed every year: performed in a year.--_n._ a plant that lives out one year: a book published yearly, esp. applied to the sumptuous books, usually illustrated with good engravings, much in demand in the first half of the 19th century for Christmas, New Year, and birthday presents.--_adv._ AN'NUALLY. [Through Fr. from L. _annualis_--_annus_, a year.]

ANNUITY, an-n[=u]'i-ti, _n._ a payment generally (but not necessarily) of uniform amount falling due in each year during a given term, such as a period of years or the life of an individual, the capital sum not being returnable.--_n._ ANN[=U]'ITANT, one who receives an annuity.--CERTAIN ANNUITY, one for a fixed term of years, subject to no contingency whatever; CONTINGENT ANNUITY, one that depends also on the continuance of some status, as the life of a person whose duration is calculated by the theory of probabilities. An annuity is usually held payable to the end of each year survived; but when, in addition, a proportion of the year's annuity is payable up to the day of death, the annuity is said to be COMPLETE--the ordinary annuity being sometimes, for distinction, referred to as a CURTATE ANNUITY. When the first payment is due in advance, the annuity is known as an ANNUITY DUE; when the first payment is not to be made until the expiry of a certain number of years, it is called a DEFERRED or REVERSIONARY ANNUITY.

ANNUL, an-nul', _v.t._ to make null, to reduce to nothing: to abolish:--_pr.p._ annul'ling; _pa.p._ annulled'.--_n._ ANNUL'MENT, the act of annulling. [Fr. _annuler_--Low L. _annull[=a]-re_, to make into nothing--L. _ad-_, to, _nullus_, none.]

ANNULAR, an'n[=u]l-ar, _adj._ ring-shaped.--_adjs._ AN'NULATE, AN'NULATED, formed or divided into rings.--_ns._ ANNUL[=A]'TION, a ring or belt: a circular formation; AN'NULET, a little ring: (_archit._) a small flat fillet, encircling a column, &c., used either by itself or in connection with other mouldings: (_her._) a little circle borne as a charge on coats of arms.--_adj._ AN'NULOSE, having rings: composed of rings. [L. _annularis_; _annulus_ or _anulus_, a ring--dim. of _anus_, a rounding or ring.]

ANNUNCIATION, an-nun-si-[=a]'shun, _n._ the act of announcing.--_v.t._ ANNUN'CIATE, to proclaim.--_n._ ANNUNCI[=A]'TION-DAY, the anniversary of the Angel's salutation to the Virgin Mary, the 25th of March, Lady-day. [See ANNOUNCE.]

ANODE, an'[=o]d, _n._ a term in electrolysis introduced by Faraday to designate the positive pole, or that surface by which the galvanic current enters the body undergoing decomposition (_electrolyte_)--as opp. to _Cathode_, the negative pole. [Gr. _ana_, up, _hodos_, way.]

ANODYNE, an'o-d[=i]n, _n._ a medicine that allays pain, whether acting on the nerves and nerve terminations (aconite, belladonna, cocaine), on the brain (chloral, Indian hemp), or on all these parts (opium, bromide of potassium). [Gr.; _a_, _an_, neg., and _odyn[=e]_, pain.]

ANOINT, an-oint', _v.t._ to smear with ointment or oil: to consecrate with oil.--_n._ ANOINT'MENT, the act of anointing or state of being anointed.--THE ANOINTED, the Messiah. [= _an_+_oint_. See OINTMENT.]

ANOMALY, an-om'al-i, _n._ irregularity: deviation from rule: (_astron._) the angle measured at the sun between a planet in any point of its orbit and the last perihelion.--_adjs._ ANOMALIST'IC, -AL, anomalous: departing from established rules: irregular.--_n._ ANOM'ALITE, an irregular mineral.--_adj._ ANOM'ALOUS, irregular: deviating from rule.--ANOMALISTIC YEAR, the interval that elapses between two successive passages of the earth through its perihelion, or point of nearest approach to the sun = 365 days 6 hr. 13 min. 49 sec., being 4 min. 39 sec. longer than the sidereal year. [Gr. _an[=o]malos_--_a_, _an_, neg., and _homalos_, even--_homos_, same.]

ANON, an-on', _adv._ in one (instant): immediately.

ANONYMOUS, an-on'im-us, _adj._ wanting a name: not having the name of the author, as distinguished from _pseudonymous_, when another than his real name has been given.--_ns._ AN'ONYM, a person whose name is not given: a pseudonym; ANONYM'ITY, the quality or state of being anonymous.--_adv._ ANON'YMOUSLY. [Gr. _an[=o]nymos_--_a_, _an_, neg., and _onoma_, name.]

ANOTHER, an-u_th_'[.e]r, _adj._ not the same: a different or distinct (thing or person): one more: a second: one more of the same kind: any other.--ONE ANOTHER, now used as a compound reciprocal pronoun (of two or more); ONE WITH ANOTHER, taken all together, taken on the average.--YOU'RE ANOTHER, the vulgar _Tu quoque_. [Orig. _an other_.]

ANSERINE, an's[.e]r-[=i]n, or -in, _adj._ relating to the goose or goose-tribe: stupid, silly. [L. _anserinus_, _anser_.]

ANSWER, an's[.e]r, _v.t._ to reply to: to satisfy or solve: to repay: to suit: to suffer the consequences of.--_v.i._ to reply: to reply favourably: to act in conformity with, as 'to answer the helm:' to be accountable for (with _for_): to correspond: to be advantageous to: to turn out well.--_n._ a reply: a solution.--_adj._ AN'SWERABLE, able to be answered: accountable: suitable: equivalent: proportional (with _to_).--_adv._ AN'SWERABLY.--_n._ AN'SWERER.--_adv._ AN'SWERLESS. [A.S. _andswar-ian_--_andswaru_; _and-_, against, _swerian_, to swear.]

ANT, ant, _n._ a small insect: the emmet or pismire.--_ns._ ANT'-BEAR, one of the largest species of the ant-eaters, found in the swampy regions in Central and Southern America, also called the _Great Ant-eater_; ANT'-COW (see APHIDES); ANT'-EAT'ER, a genus of edentate South American quadrupeds, feeding on insects, and chiefly on ants, which they procure by means of their very long cylindrical tongue covered with a viscid saliva; ANT'-HILL, the hillock raised by ants to form their nest: also figuratively applied, as to the earth; ANT'-THRUSH, a general name applied to birds of tropical and sub-tropical countries which feed to a large extent on ants. [A contr. of EMMET--A.S. _aemete_.]

AN'T, a contr. of _aren't_, _are not_; colloquial for _am not_, _is not_, _has not_.--AN'T = _on't_, _on it_ (_Shak._).

ANTACID, ant-as'id, _n._ a medicine which counteracts acidity.--_adj._ possessing such quality. [Gr. _anti_, against, and ACID.]

ANTAGONISM, ant-ag'on-izm, _n._ a contending or struggling against: opposition (with _to_, and also _with_).--_n._ ANTAGONIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ ANTAG'ONISE, to struggle violently against: to counteract the action of an opposite muscle.--_p.adj._ ANTAG'ONISED, made antagonistic, opposed beyond hope of reconciliation.--_n._ ANTAG'ONIST, one who contends or struggles with another: an opponent.--_adjs._ ANTAG'ONIST, ANTAGONIST'IC, contending against: opposed to.--_adv._ ANTAGONIS'TICALLY. [Gr. _anti_, against--_ag[=o]n_, contest. See AGONY.]

ANTALKALI, ant-al'ka-li, _n._ anything that counteracts the action of an alkali. [_Ant-_ and ALKALI.]

ANTARCTIC, ant-[:a]rkt'ik, _adj._ opposite the Arctic: relating to the south pole or to south polar regions.--_adj._ ANTARCT'ICAL.--_adv._ ANTARCT'ICALLY (_obs._). [Gr. _anti_, opposite, and ARCTIC.]

ANTARTHRITIC, ant-ar-thrit'ik, _adj._ counteracting gout. [Gr. _anti_, against, and ARTHRITIC.]

ANTASTHMATIC, ant-ast-mat'ik, _adj._ counteracting asthma. [Gr. _anti_, against, and ASTHMATIC.]

ANTECEDENT, an-te-s[=e]d'ent, _adj._ going before in time: prior.--_n._ that which precedes in time: (_gram._) the noun or pronoun to which a relative pronoun refers: (_logic_) a statement or proposition from which another is logically deduced: (_math._) the antecedent of a ratio is the first of two terms which compose the ratio--the first and third in a series of four proportionals: (_pl._) previous principles, conduct, history, &c.--_n._ ANTECED'ENCE.--_adv._ ANTECED'ENTLY. [L. _antecedent-em_; _ante_, before, _ced[)e]re_, _cessum_, to go.]

ANTECESSOR, an-te-ses'sor, _n._ (_rare_) a predecessor.

ANTECHAMBER, an'te-ch[=a]m-b[.e]r, _n._ a chamber or room leading to the chief apartment. [Fr. _anti-chambre_, _ante-chambre_.]

ANTECHAPEL, an'te-cha-pl, _n._ the outer part of the west end of a college chapel. [L. _ante_, before, and CHAPEL.]

ANTEDATE, an'te-d[=a]t, _n._ a date assigned which is earlier than the actual date.--_v.t._ to date before the true time: to assign an event to an earlier date: to bring about at an earlier date: to be of previous date: to accelerate: to anticipate. [L. _ante_, before, and DATE.]

ANTEDILUVIAN, -AL, an-te-di-l[=u]'vi-an, -al, _adj._ existing or happening before the Deluge or Flood: resembling the state of things before the Flood: very old-fashioned, primitive.--_adv._ ANTEDIL[=U]'VIALLY.--_n._ ANTEDIL[=U]'VIAN, one who lived before the Flood: one who lives to be very old. [See DELUGE.]

ANTEFIX, an'te-fiks, _n._ (usually in _pl._) term in ancient architecture, used of the ornamental tiles placed on the eaves of buildings to conceal the ends of the common or roofing tiles:--_pl._ AN'TEFIXES, AN'TEFIXA.--_adj._ AN'TEFIXAL. [L. _ante_, before, in front, and _fixum_, _fig[)e]re_, to fix.]

ANTELOPE, an'te-l[=o]p, _n._ a quadruped belonging to the hollow-horned section of the order of Ruminants, differing from the goat in its beardless chin--a gregarious, peaceable animal, remarkable for grace, agility, and swiftness. [O. Fr. _antelop_--L. _antalopus_--Gr. _antholops_, of which the origin is uncertain, perhaps from Gr. _anthein_, to blossom, shine, and _[=o]ps_, eye, and thus equivalent to 'bright-eyes.']

ANTELUCAN, an-te-l[=oo]'kan, _adj._ before dawn or daylight. [L. _antelucanus_--_ante_, before, _lux_, _luc-is_, light.]

ANTEMERIDIAN, an-te-me-ri'di-an, _adj._ before midday or noon. [See MERIDIAN.]

ANTEMUNDANE, an-te-mun'd[=a]n, _adj._ before the existence or creation of the world. [L. _ante_, before, and MUNDANE.]

ANTENATAL, an-te-n[=a]'tal, _adj._ existing before birth.--_n._ AN'TE-NA'TI, those born before a certain time, as opposed to _Post'-na'ti_, those born after it--of Scotsmen born before 1603, and Americans before the Declaration of Independence (1776). [L. _ante_, before, and NATAL.]

ANTE-NICENE, an'te-n[=i]'s[=e]n, _adj._ before the first general council of the Christian Church held at Nice or Nicaea in Bithynia, 325 A.D.

ANTENNAE, an-ten'[=e], _n.pl._ the feelers or horns of insects, crustaceans, and myriopods.--_adjs._ ANTENN'AL, ANTENN'ARY, ANTENN'IFORM, ANTENNIF'EROUS. [L. _antenna_, a sailyard, the L. translation of Aristotle's _keraiai_, horns of insects, a word also used of the projecting ends of sailyards.]

ANTENUPTIAL, an-te-nupsh'al, _adj._ before nuptials or marriage. [L. _ante_, before, and NUPTIAL.]

ANTEORBITAL, an-te-or'bit-al, _adj._ situated in front of the eyes. [L. _ante_, before, and ORBIT, eye-socket.]

ANTEPASCHAL, an-te-pas'kal, _adj._ relating to the time before Easter. [L. _ante_, before, and PASCHAL.]

ANTEPAST, an'te-past, _n._ (_obs._) something to whet the appetite: a foretaste. [L. _ante_, before, and _pastum_, _pasc[)e]re_, to feed.]