Part 43

CEIL, CIEL, s[=e]l, _v.t._ to overlay the inner roof of a room, generally to plaster it: to wainscot.--_n._ CEIL'ING, the inner roof of a room. [Prob. conn. with Fr. _ciel_, It. _cielo_, Low L. _caelum_, a canopy.]

CELADON, sel'a-don, _n._ a pale-green colour. [Fr.]

CELANDINE, sel'an-d[=i]n, _n._ swallow-wort, the popular name (and corruption) of _Chelidonium majus_, a perennial papaveraceous (poppy) herb, so named because it was supposed to flower when the swallows appeared, and to perish when they departed. [O. Fr. _celidoine_--Gr. _chelidonion_--_chelid[=o]n_, a swallow.]

CELEBRATE, sel'e-br[=a]t, _v.t._ to make famous: to distinguish by solemn ceremonies, as a festival or an event: to perform with proper rites and ceremonies, as mass, the eucharist, marriage, &c.: to publish the praises of.--_n._ CEL'EBRANT, one who celebrates: the principal officiant at the holy communion.--_adj._ CEL'EBRATED, distinguished: famous.--_ns._ CELEBR[=A]'TION, act of celebrating any solemn ceremony, as the eucharist (_high_, if with music, &c.; _low_, if without): an extolling; CELEBR[=A]T'OR, one who celebrates; CELEB'RITY, the condition of being celebrated: fame: notoriety: a person of distinction or fame. [L. _celebr[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_celeber_, frequented.]

CELERITY, sel-er'it-i, _n._ quickness: rapidity of motion. [Fr.,--L. _celeritas_--_celer_, quick.]

CELERY, sel'er-i, _n._ a kitchen vegetable cultivated for its long blanched succulent stalks. [Fr. _c['e]leri_--L. and Gr. _sel[=i]non_, parsley.]

CELESTIAL, sel-est'yal, _adj._ heavenly: dwelling in heaven: in the visible heavens.--_n._ an inhabitant of heaven.--_adv._ CELEST'IALLY.--THE CELESTIAL EMPIRE, a name for China. [Through Fr. from L. _coelestis_--_coelum_, heaven.]

CELESTINE, sel'es-t[=i]n, or sel-es'tin, _n._ one of an order of monks following the rule of St Benedict, wearing a white garment with black hood and scapulary, founded about 1254 by Peter da Murrone, who became Pope _Celestine_ V. in 1294, and resigned after five years--'the great refusal' of Dante.

CELESTINE, sel'es-tin, _n._ a mineral, native sulphate of strontia.--Also CEL'ESTITE. [From its sky-blue colour.]

CELIAC, s[=e]'li-ak, _adj._ Same as COELIAC.

CELIBACY, sel'i-bas-i, or se-lib'as-i, _n._ a single life: an unmarried state.--_adjs._ CELIBAT[=A]'RIAN, favouring celibacy; CEL'IBATE, living single.--_n._ one unmarried, or not allowed to marry. [L. _coelebs_, single.]

CELL, sel, _n._ a small room in a prison, monastery, &c.: a cave: a small shut cavity: the grave: a unit-mass of living matter, whether rounded off by itself, as in the simplest plants or animals, and in the youngest stage of all organisms, or associated with other cells to form a higher unity.--_adjs._ CELLED, having cells, cellular; CELLIF'EROUS, having or producing cells; CELL'ULAR, CELL'ULATED, consisting of or containing cells.--_n._ CELL'ULE, a little cell.--_adj._ CELLULIF'EROUS, having or producing little cells.--_n._ CELL'ULOID, a hard elastic compound used for ivory, obtained by hydraulic pressure from pyroxylin, mixed with camphor, &c.--_adj._ CELL'ULOSE, containing cells.--_n._ the substance of which the permanent cell-membranes of plants are composed. [O. Fr. _celle_--L. _cella_, conn. with _cel[=a]re_, to cover.]

CELLA, sel'a, _n._ the body of the temple, as distinguished from the portico, &c.

CELLAR, sel'ar, _n._ any underground room or vault: a cell underground, where stores are kept, esp. wine, &c.--_v.t._ to store in a cellar.--_ns._ CELL'ARAGE, space for cellars: cellars: charge for storing in cellars; CELL'ARER, CELL'ARIST, one who has charge of the cellar: an officer in a monastery who has the charge of procuring and keeping the provisions; CELL'ARET, an ornamental case for holding bottles; CELL'ARMAN, one who has the care of a cellar.--_adj._ CELL'AROUS (_Dickens_), belonging to a cellar: excavated: sunken. [O. Fr. _celier_--L. _cellarium_--_cella_.]

CELLO, chel'o, for VIOLONCELLO; sometimes written 'CELLO.--CELLIST, 'CELLIST, for VIOLONCELLIST.

CELLULARES, sel-[=u]-l[=a]'rez, _n.pl._ a name sometimes applied to the _Cryptogamia_--properly only to the mosses and lower cryptogams.

CELT, selt, _n._ a cutting instrument of stone or bronze found in ancient barrows. [Founded on _Celte_, perh. a misreading for _certe_ ('surely'), in the Vulgate, Job, xix. 24, there being apparently no such Latin word as _celtes_, a chisel.]

CELT, selt, _n._ one of the Celts, an Aryan race, now represented by the Bretons, the Welsh, the Irish, and the Scottish Highlanders--also Kelt.--_adj._ CELT'IC.--_ns._ CELT'ICISM, a Celtic idiom or custom; CELTOM[=A]'NIA. [L. _Celtae_; Gr. _Keltoi_ or _Keltai_.]

CEMENT, se-ment', _n._ anything that makes two bodies stick together: mortar: a bond of union.--_v.t._ to unite with cement: to join firmly.--_n._ CEMENT[=A]'TION, the act of cementing: the process by which iron is turned into steel, glass into porcelain, &c.--done by surrounding them with a cement or powder and exposing them to heat.--_adjs._ CEMENT'ATORY, CEMENTI'TIOUS, having the quality of cementing or uniting firmly. [O. Fr. _ciment_--L. _caementum_, chip of stone used to fill up in building a wall, _caedimentum_--_caed[)e]re_, to cut.]

CEMETERY, sem'e-t[.e]r-i, _n._ a burying-ground. [Low L. _caemeterium_--Gr. _koim[=e]t[=e]rion_.]

CENACLE, sen'a-kl, _n._ a supper-room, esp. that in which the Last Supper was eaten by Jesus and His disciples. [Fr. _c['e]nacle_--L. _cenaculum_.]

CENOBITE. Same as COENOBITE.

CENOTAPH, sen'[=o]-taf, _n._ a sepulchral monument to one who is buried elsewhere. [Fr.,--L.--Gr. _kenotaphion_--_kenos_, empty, and _taphos_, a tomb.]

CENOZOIC, s[=e]-no-z[=o]'ik, _adj._ Same as CAINOZOIC.

CENSE, sens, _v.t._ to burn incense before: (_obs._) to think.--_n._ (_obs._) a public rate or tax: rank, condition. [See CENSUS.]

CENSER, sens'[.e]r, _n._ a pan in which incense is burned. [O. Fr. _censier_, _encensier_ (mod. _encensoir_)--Low L. _incensorium_--L. _incend[)e]re_, _incensum_, to burn.]

CENSOR, sen'sor, _n._ in ancient Rome, an officer who kept account of the property of the citizens, imposed taxes, and watched over their morals: an officer who examines books or newspapers before they are printed: one who censures or blames.--_adjs._ CENS[=O]'RIAL, belonging to a censor, or to the correction of public morals; CENS[=O]'RIOUS, expressing censure: fault-finding--also CENS[=O]'RIAN.--_adv._ CENS[=O]'RIOUSLY.--_ns._ CENS[=O]'RIOUSNESS; CEN'SORSHIP, office of censor: time during which he holds office.--CENSORSHIP OF THE PRESS, a regulation of certain governments, by which books and newspapers must be examined by officers, whose approval is necessary to their publication. [L.,--_cens[=e]re_, to weigh, to estimate.]

CENSURE, sen'sh[=u]r, _n._ an unfavourable judgment: blame: reproof: (_obs._) criticism, judgment generally.--_v.t._ to blame: to condemn as wrong.--_adj._ CEN'SURABLE, deserving of censure: blamable.--_n._ CEN'SURABLENESS.--_adv._ CEN'SURABLY. [L. _cens[=u]ra_, an opinion, a severe judgment--_cens[=e]re_, to estimate or judge.]

CENSUS, sen'sus, _n._ an official enumeration of the inhabitants of a country, and of statistics relating to them.--_adj._ CEN'SUAL, relating to or containing a census. [L. _census_, a register.]

CENT, sent, _n._ a hundred: an American coin--the hundredth part of a dollar.--_ns._ CENT'AGE, rate by the hundred; CENT'AL, a weight of 100 lb. proposed for general adoption, legalised in 1878.--PER CENT., by the hundred. [L. _centum_, a hundred.]

CENTAUR, sen'tawr, _n._ a fabulous monster, half-man, half-horse.--_adj._ CENTAU'RIAN. [L.,--Gr. _kentauros_; ety. dub.]

CENTAURY, sen'taw-ri, _n._ an annual with pink or rose-coloured flowers, possessing the tonic and other medicinal virtues of gentian, esteemed in medicine since the days of Galen.

CENTENARY, sen'tin-ar-i (also sometimes sen-t[=e]n'ar-i and even sen-ten'ar-i), _n._ a hundred: a century or hundred years.--_adj._ pertaining to a hundred.--_ns._ CENTEN[=A]'RIAN, one a hundred years old; CENTEN[=A]'RIANISM; CENTENIER (sen'ten-[=e]r), a centurion: a police-officer in Jersey. [L.,--_centeni_, a hundred each--_centum_.]

CENTENNIAL, sen-ten'i-al, _adj._ happening once in a hundred years.--_n._ a hundredth anniversary. [Coined from L. _centum_, and _annus_, a year.]

CENTER. See CENTRE.

CENTERING, sen't[.e]r-ing, _n._ (_archit._) the framework upon which an arch or vault of stone, brick, or iron is supported during its construction.

CENTESIMAL, sen-tes'i-mal, _adj._ hundredth.--_adv._ CENTES'IMALLY. [L. _centesimus_--_centum_.]

CENTIFOLIOUS, sen-ti-f[=o]'li-us, _adj._ hundred-leaved.

CENTIGRADE, sen'ti-gr[=a]d, _adj._ having a hundred degrees: divided into a hundred degrees, as the centigrade thermometer constructed by Celsius (1701-44), in which freezing-point is zero and boiling-point is 100deg (for its relation to the Fahrenheit scale, see THERMOMETER). [L. _centum_, and _gradus_, a step, a degree.]

CENTIGRAMME, sen'ti-gram, _n._ in the Metric System, the hundredth part of a gramme, or .1543248 of a gr. troy. [Fr.,--L. _centum_, a hundred, and GRAMME.]

CENTILITRE, sen'ti-l[=e]-tr, _n._ the hundredth part of a litre, a little more than 6/10ths of a cubic inch. [Fr.,--L. _centum_, a hundred, and LITRE.]

CENTIME, sen-t[=e]m', _n._ the hundredth part of anything, esp. a French coin, the hundredth part of a franc. [Fr.,--L. _centum_, a hundred.]

CENTIMETRE, sen'ti-m[=e]-tr, _n._ a lineal measure, the hundredth part of a metre--0.3937 inches. [Fr.,--L. _centum_, a hundred, _metrum_, Gr. _metron_, a measure.]

CENTINEL. Same as SENTINEL.

CENTIPEDE, sen'ti-p[=e]d, _n._ a general name for the members of one of the orders of the class _Myriapoda_, being segmented animals bearing jointed appendages, having a well-defined head furnished with feelers and jaws, and breathing by means of air-tubes or tracheae. [L. _centum_, and _pes_, _pedis_, a foot.]

CENTNER, sent'ner, _n._ a common name on the Continent for a hundredweight.

CENTO, sen'to, _n._ a name applied to literary trivialities in the form of poems manufactured by putting together distinct verses or passages of one author, or of several authors, so as to make a new meaning: a composition formed by joining scraps from other authors: expressing contempt, a mere string of commonplace phrases and quotations:--_pl._ usually CEN'TOS.--_ns._ CEN'TOIST; CEN'TONISM, CEN'TOISM. [L. _cento_, Gr. _kentr[=o]n_, patchwork.]

CENTRE, CENTER, sen't[.e]r, _n._ the middle point of anything, esp. a circle or sphere: the middle: the point toward which all things move or are drawn: the chief leader of an organisation--head-centre: the men of moderate political opinions in the French Chamber, sitting right in front of the president, with extreme men on the right and on the left--further subdivisions are RIGHT-CENTRE and LEFT-CENTRE: the Ultramontane party in Germany.--_v.t._ to place on or collect to a centre.--_v.i._ to be placed in the middle:--_pr.p._ cen'tring, cen'tering; _pa.p._ cen'tred, cen'tered.--_adj._ CEN'TRAL, belonging to the centre, principal, dominant: belonging to a nerve-centre, of affections caused by injury to the brain or spinal cord.--_ns._ CENTRALIS[=A]'TION, CEN'TRALISM, the tendency to administer by the sovereign or central government matters which would be otherwise under local management.--_v.t._ CEN'TRALISE, to draw to a centre.--_n._ CENTRAL'ITY, central position.--_advs._ CEN'TRALLY, CEN'TRICALLY.--_ns._ CEN'TRE-BIT, a joiner's tool, turning on a centre, for boring circular holes--one of the chief tools of the burglar; CEN'TRE-BOARD, a shifting keel, fitted to drop below and in line with the keel proper in order to increase or diminish the draught of a boat--much used in United States racing yachts; CEN'TRE-PIECE, an ornament for the middle of a table, ceiling, &c.--_adjs._ CEN'TRIC, CEN'TRICAL, relating to, placed in, or containing the centre.--_ns._ CEN'TRICALNESS, CENTRIC'ITY; CEN'TRUM, the body of a vertebra.--CENTRAL FIRE, said of a cartridge in which the fulminate is placed in the centre of the base, as opposed to _rim fire_; CENTRAL FORCES, forces whose action is to cause a moving body to tend towards a fixed point called the centre of force.--CENTRE OF ATTRACTION, the point to which bodies tend by the force of gravity; CENTRE OF BUOYANCY, or DISPLACEMENT, the point in an immersed body at which the resultant vertical pressure may be supposed to act; CENTRE OF GRAVITY, a certain point, invariably situated with regard to the body, through which the resultant of the attracting forces between the earth and its several molecules always passes; CENTRE OF INERTIA, or MASS, the centre of a set of parallel forces acting on all the particles of a body, each force being proportional to the mass of the particle on which it acts; CENTRE OF OSCILLATION, the point in a body occupied by that particle which is accelerated and retarded to an equal amount, and which therefore moves as if it were a single pendulum unconnected with the rest of the body; CENTRE OF PERCUSSION, the point in which the direction of a blow, given to a body, intersects the plane in which the fixed axis and the centre of inertia lie, making the body begin to rotate about a fixed axis, without causing any pressure on the axis; CENTRE OF PRESSURE, the point at which the direction of a single force, which is equivalent to the fluid pressure on the plane surface, meets the surface. [Fr.,--L. _centrum_--Gr. _kentron_, a sharp point.]

CENTRIFUGAL, sen-trif'[=u]-gal, _adj._ relating to the force directed towards the centre of curvature constantly required to keep a body moving in a curve instead of in its natural straight line: (_bot._) applied to an inflorescence when the development proceeds from the apex towards the base of the axis or leaf, as opposed to _centripetal_, when it is from the base upwards towards the apex.--_n._ CEN'TRIFUGE, a centrifugal machine. [L. _centrum_, and _fug-[)e]re_, to flee from.]

CENTRIPETAL, sen-trip'et-al, _adj._ of a force impelling a body towards some point as a centre. [L. _centrum_, and _pet-[)e]re_, to seek.]

CENTROBARIC, sen-tro-bar'ik, _adj._ relating to the centre of gravity. [L. _centrum_, and Gr. _baros_, weight.]

CENTRODE, sen'tr[=o]d, _n._ a locus traced out by the successive positions of an instantaneous centre of pure rotation.

CENTUMVIR, sen-tum'vir, _n._ one of the Roman judges chosen annually for civil suits, originally 105 in number (three from each of the thirty-five tribes):--_pl._ CENTUM'VIR[=I].--_n._ CENTUM'VIRATE. [L. _centum_, a hundred, and _vir_, a man.]

CENTUPLE, sen't[=u]-pl, _adj._ hundredfold.--_v.t._ CENT[=U]'PLICATE, to multiply a hundred times.--_n._ CENTUPLIC[=A]'TION. [L. _centuplex_--_centum_, and _plic[=a]re_, to fold.]

CENTURY, sen't[=u]-ri, _n._ a hundred, or something consisting of a hundred in number, as sonnets, &c.: a hundred years.--_adj._ CENT[=U]'RIAL.--_ns._ CENT[=U]'RI[=A]TOR, the centuriators of Magdeburg were a group of Reformed divines who in the 16th century compiled a church history in 13 vols., each volume covering a century; CENT[=U]'RION, among the Romans, the commander of a hundred men.--CENTURY PLANT (see AGAVE). [L. _centuria_--_centum_.]

CEORL, churl, _n._ before the Norman Conquest an ordinary freeman not of noble birth. [A.S.]

CEPHALASPIS, sef-a-las'pis, _n._ a genus of fossil Ganoid fishes found in the Upper Silurian and Devonian measures. [Gr. _kephal[=e]_, the head, _aspis_, a shield.]

CEPHALIC, se-fal'ik, _adj._ belonging to the head--also CEPHALIS'TIC.--_ns._ CEPHALAG'RA, gout in the head; CEPHALAL'GIA, CEPH'ALGY, headache.--_adjs._ CEPHALAL'GIC; CEPH'ALATE, having a head, as a mollusc.--_n._ CEPHAL[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the brain.--_adjs._ CEPH'ALOID, in the form of the head: spherical.--_ns._ CEPH'ALO-TH[=O]'RAX, the anterior division of the body in arthropods; CEPHALOT'OMY, the dissection of the head.--_adj._ CEPH'ALOUS, having a head. [Gr. _kephalikos_--_kephal[=e]_, the head.]

CEPHALOPODA, sef-al-op'od-a, _n.pl._ the highest class of molluscs, usually large animals, exclusively marine, with well-developed head region, but having the ventral surface grown round the mouth and split up into arms bearing suckers--more commonly _cuttlefish_.--_adj._ CEPH'ALOPOD. [Gr. _kephal[=e]_, the head, _pous_, _podos_, the foot.]

CEPHALOPTERA, sef-a-lop't[.e]r-a, _n._ a name formerly used for a genus of rays. [Gr. _kephal[=e]_, the head, _ptera_, wings.]

CERAMIC, se-ram'ik, _adj._ pertaining to pottery. [Gr. _keramos_, potter's earth.]

CERASINE, ser'a-sin, _n._ the insoluble portion of the gum which exudes from the cherry, &c. [L. _cerasus_, Gr. _kerasos_, the cherry-tree.]

CERASTES, se-ras't[=e]z, _n._ a genus of poisonous snakes having a horny process over each eye. [L.; Gr. _kerast[=e]s_--_keras_, a horn.]

CERATE, s[=e]'r[=a]t, _n._ a compound of wax with other oily or medicinal substances in such proportions as to form a stiff ointment.--_adj._ C[=E]'RATED.--_n._ CERO'MANCY, divination from figures produced by melted wax when dropped into water. [L. _cer[=a]re_, _cer[=a]tum_, to cover with wax, _cera_, wax.]

CERATITIS, ser-a-t[=i]'tis, _n._ inflammation of the cornea.--Also KERAT[=I]'TIS.

CERATODE, ser'a-t[=o]d, _n._ the horny skeletal substance of sponges--also CER'ATOSE.--_adjs._ CERAT'ODOUS, CER'ATOSE.

CERATOID, ser'a-toid, _adj._ horny.

CERAUNIC, se-raw'nik, _adj._ pertaining to, or produced by, thunder.--_ns._ CERAU'NITE, a belemnite; CERAU'NOSCOPE, an apparatus for imitating thunder and lightning in ancient mysteries. [Gr. _keraunos_, a thunderbolt.]

CERBERUS, ser'b[.e]r-us, _n._ (_myth._) the monster that guarded the entrance to Hades, a dog with three, according to some a hundred, heads.--_adj._ CERB[=E]'RIAN. [L.--Gr. _Kerberos_.]

CERCARIA, ser-k[=a]'ri-a, _n._ the technical name applied to an embryonic form of many flukes.--_adj._ CERC[=A]'RIAN. [Gr. _kerkos_, a tail.]

CERE, s[=e]r, _v.t._ to cover with wax.--_n._ the bare waxlike patch at the base of the upper part of the beak in birds.--_adj._ CER[=A]'CEOUS, of or like wax.--_ns._ CER[=A]'GO, a wax-like substance (bee-bread) used by bees as food; CERE'CLOTH, CERE'MENT, a cloth dipped in melted wax in which to wrap a dead body: a winding-sheet or grave-clothes generally.--_adjs._ C[=E]'REOUS, waxy; C[=E]'RIC.--_ns._ C[=E]'RIN, C[=E]'RINE, the portion of wax which dissolves in boiling alcohol: a waxy substance obtained by boiling grated cork in alcohol; C[=E]'ROGRAPH, a writing on wax: an encaustic painting.--_adjs._ CEROGRAPH'IC, -AL.--_ns._ CEROG'RAPHIST; CEROG'RAPHY, the art of writing or engraving on wax.--_adj._ CEROPLAS'TIC, modelled or moulded in wax.--_n._ the art of modelling in wax.--_n._ CER'OSINE, a wax-like substance produced on the surface of certain species of sugar-cane. [L. _cera_, cog. with Gr. _k[=e]ros_, wax; Gr. _graphein_, to write, _plassein_, to mould.]

CEREAL. See CERES.

CEREBRUM, ser'e-brum, _n._ the front and larger part of the brain.--_adjs._ CEREBELL'AR, CEREBELL'OUS.--_n._ CEREBELL'UM, the hinder and lower part of the brain.--_adj._ CER'EBRAL, pertaining to the cerebrum.--_ns._ CER'EBRALISM, the theory that all mental operations originate in the cerebrum; CER'EBRALIST.--_v.i._ CER'EBRATE, to show brain action.--_n._ CEREBR[=A]'TION, action of the brain, conscious or unconscious, marked by molecular changes in the cerebrum.--_adjs._ CER'EBRIC, cerebral; CEREB'RIFORM, brain-shaped.--_ns._ CER'EBRIN, a name given to several nitrogenous non-phosphorised substances obtained from the brain; CEREBR[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the cerebrum.--_adj._ CER'EBRO-SP[=I]N'AL, relating to the brain and spinal cord together.--CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the two great divisions of the cerebrum. [L. _cerebrum_, the brain; prob. cog. with Gr. _kara_, the head, _kranion_, the cranium.]

CEREMONY, ser'e-mo-ni, _n._ a sacred rite: the outward form, religious or otherwise: any empty form without inwardness: pomp or state; a portent or omen.--_adj._ CEREM[=O]'NIAL, relating to ceremony.--_n._ outward form: a system of ceremonies.--_n._ CEREM[=O]'NIALISM, adherence to outward form.--_adv._ CEREM[=O]'NIALLY.--_adj._ CEREM[=O]'NIOUS, full of ceremony:

## particular in observing forms: precise.--_adv._ CEREM[=O]'NIOUSLY.--_n._

CEREM[=O]NIOUSNESS.--MASTER OF CEREMONIES, the person who directs the form and order of the ceremonies to be observed on some public occasion. [Fr.--L. _caerimonia_, sanctity.]

CERES, s[=e]'r[=e]z, _n._ the Roman name for the Greek Dem[=e]t[=e]r, goddess of tillage and corn.--_adj._ C[=E]'REAL, relating to corn or edible grain.--_n.pl._ C[=E]'REALS, the grains used as food, such as wheat, barley, &c. [L. prob. from root of _cre[=a]re_, to create.]

CEREUS, s[=e]'ri-us, _n._ a large genus of cactuses, including some of the most imposing forms. [L., 'waxen.']

CERGE, s[.e]rj, _n._ a large wax-candle burned before the altar.--Also CIERGE, SERGE. [O. Fr.,--L. _cereus_--_cera_, wax.]

CERINTHIAN, ser-in'thi-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Cerinthus_, one of the earliest heretics in the Christian Church, against whose crude Gnosticism the Gospel of John was written, according to Irenaeus.

CERIPH. Same as SERIF.

CERISE, ser-[=e]z', _n._ and _adj._ a light and clear red colour. [Fr., 'cherry.']

CERIUM, s[=e]'ri-um, _n._ a rare metal found in the mineral C[=E]'RITE, which is its hydrated silicate. [Named from the plant _Ceres_.]

CERN, s[.e]rn (_Shak._). CONCERN.

CEROMANCY. See CERATE.

CEROON. See SEROON.

CEROPLASTIC. See CERE.

CERTAIN, s[.e]r't[=a]n, or s[.e]r'tin, _adj._ sure: not to be doubted: resolved: fixed: regular: inevitable: some: one.--_advs._ CER'TAINLY, (_Scot._) CER'TY, CER'TIE.--_ns._ CER'TITUDE, CER'TAINTY.--'A CERTAIN PERSON,' implying some degree of contempt; A LADY OF A CERTAIN AGE, of an age best not stated accurately--at least no longer young.--FOR CERTAIN, assuredly.--MORAL CERTAINTY, a conviction so justifiable that one is morally entitled to act on it. [O. Fr.,--L. _certus_--_cern-[)e]re_, to decide.]

CERTES, s[.e]r't[=e]z, _adv._ certainly: in sooth. [Fr.]

CERTIFICATE, s[.e]r-tif'i-k[=a]t, _n._ a written declaration of some fact: a testimonial of character or definite statement of qualifications.--_v.t._ to give a certificate.--_ns._ CERTIFIC[=A]'TION; CERTIF'ICATORY, a certificate--also _adj._--_n._ CER'TIFIER, one who certifies.--_v.t._ CER'TIFY, to make known as certain: to inform: to declare in writing:--_pr.p._ cer'tifying; _pa.p._ cer'tified. [Fr. _certificat_--L. _certific[=a]re_, _certus_, and _fac[)e]re_, to make.]

CERTIORARI, s[.e]r-shi-o-r[=a]'ri, _n._ the writ by which, since the abolition of imprisonment for debt and the consequent disuse of the better-known writ, _habeas corpus_, causes are removed from inferior courts of record into the High Court of Justice. [Low L., 'be informed of'--_certior_, comp. of _certus_, certain.]

CERULEAN, se-r[=u]'le-an, _adj._ sky-blue: dark-blue; sea-green.--_adj._ CER[=U]'LEOUS. [L. _caeruleus_.]

CERULEIN, s[.e]r-[=u]'l[=e]-in, _n._ a coal-tar colour chiefly used in dyeing cotton fabrics, producing fast olive-green shades.

CERUMEN, se-r[=u]'men, _n._ the yellow waxy matter secreted in the ear.--_adj._ CER[=U]'MINOUS. [L. _cera_, wax.]

CERUSE, s[=e]'r[=oo]s, or ser-[=u]s', _n._ white-lead, the native carbonate of lead.--_n._ C[=E]'RUSITE. [Fr.,--L. _cerussa_, conn. with _cera_, wax.]

CERVICAL, s[.e]r'vi-kal, _adj._ belonging to the neck. [Fr.,--L. _cervix_, _cervicis_, the neck.]

CERVINE, s[.e]r'v[=i]n, _adj._ relating to deer. [L. _cervinus_, _cervus_, a stag.]

CESAREAN. See CAESAREAN.

CESAREVITCH. See CZAR.

CESPITOSE, ses'pi-t[=o]s, _adj._ turfy: growing in tufts.--Also CES'PITOUS. [L. _cespes_, _cespitis_, turf.]

CESS, ses, _n._ a tax, a local rate.--_v.t._ to impose a tax.--OUT OF ALL CESSE (_Shak._), excessively, immoderately. [Shortened from ASSESS.]

CESSATION, ses-[=a]'shun, _n._ a ceasing or stopping: a rest: a pause. [Fr.,--L. _cessation-em_. See CEASE.]

CESSE, ses, _v.i._ (_Spens._). Same as CEASE.

CESSION, sesh'un, _n._ a yielding up.--_n._ CES'SIONARY, one to whom an assignment has been legally made.--CESSIO BON[=O]RUM (_Scots law_), before 1880 a debtor's surrender of his estate to his creditors in return for a judicial protection from imprisonment in respect of his debts. [Fr.--L. _cession-em_. See CEDE.]

CESSPOOL, ses'p[=oo]l, _n._ a pool or hollow in which filthy water collects. [Acc. to Skeat, from Celt. _soss-pool_, a pool into which foul messes flow. Cf. Scot. _soss_, a mixed dirty mess.]

CESTOID, ses'toid, _n._ one of a family of flat worms of internal parasitic habit, having a long strap-like body divided into numerous segments: a tapeworm.--Also CESTOID'EAN. [L. _cestus_, Gr. _kestos_, a girdle, a strap, and _eidos_, form.]

CESTRACION, ses-tr[=a]'si-on, _n._ a generic name for the hammer-headed sharks. [Formed from Gr. _kestra_, a weapon.]

CESTUI, sest'w[=e], _n._ any person who--in such phrases as CESTUI QUE TRUST, a person entitled to the benefit of a trust, a beneficiary in Scots law phraseology. [O. Fr.]

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CESTUS, ses'tus, _n._ the girdle of Venus, which had power to awaken love: an ancient boxing-glove loaded with lead or iron. [L.--Gr. _kestos_, a girdle.]

CESURA. See CAESURA.

CESURE, s[=e]'z[=u]r, _n._ a breaking off: (_Spens._) a caesura.

CETACEA, se-t[=a]'shi-a, _n.pl._ an order of mammals of aquatic habit and fish-like form, including the Toothed whales, or _Odontoceti_, and the Baleen whales, or _Mystacoceti_. To the former belong the Sperm whales, the Bottlenose, the genus Platanista and its allies, and the great family of Dolphins; to the latter, the Right Whale (_Balaena_), the Humpbacks, and the Rorquals.--_n._ CET[=A]'CEAN.--_adj._ CET[=A]'CEOUS.--_n._ CETOL'OGY, that part of zoology which treats of whales. [L.,--Gr. _k[=e]tos_, any sea-monster.]

CETEOSAURUS, set-e-o-saw'rus, _n._ a large dinosaurian reptile belonging to the Jurassic system. [Gr. _k[=e]tos_, whale, _sauros_, lizard.]

CEVADILLA, sev-a-dil'a, _n._ the dark acrid seeds of a Mexican bulbous plant of the lily family, yielding veratrin, formerly used as an anthelmintic: the plant itself.--Also CEBADILL'A. [Sp.,--L. _cib[=a]re_, to feed, _cibus_, food.]

CEYLONESE, s[=e]-lon-[=e]z', _adj._ of or belonging to _Ceylon_.--_n._ a native of Ceylon.

CHABLIS, shab'l[=e], _n._ a celebrated white Burgundy wine made at _Chablis_, near Auxerre, in France.

CHABOUK, tsch[:a]'b[=oo]k, _n._ a Persian horsewhip. [Pers.]

CHACE. See CHASE (1).

CHACK, chak, _n._ a snack or slight hasty meal. [Imit.]

CHACMA, chak'ma, _n._ a South African baboon.

CHACO. Same as Shako.

CHACONNE, shak-on', _n._ an old dance, with slow movement, the music, a series of variations on a ground bass, mostly eight bars in length, appearing in sonatas as well as ballets. [Fr.,--Sp. _chacona_--Basque _chucun_, pretty.]

CHAD, shad, _n._ a kind of fish. [See SHAD.]

CHAETODON, k[=e]'to-don, _n._ a typical genus of a family of bony fishes, known as Squamipennes. [Gr. _chait[=e]_, hair, _odous_, _odont-_, tooth.]

CHAETOPOD, k[=e]'to-pod, _n._ a class of worms including familiar types like the Earthworm, the Fisherman's Lobworm, and the Sea-mouse--often included under the title of Annelids or ringed worms. [Gr. _chait[=e]_, hair, and _pous_, _pod-_, foot.]

CHAFE, ch[=a]f, _v.t._ to make hot by rubbing: to fret or wear by rubbing: to cause to fret or rage (with _against_, _at_).--_v.i._ to fret or rage.--_n._ heat caused by rubbing: rage: passion.--_ns._ CHAF'ER (_obs._), a chafing-dish, a saucepan; CHAF'ING-DISH, a dish or vessel in which anything is made hot: a kind of portable grate; CHAF'ING-GEAR, mats, spun-yarn, battens, &c., put upon the rigging and spars of a ship to prevent their being chafed. [Fr. _chauffer_--L. _calefac[)e]re_--_cal[=e]re_, to be hot, and _fac[)e]re_, to make.]

CHAFER, ch[=a]f'[.e]r, _n._ a kind of beetle, the cockchafer. [A.S. _cefer_; cog. with Dut. _kever_, Ger. _k[:a]fer_.]

CHAFF, chaf, _n._ a general name for the husks of corn or other grain as threshed or winnowed: refuse, or worthless matter: light banter, badinage.--_v.t._ to banter, or tease, by some raillery.--_ns._ CHAFF'-CUT'TER, CHAFF'-EN'GINE, a machine for cutting straw or hay into chaff.--_n._ and _p.adj._ CHAFF'ING.--_adv._ CHAFF'INGLY.--_adjs._ CHAFF'LESS; CHAFF'Y. [A.S. _ceaf_; cf. Dut. _kaf_.]

CHAFFER, chaf'[.e]r, _v.t._ to buy.--_v.i._ to bargain: to haggle about the price.--_ns._ CHAFF'ERER, a haggler about the price; CHAFF'ERY, buying and selling: (_Spens._) haggling. [M. E. _chapfare_, a bargain, from A.S. _ceap_, price, _faru_, way.]