Part 62

CREST, krest, _n._ the comb or tuft on the head of a cock and other birds: the summit of anything, as a roof-ridge, hill, wave: the mane of a horse, &c.: (_anat._) a ridge along the surface of a bone: a plume of feathers or other ornament on the top of a helmet: (_her._) an accessory figure originally surmounting the helmet, placed on a wreath, &c., also used separately as a personal cognisance on plate, &c.--_v.t._ to furnish with, or serve for, a crest, to surmount.--_p.adj._ CREST'ED, having a crest: (_bot._) having an elevated appendage like a crest.--_adjs._ CREST'FALLEN, dejected: heartless; CREST'LESS, without a crest: not of high birth.--_ns._ CREST'-MARINE', rock samphire; CRESTOL'ATRY, toadyism. [O. Fr. _creste_ (mod. _cr[^e]te_)--L. _crista_.]

CRETACEOUS, kr[=e]-t[=a]'shus, _adj._ composed of or like chalk.--_adj._ CR[=E]'T[=A]TED, rubbed with chalk.--_n._ CRETIFAC'TION.--_v.i._ CR[=E]'TIFY, to become impregnated with salts of lime. [L. _cretaceus_, from _creta_, chalk.]

CRETIC, kr[=e]'tik, _adj._ and _n._ Cretan, belonging to _Crete_: a metrical foot consisting of one short syllable between two long.--_n._ CR[=E]'TISM, a lie.

CRETINISM, kr[=e]'tin-izm, _n._ a state of defective mental development, associated with bodily deformity or arrested growth, occurring esp. in connection with enlargement of the thyroid gland or goitre in the lower Alpine valleys.--_n._ CR[=E]'TIN, one affected with cretinism.--_adjs._ CR[=E]'TINOUS, CR[=E]'TINISED. [Fr. _cr['e]tin_--Swiss _crestin_--L. _christian-us_, prob. implying that, after all, they are human, or that they are (from their fatuousness) incapable of sin--cf. the frequent use of _innocent_.]

CRETONNE, kret-on', or kret'on, _n._ a strong printed cotton fabric used for curtains or for covering furniture. [Fr., prob. from _Creton_ in Normandy.]

CRETOSE, kr[=e]'t[=o]s, _adj._ chalky.

CREUTZER. Same as KREUTZER.

CREUX, kr[.e], _n._ the reverse of relief in sculpture, intaglio. [Fr.]

CREVASSE, krev-as', _n._ a crack or split, esp. applied to a cleft in a glacier: (_U.S._) a breach in a canal or river bank.--_v.t._ to fissure with crevasses. [Fr.]

CREVET, krev'et, _n._ a variant of CRUET, a goldsmith's melting-pot.

CREVICE, krev'is, _n._ a crack or rent: a narrow opening. [O. Fr. _crevace_--L. L.,--L. _crep[=a]re_, to creak.]

CREW, kr[=oo], _n._ a company, squad, or gang, often in a bad or contemptuous sense: a ship's company. [O. Fr. _creue_, increase--_croistre_, to grow.]

CREW, kr[=oo], _pa.t._ of CROW.

CREWE, kr[=oo], _n._ (_Spens._) a cruse. [O. Fr. _crue_.]

CREWEL, kr[=oo]'el, _n._ a fine worsted yarn used for embroidery and tapestry: work in crewels.--_v.t._ to work in such.--_ns._ CREW'ELIST; CREW'ELLERY. [Orig. a monosyllable, _crule_, _crewle_; ety. dub.]

CREWELS, kr[=oo]'elz, _n.pl._ (_Scot._) the king's evil, scrofula. [Fr. _[=e]crouelles_.]

CRIB, krib, _n._ the rack or manger of a stable: a stall for oxen: a child's bed; a small cottage or hovel, a confined place: (_coll._) a translation of a classic baldly literal, for lazy schoolboys.--_v.t._ to put away in a crib, confine: to pilfer: to plagiarise:--_pr.p._ crib'bing; _pa.p._ cribbed.--_n._ CRIB'-BIT'ING, a vicious habit of horses, consisting in biting the manger. [A.S. _crib_; Ger. _krippe_.]

CRIBBAGE, krib'[=a]j, _n._ a game at cards played by two, three, or four persons, so called from _crib_, the name given to certain cards laid aside from his hand by each player, and which belong to the dealer.--_n._ CRIBB'AGE-BOARD, a board with holes for keeping by means of pegs the score at cribbage.

CRIBBLE, krib'l, _n._ a coarse screen or sieve used for sand, gravel, or corn: coarse flour or meal.--_v.t._ to sift or riddle.--_adjs._ CRIB'R[=A]TE, CRIB'ROSE, perforated like a sieve.--_n._ CRIBR[=A]'TION, act of sifting.--_adj._ CRIB'RIFORM, shaped like a sieve. [L. _cribellum_, dim. of _cribrum_, a sieve.]

CRIBELLUM, kri-bel'um, _n._ an accessory spinning-organ of certain spiders--also CRIBRELL'UM:--_pl._ CRIBELL'A.

CRIBL['E], kr[=e]-bl[=a], _adj._ punctured like a sieve, dotted. [Fr.]

CRICETUS, kri-s[=e]'tus, _n._ the typical genus of _Cricetinae_, a sub-family of muroid rodents with cheek-pouches.

CRICK, krik, _n._ a spasm or cramp of the muscles, esp. of the neck. [Prob. onomatopoeic.]

CRICKET, krik'et, _n._ a saltatory, orthopterous insect, allied to grasshoppers and locusts. [O. Fr. _criquet_; cf. Dut. _krekel_, Ger. _kreckel_.]

CRICKET, krik'et, _n._ an outdoor game played with bats, a ball, and wickets, between two sides of eleven each.--_v.i._ to play at cricket.--_ns._ CRICK'ETER, one who plays at cricket; CRICK'ET-MATCH, a match at cricket. [Fr. _criquet_; further ety. dub. Not the A.S. _crycc_, a stick.]

CRICKET, krik'et, _n._ (_Scot._) a low stool.

CRICOID, kr[=i]'koid, _adj._ (_anat._) ring-shaped. [Gr. _krikos_, a ring, and _eidos_, form.]

CRIED, kr[=i]d, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of CRY.--_n._ CR[=I]'ER, one who cries or proclaims, esp. an officer whose duty is to make public proclamations.--CRIED DOWN, or _Decried_, denounced, belittled; CRIED UP, extolled.

CRIME, kr[=i]m, _n._ a violation of law: an act punishable by law: offence: sin.--_adjs._ CRIME'FUL, criminal; CRIME'LESS, without crime, innocent; CRIMINAL (krim'-), relating to crime: guilty of crime: violating laws.--_n._ one guilty of crime.--_ns._ CRIM'INALIST, one versed in criminal law; CRIMINAL'ITY, guiltiness.--_adv._ CRIM'INALLY.--_v.t._ CRIM'IN[=A]TE, to accuse.--_n._ CRIMIN[=A]'TION, act of criminating: accusation.--_adjs._ CRIM'IN[=A]TIVE, CRIM'IN[=A]TORY, involving crimination or accusation.--_ns._ CRIMINOL'OGIST; CRIMINOL'OGY, that branch of anthropology which treats of crime and criminals.--_adj._ CRIM'INOUS, criminal--now chiefly in the phrase 'a criminous clerk.'--_n._ CRIM'INOUSNESS.--CRIMINAL CONVERSATION, often CRIM. CON., adultery. [Fr.,--L. _crimen_.]

CRIMINE, CRIMINI, krim'i-ne, _interj._ an ejaculation of surprise or impatience.

CRIMP, krimp, _adj._ made crisp or brittle.--_v.t._ to wrinkle: to plait: to make crisp: to seize or decoy sailors or soldiers.--_n._ one who presses or decoys.--_ns._ CRIMP'AGE, act of crimping; CRIMP'ER, one who or that which crimps or corrugates; CRIMP'ING-[=I]'RON, an iron instrument used for crimping hair; CRIMP'ING-MACHINE', a machine for forming crimps or plaits on ruffles.--_v.t._ CRIMP'LE, to contract or draw together: to plait: to curl. [A dim. of _cramp_; Dut. _krimpen_, to shrink.]

CRIMSON, krim'zn, _n._ a deep red colour, tinged with blue: red in general.--_adj._ deep red.--_v.t._ to dye crimson.--_v.i._ to become crimson: to blush. [M. E. _crimosin_--O. Fr. _cramoisin_; from Ar. _qermazi_, the cochineal insect, from which it is made.]

CRINAL, kr[=i]'nal, _adj._ of or belonging to the hair.--_adjs._ CRIN'ATE, -D, having hair; CRINICUL'TURAL, relating to the culture or growth of the hair; CRINIG'EROUS, hairy; CR[=I]'NITE, hairy: (_bot._) resembling a tuft of hair. [L. _crinalis_--_crinis_, the hair.]

CRINE, kr[=i]n, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to shrink or shrivel. [Gael. _cr[`i]on_, dry.]

CRINGE, krinj, _v.i._ to bend or crouch with servility: to submit: to fawn: to flatter with mean servility.--_n._ a servile obeisance.--_ns._ CRINGE'LING, CRIN'GER, one who cringes.--_adv._ CRIN'GINGLY, in an obsequious manner. [Related to A.S. _crincan_, _cringan_, to shrink. Cf. CRANK, weak.]

CRINGLE, kring'gl, _n._ a small piece of rope worked into the bolt-rope of a sail, and containing a metal ring or thimble. [Teut.; cf. Ger. _kringel_.]

CRINITE. See CRINAL, CRINOIDEA.

CRINKLE, krink'l, _v.t._ to twist, wrinkle, crimp.--_v.i._ to wrinkle up, curl.--_n._ a wrinkle.--_adj._ CRINK'LY, wrinkly.--_n._ and _adj._ CRINK'UM-CRANK'UM, a word applied familiarly to things intricate or crooked.

CRINOIDEA, kr[=i]-noid'[=e]-a, _n.pl._ a class of _Echinodermata_, sometimes called feather-stars or sea-lilies, and well known in fossil forms as encrinites or stone-lilies.--_n._ CRI'NITE, a fossil crinoid.--_adjs._ and _ns._ CRINOID', CRINOID'EAN.--_adj._ CRINOID'AL. [Gr. _krinon_, a lily, and _eidos_, form.]

CRINOLINE, krin'o-lin, _n._ a name originally given by the French _modistes_ to a stiff fabric of horse-hair, employed to distend women's attire: a hooped petticoat or skirt made to project all round by means of steel-wire: a netting round ships as a guard against torpedoes.--_n._ CRIN'OLETTE, a small crinoline causing the dress to project behind only--akin to the _bustle_ and _dress-improver_.--_adj._ CRIN'OLINED. [Fr., _crin_--L. _crinis_, hair, and _lin_--L. _linum_, flax.]

CRINOSE, kr[=i]'n[=o]s, _adj._ hairy. [L. _crinis_, hair.]

CRIO-SPHINX, kr[=i]'[=o]-sfingks, _n._ a ram-headed sphinx. [Gr. _krios_, a ram, _sphingx_, a sphinx.]

CRIPPLE, krip'l, _n._ a lame person.--_adj._ lame.--_v.t._ to make lame: to lame: disable, impair the efficiency of.--_ns._ CRIPP'LEDOM; CRIPP'LING, a prop set up as a support against the side of a building. [A.S. _crypel_; conn. with CREEP.]

CRISIS, kr[=i]'sis, _n._ point or time for deciding anything, the decisive moment or turning-point:--_pl._ CRISES (kr[=i]'s[=e]z). [Gr. _krisis_, from _krinein_, to separate.]

CRISP, krisp, _adj._ curling closely: having a wavy surface: so dry as to be crumbled easily: brittle, or short, as 'crisp cakes,' &c.: fresh and bracing, as 'crisp air:' firm, the opposite of limp or flabby, as a 'crisp style' in writing.--_v.t._ to curl or twist: to make crisp or wavy.--_adjs._ CRIS'P[=A]TE, -D, having a crisped or wavy appearance.--_ns._ CRISP[=A]'TION; CRISP'ATURE, a curling; CRISP'ER, one who or that which crisps; CRISP'ING-[=I]'RON, -PIN, a curling-iron.--_adv._ CRISP'LY.--_n._ CRISP'NESS.--_adj._ CRISP'Y. [A.S.,--L. _crispus_.]

CRISPIN, kris'pin, _n._ a shoemaker, from _Crispin_ of Soissons, the patron saint of shoemakers, martyred 25th October 287.

CRISS-CROSS, kris'-kros, _n._ a mark formed by two lines in the form of a cross, as the signature of a person unable to write his name: a child's game played on a slate, the lines being drawn in the form of a cross.--_v.i._ to intersect frequently.

CRISTATE, kris't[=a]t, _adj._ crested.--_n._ CRIS'TA, a crest.--_adjs._ CRIS'TIFORM; CRISTIM'ANOUS, having crested claws.

CRITERION, kr[=i]-t[=e]'ri-on, _n._ a means or standard of judging: a test: a rule, standard, or canon:--_pl._ CRIT[=E]'RIA. [Gr., from _krit[=e]s_, a judge.]

CRITH, krith, _n._ a chemical unit of mass for gases, the mass of one litre of hydrogen. [Gr. _krith[=e]_, barley.]

CRITHOMANCY, krith'o-man-si, _n._ divination by the meal strewed over the victims of sacrifice. [Gr. _krith[=e]_, barley, and _manteia_, divination.]

CRITIC, krit'ik, _n._ one skilled in estimating the quality of literary or artistic work: a professional reviewer: one skilled in textual or biblical criticism, literature, the fine arts, &c.: a fault-finder.--_adj._ CRIT'ICAL, relating to criticism: discriminating: captious: decisive.--_adv._ CRIT'ICALLY.--_ns._ CRIT'ICALNESS, CRITICAL'ITY; CRIT'ICASTER, CRIT'ICKIN, a petty critic.--_adj._ CRITIC[=I]S'ABLE.--_v.t._ CRIT'ICISE, to pass judgment on: to censure.--_ns._ CRIT'ICISM, the art of judging, esp. in literature or the fine arts: a critical judgment or observation; CRITIQUE (kri-t[=e]k'), a critical examination of any production: a review.--CRITICAL ANGLE, the least angle of incidence at which a ray is totally reflected; CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY, that of Kant as based on a critical examination of the faculty of knowledge; CRITICAL POINT, that temperature below which a substance may, and above which it cannot, be liquefied by pressure alone.--HIGHER or HISTORICAL CRITICISM, as distinguished from _Textual_ or _Verbal criticism_, the inquiry into the composition, date, and authenticity of the books of Scripture, from historical and literary considerations. [Gr. _kritikos_--_krinein_, to judge.]

CROAK, kr[=o]k, _v.i._ to utter a low hoarse sound, as a frog or raven: to grumble: to forebode evil: to utter croakingly: (_slang_) to die.--_n._ the sound of a frog or raven.--_n._ CROAK'ER.--_adv._ CROAK'ILY.--_n._ CROAK'ING.--_adj._ CROAK'Y. [From the sound. Cf. CRAKE, CROW.]

CROAT, kr[=o]'at, _n._ a native of _Croatia_, esp. one serving as a soldier in the Austrian army.

CROCEOUS, kr[=o]'shi-us, _adj._ saffron-coloured.

CROCHE, kr[=o]'she, _n._ one of the buds or knobs at the top of a deer's horn. [Fr.]

CROCHET, kr[=o]'sh[=a], _n._ a kind of handiwork in fancy worsted, cotton, or silk--an extensive system of looping, by means of a small hook.--_v.i._ to do such work. [Fr. _crochet_--_croche_, _croc_, a hook.]

CROCIDOLITE, kro-sid'o-l[=i]t, _n._ a mineral consisting mainly of silicate of iron, in asbestos-like fibres. [From Gr. _krokis_, _-idos_, cloth, and _lithos_, stone.]

CROCK, krok, _n._ a pot or jar.--_n._ CROCK'ERY, earthenware: vessels formed of baked clay. [A.S. _croc_; Ger. _krug_; perh. of Celt. origin, as in W. _crochan_, a pot, Gael. _krogan_, a pitcher.]

CROCK, krok, _n._ dirt, smut.--_v.i._ to dirty.

CROCK, krok, _n._ an old ewe: an old horse. [Cf. Norw. and Sw. _krake_, a poor beast.]

CROCKET, krok'et, _n._ (_archit._) an ornament on the angles of spires, canopies, &c., like curled leaves or flowers.

CROCODILE, krok'o-d[=i]l, _n._ a genus of large amphibious saurian reptiles, including the crocodile of the Nile, and also the alligators and gavials.--_adj._ and _n._ CROCODIL'IAN.--_n._ CROCODIL'ITY, captious arguing.--CROCODILE TEARS, affected tears, hypocritical grief--from the old story that crocodiles (which have large lachrymal glands) shed tears over the hard necessity of killing animals for food. [O. Fr. _cocodrille_--L. _crocodilus_--Gr. _krokodeilos_, a lizard.]

CROCUS, kr[=o]'kus, _n._ a bulbous plant with brilliant yellow or purple flowers: (_slang_) a quack doctor. [L. _crocus_--Gr. _krokos_; prob. of Eastern origin, as Heb. _karkom_, and Ar. _kurkum_, saffron.]

CROFT, kroft, _n._ a small piece arable land adjoining a dwelling: a kind of small farm.--_ns._ CROFT'ER; CROFT'ING. [A.S. _croft_; perh. cog. with Dut. _kroft_, or with Gael. _croit_.]

CROISSANT. Same as CRESCENT.

CROMA, kr[=o]'ma, _n._ (_mus._) an eighth note, or quaver.--Also CROME.

CROME, kr[=o]m, CROMB, kr[=oo]m, _n._ a hook or crook.--_v.t._ to draw with such. [Cf. Dut. _kram_.]

CROMLECH, krom'lek, _n._ a term applied in Brittany to a group of standing stones, a stone circle: formerly applied to a dolmen, with which it is still sometimes confounded in England (see DOLMEN). [W. _cromlech_--_crom_, curved, circular, and _llech_, a stone.]

CROMORNA, kr[=o]-mor'na, _n._ a clarinet-like reed-stop in an organ. [Fr.,--Ger. _krummhorn_.]

CRONE, kr[=o]n, _n._ an old woman, usually in contempt--sometimes an old man. [Perh. O. Fr. _carogne_, a crabbed woman; or Celt., as in Ir. _crion_, withered.]

CRONET, kr[=o]'net, _n._ the hair growing over the top of a horse's hoof.

CRONY, kr[=o]n'i, _n._ an old and intimate companion. [Ety. unknown.]

CROODLE, kr[=oo]d'l, _v.i._ to cower down, or cling close to anything. [Prob. related to _Cuddle_.]

CROODLE, kr[=oo]d'l, _v.i._ (_Scot._), to coo like a dove, to coax.

CROOK, kr[=oo]k, _n._ a bend, anything bent: a curved tube used to lower the pitch of a cornet, &c.: the bending of the body in reverence: a staff bent at the end, as a shepherd's or bishop's: an artifice or trick: (_Spens._) gibbet.--_v.t._ to bend or form into a hook: to turn from the straight line or from what is right.--_v.i._ to bend or be bent.--_n._ CROOK'BACK (_Shak._), a hunchback.--_adj._ CROOK'BACKED; CROOK'ED, bent like a crook: not straight: deviating from rectitude, perverse.--_adv._ CROOK'EDLY.--_n._ CROOK'EDNESS.--_adjs._ CROOK'-KNEED; CROOK'-SHOUL'DERED.--A CROOK IN THE LOT, any trial in one's experience. [Prob. Scand.; cf. Ice. _kr['o]kr_, Dan. _krog_.]

CROOL, krool, _v.i._ to mutter. [Imit.]

CROON, kr[=oo]n, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to utter a low, monotonous, inarticulate sound like a baby: to sing or hum in an undertone.--_n._ CROON'ING, a low murmuring sound. [Cf. Dut. _kreunen_, to groan.]

CROP, krop, _n._ all the produce of a field of grain: anything gathered or cropped: an entire ox-hide: the craw of a bird: (_archit._) a finial: a whip-handle: the cutting the hair short.--_v.t._ to cut off the top or ends: to cut short or close: to mow, reap, or gather.--_v.i._ to yield:--_pr.p._ crop'ping; _pa.p._ cropped.--_n._ CROP'-EAR, one having cropped or cut ears.--_adj._ CROP'FUL (_Milt._), satiated.--_ns._ CROP'PER, one who or that which crops: a plant which furnishes a crop: one who raises a crop for a share of it: a kind of fancy pigeon remarkable for its large crop; CROP'PING, act of cutting off: the raising of crops: (_geol._) an outcrop; CROP'PY, one of the Irish rebels of 1798 who cut their hair short in imitation of the French Revolutionists.--_adj._ CROP'-SICK, sick of a surfeit.--CROP OUT, to appear above the surface; CROP UP, to come up incidentally. [A.S. _crop_, the top shoot of a plant, the crop of a bird; Dut. _crop_, a bird's crop.]

CROPPER, krop'[.e]r, _n._ a fall; failure.--COME A CROPPER, to have a fall, perhaps from phrase 'neck and crop.'

CROQUET, kr[=o]'k[=a], _n._ a game in which two or more players try to drive wooden balls, by means of long-handled mallets, through a series of arches set in the ground. [North Fr. _croquet_, a dial. form of _crochet_, dim. of _croc_, _croche_, a crook.]

CROQUETTE, krok-et', _n._ a ball of minced meat or fish, seasoned and fried. [Fr. _croquer_, to crunch.]

CRORE, kr[=o]r, _n._ the sum of ten millions, or one hundred lacs. [Hind.]

[Illustration]

CROSIER, CROZIER, kr[=o]'zh[.e]r, _n._ a cross mounted on a staff, borne before archbishops and patriarchs--often confounded with the pastoral staff.--_adj._ CR[=O]'SIERED. [O. Fr. _crocier_--Late L. _crociarius_--L. _crux_, a cross.]

[Illustration]

CROSS, kros, _n._ a gibbet on which malefactors were hung, consisting of two pieces of timber, one placed crosswise on the other, either thus [Latin cross] or [St Andrew's cross]: the instrument on which Christ suffered, and thus the symbol of the Christian religion: the sufferings of Christ: the atonement effected by these: a representation of the cross, a staff surmounted by a cross, a monument, model, or ornament in the form of a cross, esp. that in this form in the centre of a town at which proclamations are made, &c.: (_Scot._) a signal or call to arms sent throughout a district, being a cross of two sticks charred and dipped in blood (FIERY CROSS): the transverse part of an anchor, or the like: a surveyor's cross-staff: anything that crosses or thwarts: a crossing or crossway: adversity or affliction in general.--_v.t._ to mark with a cross, or to make the sign of the cross.--_ns._ CROSS'-AISLE, a transept aisle of a cruciform church; CROSS'-BEAR'ER, one who carries a cross in a procession; CROSS'-BUN, a bun marked with the form of a cross, eaten on Good-Friday; CROSS'ING, the making the sign of the cross; CROSS'-STITCH, a double stitch in the form of a cross; CROSS'LET, a little cross.--CROST, obsolete _pa.p._ of CROSS.--CROSS-AND-PILE, the obverse and reverse side of a coin, head and tail; CROSS OF CALVARY, the Latin cross or cross of crucifixion elevated on three steps; CROSS OF JERUSALEM, one having each arm capped by a cross-bar; CROSS OF LORRAINE, a cross with two horizontal arms, combining the Greek and Latin crosses; CROSS OF ST JAMES, a Latin cross figured as a sword; CROSS OF ST PATRICK, the saltier cross of Ireland (red on a white ground).--CROSS ONE'S MIND, to flash across the mind; CROSS THE PATH OF ANY ONE, to thwart him.--ANSATE CROSS (_crux ansata_), a common symbol of immortality in ancient Egypt; ARCHIEPISCOPAL CROSS, the pastoral staff surmounted by a cross; BUDDHIST CROSS, the gammadion or fylfot, with returned arms, a symbol found in prehistoric remains in Italy and elsewhere; CAPITAL CROSS, a Greek cross having each extremity terminated in an ornament like a Tuscan capital; CAPUCHIN-CROSS, a cross having each arm terminated by a ball; CELTIC CROSS, a type of cross found in Ireland and in the north and west of Scotland, varying from a cross incised on a flat slate to an elaborate cruciform monument--some crosses of this type show Scandinavian workmanship, and hence are often called RUNIC CROSSES; GREEK CROSS, an upright cross with limbs of equal length--the well-known CROSS OF ST GEORGE (red on a white ground); LATIN CROSS (_crux immissa_), an upright cross having the lower limb longer than the others; MALTESE CROSS, the badge of the knights of Malta, converging to a point in the centre, with two points to each limb; NORMAN CROSS, an elaborate memorial cross like a Gothic turret set on the ground, or on the base of a few steps, with niches for figures and pinnacles; PATRIARCHAL CROSS, a cross with two horizontal bars; ROUEN CROSS, a cross in fretwork, as a brooch or pendant; ST ANDREW'S CROSS (_crux decussata_), or CROSS SALTIER, a cross of two shafts of equal length crossed diagonally at the middle--the saltier cross of Scotland (white on a blue ground); ST ANTHONY'S CROSS (_crux commissa_), shaped like a [St Anthony's cross]; SOUTHERN CROSS, a constellation in the Antarctic region where the stars are in the form of a cross. [O. Fr. _crois_ (Fr. _croix_)--L. _cruc-em_, orig. an upright post to which latterly a cross-piece was added.]

CROSS, kros, _adj._ lying across: transverse: oblique: opposite: adverse: ill-tempered: interchanged: dishonest: balancing, neutralising.--_adv._ across.--_n._ a crossing or mixing of breeds, esp. of cattle: something intermediate in character between two other things: dishonest practices, esp. in a sporting contest when one of the parties corruptly allows himself to be beaten.--_v.t._ to lay one body or draw one line across another: to cancel by drawing cross lines: to pass from side to side: to write across a bank-cheque the name of a banking company, or simply '& Co.' between the lines, to be filled up with the name of a banking company, through whom alone it may be paid: to obstruct: to thwart: to interfere with.--_v.i._ to lie or be athwart: to move or pass from place to place.--_n._ CROSS'-AC'TION (_law_), an action brought by the defender against the pursuer in the same cause.--_adjs._ CROSS'-ARMED, having the arms crossed: (_bot._) brachiate; CROSS'-BAND'ED, having the grain of the veneer run across that of the rail--of a hand-rail.--_n._ CROSS'-BAR, a transverse bar: a kind of lever.--_adj._ CROSS'-BARRED.--_ns._ CROSS'-BEAM, a large beam stretching across a building and serving to hold its sides together; CROSS'-BENCH, in the House of Lords, certain benches so placed, on which independent members sometimes sit; CROSS'-BILL, a bill brought by the defendant in a Chancery suit against the plaintiff; CROSS'-BILL, a genus of birds resembling bullfinches, linnets, &c., with the mandibles of the bill crossing each other near the points; CROSS'-BIRTH, a birth in which the child lies transversely in the uterus.--_v.t._ CROSS'BITE, to bite the biter.--_n.pl._ CROSS'-BONES, a figure of two thigh-bones laid across each other--together with the skull, a conventional emblem of death.--_ns._ CROSS'BOW, a weapon for shooting arrows, formed of a bow placed crosswise on a stock; CROSS'BOWER, -BOWMAN, one who uses a crossbow.--_adj._ CROSS'-BRED.--_ns._ CROSS'-BREED, a breed produced by the crossing or intermixing of different races; CROSS'-BREED'ING; CROSS'-BUTT'OCK, a

## particular throw over the hip in wrestling; CROSS'-CHEQUE (see

CHEQUE).--_adj._ CROSS'-COUN'TRY, across the fields rather than by the road.--_n._ CROSS'-CUT, a short road across from one point to another.--_v.t._ to cut across.--_ns._ CROSS'CUT-SAW, a large saw worked by two men, one at each end, for cutting beams crosswise; CROSS'-DIVI'SION, the division of any group into divisions that cut across each other and produce confusion.--_adj._ CROSSED, marked by a line drawn crosswise, often denoting cancellation: folded: cruciate.--_n._ CROSS'-EXAMIN[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ CROSS'-EXAM'INE, to test the evidence of a witness by subjecting him to an examination by the opposite party.--_adj._ CROSS'-EYED, having a squint.--_ns._ CROSS'-FERTILIS[=A]'TION, the fecundation of a plant by pollen from another; CROSS'-FIRE (_mil._), the crossing of lines of fire from two or more points; CROSS'-GAR'NET, a T-shaped hinge.--_adjs._ CROSS'-GAR'TERED (_Shak._), wearing the garters crossed on the leg; CROSS'-GRAINED, having the grain or fibres crossed or intertwined: perverse: contrary: intractable.--_ns._ CROSS'-GRAIN'EDNESS; CROSS'-GUARD, the bar, at right angles to the blade, forming the hilt-guard of a sword; CROSS'-HATCH'ING, the art of shading by parallel intersecting lines; CROSS'-HEAD, a beam across the head of something, esp. the bar at the end of the piston-rod of a steam-engine; CROSS'ING, act of going across: the place where a roadway, &c. may be crossed: intersection: act of thwarting: cross-breeding.--_adj._ CROSS'-LEGGED, having the legs crossed.--_adv._ CROSS'LY.--_ns._ CROSS'NESS; CROSS'-PATCH, an ill-natured person; CROSS'-PIECE, a piece of material of any kind crossing another: (_naut._) a timber over the windlass, with pins for belaying the running rigging; CROSS'-PUR'POSE, a contrary purpose: contradictory conduct or system: an enigmatical game; CROSS'-QUAR'TERS, an ornament of tracery like the four petals of a cruciform flower: a quatrefoil.--_v.t._ CROSS'-QUES'TION, to question minutely, to cross-examine.--_ns._ CROSS'-REF'ERENCE, a reference in a book to another title or passage; CROSS'-ROAD, a road crossing the principal road, a bypath; CROSS'-ROW (same as CHRIST-CROSS-ROW); CROSS'-SEA, a sea that sets at an angle to the direction of the wind; CROSS'-SILL, a railroad sleeper lying under the rails transversely as a support to the stringer; CROSS'-SPRING'ER, a cross-rib in a groined vault; CROSS'-STAFF, a surveying instrument consisting of a staff surmounted with a brass circle divided into four equal parts by two intersecting lines; CROSS'-STONE, chiastolite: staurolite: harmotome; CROSS'-TIE, in a railroad, a timber placed under opposite rails as a support; CROSS'-TIN'ING, a mode of harrowing crosswise.--_n.pl._ CROSS'TREES, pieces of timber placed across the upper end of the lower-masts and top-masts of a ship.--_ns._ CROSS'-VAULT'ING, vaulting formed by the intersection of two or more simple vaults; CROSS'WAY, a way that crosses another; CROSS'-WIND, an unfavourable wind, a side-wind.--_adv._ CROSS'WISE, in the form of a cross: across.--CROSS AS TWO STICKS, particularly perverse and disagreeable.--CROSS THE PATH of any one, to thwart him; CROSS ONE'S MIND, to flash across the mind.

CROSSE, kros, _n._ the implement used in _lacrosse_.

CROSSETTE, kro-set', _n._ a small projecting part of an impost-stone at the extremity of an arch: a shoulder in an arch-stone fitting into the stone next to it. [Fr.]

CROTALARIA, kr[=o]-ta-l[=a]'ri-a, _n._ a genus of _Leguminosae_, the rattlewort. [Gr. _krotalon_, a rattle.]

CROTALIDAE, kr[=o]-tal'i-d[=e], _n.pl._ a family of venomous serpents, including rattlesnakes, copper-heads, &c.