Part 4

ADAPT, ad-apt', _v.t._ to make apt or fit: to accommodate (with _to_ or _for_).--_ns._ ADAPTABIL'ITY, ADAPT'ABLENESS.--_adj._ ADAPT'ABLE, that may be adapted.--_n._ ADAPT[=A]'TION, the act of making suitable: fitness: (_biol._) the process of advantageous variation and progressive modification by which organisms are adjusted to the conditions of their life--the perfected result of adaptation being a life in harmony with the environment. [Fr.--L. _adapt[=a]re_--_ad_, to, and _apt[=a]re_, to fit.]

ADAR, [=a]'dar, _n._ the twelfth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical, the sixth of the civil, year, corresponding to the later part of February and the first part of March. [Heb. _ad[=a]r_.]

ADAYS, a-d[=a]z', _adv._ nowadays: at the present time. [Prep. _a_, and gen. sing. of DAY, A.S. _ondaeye_.]

ADD, ad, _v.t._ to put (one thing) to (another): to sum up (with _to_): to increase.--_adjs._ ADD'ABLE, ADD'IBLE.--_ns._ ADDIBIL'ITY; ADDIT'AMENT (_Charles Lamb_), an addition; ADDI'TION, the act of adding: the thing added: the rule in arithmetic for adding numbers together: title, honour.--_adj._ ADDI'TIONAL, that is added. [L.--_addere_--_ad_, to, _d[a]re_, to put.]

ADDAX, ad'aks, _n._ a species of large antelope found in Africa, with long twisted horns. [African word.]

ADDEEM, ad-d[=e]m', _v.t._ to deem: to adjudge: to award. [Pfx. _ad-_, and DEEM.]

ADDENDUM, ad-den'dum, _n._ a thing to be added: an appendix:--_pl._ ADDEN'DA. [L. See ADD.]

ADDER, ad'[.e]r, _n._ the popular English name of the viper.--_ns._ AD'DER'S-TONGUE, a genus of ferns the seeds of which grow on a spike resembling a serpent's tongue; AD'DER'S-WORT, a wort or plant, so called from its being supposed to cure the bite of serpents--also called _Snakeweed_. [A.S. _naedre_; cf. Ger. _atter_ for _natter_. _An adder_ came by mistake into use for _a nadder_; the reverse mistake is _a newt_ for _an ewt_ or _eft_.]

ADDICT, ad-dikt', _v.t._ to give (one's self) up to (generally in a bad sense): (_B._) to devote or dedicate one's self to.--_adjs._ ADDICT', ADDICT'ED, given up to (with _to_).--_ns._ ADDICT'EDNESS, ADDIC'TION. [L. _addic[)e]re_, _addictum_--_ad_, to, _dic[)e]re_, to declare.]

ADDLE, ad'dl, ADDLED, ad'dld, _adj._ diseased: putrid: barren, empty.--_adjs._ AD'DLE-HEAD'ED, AD'DLE-PAT'ED, having a head or pate with addled brains.--_n._ AD'DLEMENT. [M.E. _adele_--A.S. _adela_, mud; cf. Scot, _eddle_, liquid manure.]

ADDOOM, ad-d[=oo]m', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to doom, to adjudge, to award. [Pfx. _a-_, and DOOM.]

ADDORSED, ad-dorst', _p.adj._ (_her._) turned back to back.

ADDRESS, ad-dres', _v.t._ to direct (with _to_): to speak or write to: to court: to direct in writing: to arrange properly: (_arch._) to don: (_refl._) to turn one's skill or energies towards.--_n._ a formal communication in writing: a speech: manners: dexterity: direction of a letter:--_pl._ ADDRESS'ES, attentions of a lover.--TO ADDRESS ONE'S SELF TO A TASK, to set about it. [Fr. _adresser_--Low L. _addirecti[=a]re_--L. _ad_, to, _directum_, straight. See DRESS, DIRECT.]

ADDUCE, ad-d[=u]s', _v.t._ to bring forward: to cite or quote.--_adj._ ADD[=U]C'ENT, drawing forward or together, as of the adductor muscles.--_n._ ADD[=U]C'ER.--_adj._ ADD[=U]C'IBLE.--_n._ ADDUC'TION, the act of adducing or bringing forward: the movement by which a part of the body is drawn forward by muscles.--_adj._ ADDUC'TIVE, tending to bring forward. [L. _adduc[)e]re_--_ad_, to, and _ducUere_, to bring.]

ADDUCTOR, ad-dukt'ur, _n._ a muscle which draws one part towards another. [See ABDUCTOR.]

ADDULCE, ad-duls', _v.t._ (_obs._) to make sweet. [O. Fr. _adoulcir_--L. _ad_, to, _dulcis_, sweet.]

ADELPHOUS, a-del'fus, _adj._ (_bot._) united in brotherhoods or bundles, as stamens. [Gr. _adelphos_, brother.]

ADENITIS, ad-en-[=i]'tis, _n._ inflammation of the lymphatic glands. [Gr. _ad[=e]n_, a gland, _-itis_, denoting inflammation.]

ADENOID, -AL, ad'en-oid, -al, _adj._ of a gland-like shape: glandular. [Gr. _ad[=e]n_, a gland, _eidos_, form.]

ADENOTOMY, ad-en-ot'o-mi, _n._ a cutting or incision of a gland. [Gr. _ad[=e]n_, a gland, _tom[=e]_, a cutting.]

ADEPT, ad-ept', or ad'ept, _adj._ completely skilled (_in_).--_n._ a proficient.--_n._ ADEP'TION (_Bacon_), attainment. [L. _adeptus_ (_artem_), having attained (an art), _pa.p._ of _adipisci_, to attain--_ad_, to, and _apisci._]

ADEQUATE, ad'e-kw[=a]t, _adj._ equal to: proportionate: sufficient.--_adv._ AD'EQUATELY.--_ns._ AD'EQUATENESS, AD'EQUACY, state of being adequate: sufficiency. [L. _adaequatus_, made equal--_ad_, to, and _aequus_, equal.]

ADES, _n._ an obsolete variant of HADES.

ADHERE, ad-h[=e]r', _v.i._ to stick to: to remain fixed or attached (with _to_): (_Shak._) to be consistent: (_Scots law_) to affirm a judgment.--_n._ ADHER'ENCE, state of adhering: steady attachment.--_adj._ ADHER'ENT, sticking to.--_n._ one who adheres: a follower: a partisan (with _of_)--a less common form is ADHER'ER. [L. _ad_, to, _haer[=e]re_, _haesum_, to stick.]

ADHESION, ad-h[=e]'zhun, _n._ the act of adhering or sticking to: steady attachment: (_path._) a vital union between two surfaces of a living body which have been either naturally or artificially separated.--_adj._ ADHES'IVE, sticky: apt to adhere.--_adv._ ADHES'IVELY.--_n._ ADHES'IVENESS. [See ADHERE.]

ADHIBIT, ad-hib'it, _v.t._ to apply to: to use: to attach: to admit: to devote to: to administer.--_n._ ADHIBI'TION, application: use. [L. _adhib[=e]re_, _-itum_--_ad_, to, and _hab[=e]re_, to hold.]

ADIANTUM, ad-i-an'tum, _n._ maidenhair, a large genus of ferns. [Gr. _adiantos_, _a_, neg., and _diantos_, capable of being wetted.]

ADIAPHORON, a-di-af'or-on, _n.pl._ in theology and ethics, things indifferent--any tenet or usage which is considered as non-essential--also ADIAPH'ORA.--_n._ ADIAPH'ORISM, tolerance in regard to non-essential points in theology.--_adj._ ADIAPH'OROUS. [Gr., from _a_, neg., and _diaphoros_, differing--_dia_, apart, _pherein_, to carry.]

ADIATHERMIC, [=a]-d[=i]-a-th[.e]r'mik, _adj._ impervious to radiant heat. [Gr. _a_, neg., _dia_, through, _thermos_, heat.]

ADIEU, a-d[=u]', _adv._ (I commend you) to God: farewell.--_n._ a farewell:--_pl._ ADIEUS or ADIEUX (a-d[=u]z'). [Fr. _[`a] Dieu_, to God.]

ADIPOCERE, ad'i-p[=o]-s[=e]r, _n._ a fatty, waxy substance resulting from the decomposition of animal bodies in moist places or under water, but not exposed to air. [Through Fr. from L. _adeps_, _adipis_, soft fat, and _cera_, wax.]

ADIPOSE, ad'i-p[=o]z, _adj._ fatty.--ADIPOSE TISSUE, the vesicular structure in the animal body which contains the fat. [L. _adeps_, _adipis_, soft fat.]

ADIT, ad'it, _n._ an opening or passage, esp. into a mine. [L. _aditus--ad_, to, _[=i]re_, _itum_, to go.]

ADJACENT, ad-j[=a]s'ent, _adj._ lying near to: contiguous.--_n._ ADJAC'ENCY, the state of being near: that which is adjacent.--_adv._ ADJAC'ENTLY. [L. _ad_, to, _jac[=e]re_, to lie.]

ADJECTIVE, ad'jek-tiv, _n._ a word added to a noun to qualify it, or limit it by reference to quality, number, or position.--_adj._ ADJECT[=I]V'AL.--_adv._ AD'JECTIVELY. [L. _adjectivum (nomen)_, an added (noun)--_adjic[)e]re_, _-jectum_, to throw to, to add--_ad_, to, _jac[)e]re_, to throw.]

ADJOIN, ad-join', _v.i._ to lie next to.--_adj._ ADJOIN'ING, joining to: near: adjacent.--_n._ AD'JOINT, a civil officer who assists a French maire: an assistant professor in a French college. [Through Fr. from L. _adjung[)e]re_. See JOIN.]

ADJOURN, ad-jurn', _v.t._ to put off to another day: to postpone: to discontinue a meeting in order to reconstitute it at another time or place.--_v.i._ to suspend proceedings and disperse for any time specified, or _sine die_, without such time being specified.--_n._ ADJOURN'MENT, the act of adjourning: the interval it causes.--(_obs._) ADJOURN'AL. [O. Fr. _ajorner_--Low L. _adiurn[=a]re_--L. _ad_, to, Low L. _jurnus_, L. _diurnus_, daily. See JOURNAL.]

ADJUDGE, ad-juj', _v.t._ to decide: to assign.--_n._ ADJUDG'MENT, the act of adjudging: sentence. [O. Fr. _ajuger_--L. _adjudic[=a]re_. See JUDGE.]

ADJUDICATE, ad-j[=oo]'di-k[=a]t, _v.t._ to determine judicially: to pronounce.--_v.i._ to pronounce judgment.--_ns._ ADJUDIC[=A]'TION (_Eng. law_), an order of the Bankruptcy Court, adjudging the debtor to be a bankrupt, and transferring his property to a trustee; ADJ[=U]'DICATOR. [L. _adjudic[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_.]

ADJUNCT, ad'junkt, _adj._ joined or added to.--_n._ the thing joined or added, as a qualifying addition to a name expressing any personal quality, or the like: a person joined to another in some office or service: (_gram._) any word or clause enlarging the subject or predicate: (_logic_) any accompanying quality or non-essential attribute.--_n._ ADJUNC'TION, the act of joining: the thing joined.--_adj._ ADJUNCT'IVE, joining.--_advs._ ADJUNCT'IVELY, ADJUNCT'LY, in connection with. [L. See JOIN.]

ADJURATION, ad-j[=oo]r-[=a]'shun, _n._ the act of adjuring: the charge or oath used in adjuring.--_adj._ ADJUR'ATORY, containing an adjuration.--_p.adj._ ADJUR'ING, acting as an adjuration. [Fr.--L. _adjuration-em_.]

ADJURE, ad-j[=oo]r', _v.t._ to charge on oath or solemnly: to cause to swear (_B._ and _Milton_). [L.--_ad_, to, _jur[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to swear.]

ADJUST, ad-just', _v.t._ to arrange properly (with _to_): to regulate: to settle.--_adj._ ADJUST'ABLE.--_n._ ADJUST'MENT, arrangement. [O. Fr. _ajouster_--Low L. _adjuxt[=a]re_, to put side by side--L. _juxta_, near].

ADJUTAGE, ad'joo-t[=a]j, _n._ Same as _Ajutage_.

ADJUTANT, ad'joot-ant, _n._ a regimental staff officer not above the rank of major, specially appointed to assist the commanding officer of a garrison or regiment--there are also adjutants of auxiliary forces, of dep[^o]ts, of brigade, &c.: a large species of stork or crane found in India.--_ns._ AD'JUTANCY, the office of an adjutant: assistance; AD'JUTANT-GEN'ERAL, the head of his department on the general staff of the army, the executive officer of the commander-in-chief. [L. _adjut[=a]re_ = _adjuv[=a]re_--_ad_, to, _juv[=a]re_, to assist.]

ADMEASURE, ad-mezh'[=u]r, _v.t._ to measure: to apportion:--_pr.p._ admeas'[=u]ring; _pa.p._ admeas'[=u]red.--_n._ ADMEAS'UREMENT (see MEASUREMENT). [Fr.--Late L. _admensur[=a]re_--L. _ad_, to, _mensura_, MEASURE.]

ADMINICLE, ad-min'i-kl, _n._ anything that aids or supports: an auxiliary: (_law_) any corroboratory evidence.--_adj._ ADMINIC'ULAR.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ ADMINIC'ULATE. [L. _adminiculum_, a support--_ad_, to, _manus_, hand.]

ADMINISTER, ad-min'is-t[.e]r, _v.t._ to manage as a steward, substitute, or executor: to supply: to conduct or execute, as offices of religion: to apply: to impose.--_v.i._ to bring aid (with to).--_adjs._ ADMIN'ISTRABLE, that may be administered; ADMIN'ISTRANT.--_n._ ADMINISTR[=A]'TION, the act of administering: management: dispensation of sacraments: the power or party that administers the government of the country.--_adj._ ADMIN'ISTRATIVE, that administers.--_n._ ADMINISTR[=A]'TOR, one who manages or directs: the person to whom is committed, under a commission entitled LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION, the administration or distribution of the personal estate of any one dying intestate or leaving a will in which no executor is named:--_fem._ ADMINISTR[=A]'TRIX.--_n._ ADMINISTR[=A]'TORSHIP. [Through Fr. from L. _administr[=a]re_--ad, to, and _ministr[=a]re_, to minister.]

ADMIRAL, ad'mir-al, _n._ the chief commander of a navy--the ancient English title of Lord High Admiral is now in abeyance, his functions falling to the five Lord Commissioners of the Admiralty, and the High Court of Admiralty: a naval officer of the highest rank. In the British navy, admirals are distinguished into three classes--AD'MIRALS, VICE'-AD'MIRALS, and REAR'-AD'MIRALS; the admiral carrying his colour at the main, the vice-admiral at the fore, and the rear-admiral at the mizzen mast-head. In former times each grade was subdivided into three sections, known as admirals (or vice- or rear-admirals) of the Red, of the White, and of the Blue, respectively: admiral-ship (Milton's _ammiral_) or flag-ship: the chief ship in a fleet of merchantmen.--_ns._ AD'MIRALSHIP, the office of an admiral; AD'MIRALTY, the board of commissioners for the administration of naval affairs: the building where these transact business. [Through Fr. from Ar. _am[=i]r_, a lord, a chief.]

ADMIRE, ad-m[=i]r', _v.t._ to have a high opinion of: to love.--_v.i._ (_arch._) to be affected with wonder at.--_adj._ AD'MIRABLE, worthy of being admired.--_n._ AD'MIRABLENESS.--_adv._ AD'MIRABLY.--_ns._ ADMIR'ANCE (_Spens._), admiration; ADMIR[=A]'TION, the act of admiring: wonder, together with esteem, love, or veneration: (_B._, _Shak._, and _Milton_) astonishment.--_adj._ AD'MIRATIVE.--_n._ ADM[=I]R'ER, one who admires: a lover.--_adv._ ADM[=I]R'INGLY. [Fr. _admirer_--L. _ad_, at, _mir[=a]ri_, to wonder.]

ADMIT, ad-mit', _v.t._ to allow to enter: to let in: to concede: to acknowledge: to be capable of:--_pr.p._ admit'ting; _pa.p._ admit'ted.--_n._ ADMISSIBIL'ITY.--_adj._ ADMIS'SIBLE, that may be admitted or allowed (generally, or specially as legal proof).--_ns._ ADMIS'SION, ADMIT'TANCE, the act of admitting: anything admitted or conceded: leave to enter.--_adj._ ADMIT'TABLE, that may be admitted.--_adv._ ADMIT'TEDLY. [Through Fr. from L. _admitt[)e]re_, _-missum_--_ad_, to, _mitt[)e]re_, to send.]

ADMIX, ad-miks', _v.t._ to mix with something else.--_n._ ADMIX'TURE, what is added to the chief ingredient of a mixture. [L. _ad_, to, and MIX.]

ADMONISH, ad-mon'ish, _v.t._ to warn: to reprove mildly.--_n._ ADMON'ISHMENT, admonition. [O. Fr. _admonester_--Late L. _admonest[=a]re_--_admonere_--_ad_, to, _monere_, to warn.]

ADMONITION, ad-mon-ish'un, _n._ kind reproof: counsel: advice: ecclesiastical censure.--_adjs._ ADMON'ITIVE, ADMON'ITORY, containing admonition.--_n._ ADMON'ITOR. [L. _admonition-em_. See ADMONISH.]

ADNASCENT, ad-nas'ent, _adj._ growing to or upon. [L. _adnascens_, _-entis_, pr.p. of _adnasci_--_ad_, to, _nasci_, _natus_, to grow.]

ADNATE, ad-n[=a]t', _adj._ (_bot._) growing close to the stem. [L. _adnatus_, usually _agnatus_--_ad_, to, _(g)natus_, born.]

ADO, a-d[=oo]', _n._ a to do: bustle: trouble: difficulty: stir or fuss. [Contr. of _at do_ = _to do_, a form of the infin. borrowed from the Scandinavian.]

ADOBE, a-d[=o]'b[=a], _n._ and _adj._ a sun-dried brick, or made of such. [Sp. _adobar_, to plaster.]

ADOLESCENT, ad-o-les'ent, _adj._ growing to manhood.--_n._ ADOLES'CENCE, the period of youth, in man, from 14 to 25; in woman, from 12 to 21. [Through Fr. from L. _adolescent-em_, _adolesc[)e]re_, to grow, _adol[=e]re_, to magnify.]

ADONIS, a-d[=o]'nis, _n._ a beautiful youth, beloved by Aphrodite (Venus): a beau or dandy.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ AD'ONISE, to make beautiful.

ADOORS, a-d[=o]rz', _adv._ (_obs._) at doors: at the door. [Prep, _a_, at, and DOOR.]

ADOPT, ad-opt', _v.t._ to choose: to take up or embrace: to take into any relationship: to take as one's own what is another's, as a child, &c.--_ns._ ADOP'TIANISM, an 8th-century heresy akin to Nestorianism, that Christ, in respect of his divine nature, was doubtless the Son of God; but that, as to his human nature, he was only declared and adopted to be the first-born Son of God; ADOP'TION, the act of adopting: the state of being adopted: assumption: the taking into one language of words from another: formal acceptance: choice: (_theol._) an act of divine grace by which the redeemed in Christ are admitted to the privileges of the sons of God.--_adjs._ ADOP'TIOUS (_Shak._), adopted; ADOPT'IVE, that adopts or is adopted. [L. _adopt[=a]re_--_ad_, to, and, _opt[=a]re_, to choose.]

ADORE, ad-[=o]r', _v.t._ to worship: to love intensely.--_adj._ ADOR'ABLE, worthy of being adored.--_n._ ADOR'ABLENESS.--_adv._ ADOR'ABLY.--_ns._ ADOR[=A]'TION, divine worship, homage: profound regard; ADOR'ER, one who adores: a lover.--_adv._ ADOR'INGLY. [L. _ad_, to, _or[=a]re_, to pray. See ORACLE.]

ADORN, ad-orn', _v.t._ to deck or dress: to embellish.--_n._ (_Spens._) adornment.--_adj._ (_Milton_) adorned, ornate.--_n._ ADORN'MENT, ornament: decoration. [O. Fr. _a[:o]rner_, _adorner_--L. _adorn[=a]re_--_ad_, to, _orn[=a]re_, to furnish.]

ADOWN, a-down', _adv._ and _prep._ down. [A.S. _of-d['u]ne_--_of_, from, _dun_, a hill. See DOWN, a bank.]

ADRAD, a-drad', ADREAD, a-dred', _adj._ (_obs._) in a state of fear. [Prob. from A.S. _of-drad_, _of-drede_, to terrify. See DREAD.]

ADRIFT, a-drift', _adj._ or _adv._ floating as driven (by the wind): moving at random. [Prep. _a_, and DRIFT.]

ADROIT, a-droit', _adj._ dexterous: skilful.--_adv._ ADROIT'LY.--_n._ ADROIT'NESS. [Fr. _[`a] droit_, according to right--L. _directus_, straight. See DIRECT.]

ADRY, a-dr[=i]', _adv._ thirsty. [Pfx. _a-_, and DRY.]

ADSCITITIOUS, ad-sit-ish'us, _adj._ added or assumed: additional. [L. _adscisc[)e]re_, _-sc[=i]tum_, to take or assume--_ad_, to, _scisc[)e]re_, to inquire--_sc[=i]re_, to know.]

ADSCRIPT, ad'skript, _adj._ written after: attached to the soil, of feudal serfs--in this sense also used as a noun. [L. _adscriptus_--_ad_, to, _scrib[)e]re_, to write.]

ADULATE, ad'[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.t._ to fawn upon, to flatter:--_pr.p._ ad'[=u]l[=a]ting; _pa.p._ ad'[=u]l[=a]ted.--_n._ AD'ULATOR, a servile flatterer.--_adj._ ADULATORY (ad'[=u]-l[=a]-tor-i). [L. _adul[=a]ri_, _adulatus_, to fawn upon.]

ADULATION, ad-[=u]-l[=a]'shun, _n._ fawning: flattery. [L. _adul[=a]ri_, _adulatus_, to fawn upon.]

ADULLAMITE, ad-ul'am-[=i]t, _adj._ an inhabitant of Adullam, where was a cave to which flocked from all sides to David in exile men in debt, distress, or discontent (1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2). The name was applied by John Bright in 1866 to a Whig secession from the Liberal party.

ADULT, ad-ult', _adj._ grown: mature.--_n._ a grown-up person.--_n._ ADULT'NESS. [L. _adultus_--_adolesc[)e]re_, to grow. See ADOLESCENT.]

ADULTERATE, ad-ult'[.e]r-[=a]t, _v.t._ to corrupt: to make impure (by mixing).--_v.i._ (_obs._) to commit adultery.--_adj._ defiled by adultery: spurious: corrupted by base elements.--_ns._ ADULT'ERANT, the person or substance that adulterates; ADULTER[=A]'TION, the act of adulterating: the state of being adulterated. [See ADULTERY.]

ADULTERY, ad-ult'[.e]r-i, _n._ violation of the marriage-bed, whether one's own or another's: in Scripture applied loosely to unchastity generally.--_n._ ADULT'ERER, a man guilty of adultery:--_fem._ ADULT'ERESS.--_adj._ ADULT'ERINE, resulting from adultery: spurious.--_n._ the offspring of adultery.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ ADULT'ERISE (_arch._).--_adj._ ADULT'EROUS, guilty of adultery. [O. Fr. _avoutrie_, _avoutre_, an adulterer--L. _adulterum_, prob. from _ad_, to, and _alter_, another. The modern form of the word is due to a later approximation to the Latin form.]

ADUMBRATE, ad-um'br[=a]t, or ad'-, _v.t._ to give a faint shadow of: to exhibit imperfectly.--_adjs._ ADUM'BRANT, ADUM'BRATIVE, adumbrating or giving a faint shadow.--_n._ ADUMBR[=A]'TION. [L. _adumbratus_, _adumbr[=a]re_--_ad_, to, _umbra_, a shadow.]

ADUST, a-dust', _adj._ burnt up or scorched; browned with the sun. [L. _adustus_, pa.p. of _adur[)e]re_, to burn up.]

ADVANCE, ad-vans', _v.t._ to put forward: to promote to a higher office: to encourage the progress of: to propose: to supply beforehand: to pay before the money is legally due, to pay on security.--_v.i._ to move or go forward: to make progress: to rise in rank or in value.--_n._ progress: improvement: a rise in price or value: a giving beforehand, also the sum so given: a loan.--_n._ ADVANCE'MENT, promotion: improvement: payment of money in advance.--IN ADVANCE, beforehand. [O. Fr. _avancer_--Late L. _abante_ (Fr. _avant_)--L. _ab ante_, from before.]

ADVANTAGE, ad-vant'[=a]j, _n._ superiority over another: gain or benefit: at tennis, the point gained by either side after _deuce_, when both sides stand at an equal score (more commonly VANT'AGE).--_v.t._ to benefit or profit.--_adjs._ ADVAN'TAGEABLE, profitable: convenient (_rare_); ADVANT[=A]'GEOUS, of advantage: useful (with _to_ and _for_).--_adv._ ADVANT[=A]'GEOUSLY.--_n._ ADVANT[=A]'GEOUSNESS.--TO HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF ANY ONE, to be known by a person without one's self knowing him; TO TAKE AT ADVANTAGE, to avail one's self of any opportunity, often implying an unfair sense. [Fr. _avantage_ (It. _vantaggio_)--Fr. _avant_, before. See ADVANCE.]

ADVENE, ad-v[=e]n', _v.i._ to accede: to be superadded to. [Through Fr. from L. _adven[=i]re_, to come to.]

ADVENT, ad'vent, _n._ a coming or arrival: the first or the second coming of Christ: the period immediately before the festival of the Nativity, including four Sundays--from the first after St Andrew's Day (November 30) to Christmas eve.--_n._ AD'VENTIST, one who believes in the second coming of Christ to set up a kingdom on the earth: a millenarian--_adj._ ADVENT'UAL (_obs._), relating to Advent. [Through Fr. from L. _adventus_--_ad_, to, _ven[=i]re_, to come.]

ADVENTITIOUS, ad-vent-ish'us, _adj._ accidental: additional: foreign: appearing casually.--_adv._ ADVENTI'TIOUSLY.--_adj._ ADVENT'IVE (_Bacon_), adventitious.--_n._ a thing or person coming from without. [See ADVENT.]

ADVENTURE, ad-vent'[=u]r, _n._ a risk or chance: a remarkable incident: an enterprise: trial of the issue: risk: a commercial speculation: the spirit of enterprise.--_v.i._ to attempt or dare.--_v.t._ to risk or hazard: (_refl._) to venture.--_v.i._ to risk one's self (with _on_, _into_, _upon_): to dare, go so far as to.--_n._ ADVENT'URER, one who engages in hazardous enterprises: a soldier of fortune, or speculator: one who pushes his fortune by equivocal means, as false pretences, &c.:--_fem._ ADVENT'URESS.--_adjs._ ADVENT'UROUS, ADVENT'URESOME, enterprising: ready to incur risk.--_adv._ ADVENT'UROUSLY.--_n._ ADVENT'UROUSNESS. [O. Fr.--L. _adventurus_, about to happen, fut. perf. of _adven[=i]re_. See ADVENT.]

ADVERB, ad'v[.e]rb, _n._ a word added to a verb, adjective, or other adverb to express some modification of the meaning or an accompanying circumstance.--_adj._ ADVERB'IAL, pertaining to an adverb--used also as a _n._--_adv._ ADVERB'IALLY. [L. _ad verbium_--_ad_, to, _verbum_, a word. It is so called, not because it is added to a verb, but because it is a word (_verbum_) joined to, or supplemental of, other words.]

ADVERSARIA, ad-v[.e]rs-[=a]r'i-a, _n.pl._ collections of miscellaneous things in a commonplace-book: consecutive notes on any book. [L., lit. things written on the opposite sides of the paper, from _adversus_, against.]

ADVERSARY, ad'v[.e]rs-ar-i, _n._ an opponent: an enemy: Satan, as the general adversary of mankind. [O. Fr. _aversier_--L. _adversarius_. See ADVERSE.]

ADVERSATIVE, ad-v[.e]rs'a-tiv, _adj._ denoting opposition, contrariety, or variety. [See ADVERSE.]

ADVERSE, ad'v[.e]rs, _adj._ acting in a contrary direction (with _to_): opposed to: unfortunate: injurious.--_adv._ AD'VERSELY.--_ns._ AD'VERSENESS, ADVERS'ITY, adverse circumstances: affliction: misfortune. [Through Fr. from L. _adversus_--_ad_, to, and _vert[)e]re_, _versum_, to turn.]

ADVERT, ad-v[.e]rt', _v.i._ to turn the mind to (with _to_): to refer to: (_obs._) to regard or observe.--_ns._ ADVERT'ENCE, ADVERT'ENCY, attention to: heedfulness: regard.--_adj._ ADVERT'ENT, attentive: heedful.--_adv._ ADVERT'ENTLY. [O. Fr. _avertir_, _avertiss-ant_--L. _advert[)e]re_--_ad_, to, and _vert[)e]re_, to turn.]

ADVERTISE, ad-v[.e]rt-[=i]z', or ad'-, _v.t._ to turn one's attention to: to inform: to give public information or announcement of: (_obs._) to instruct.--_ns._ ADVERT'ISEMENT, the act of advertising or making known: a public notice in a newspaper or periodical: notoriety: (_obs._) news; ADVERT[=I]S'ER, one who advertises: a paper in which advertisements are published.--_p.adj._ ADVERT[=I]S'ING (_Shak._), attentive. [Fr., from L. See ADVERT.]

ADVICE, ad-v[=i]s', _n._ counsel: intelligence (usually in _pl._): formal official intelligence about anything: specially skilled opinion, as of a physician or lawyer.--_n._ ADVICE'-BOAT, a swift vessel employed in conveying despatches.--_adjs._ ADVICE'FUL, AVIZE'FULL (_Spens._).--The form ADVISO, advice, counsel (_Sir T. Browne_), and in CARAVAL OF ADVISO = an advice-boat (_Fuller_), is obsolete--modern form AVISO. [O. Fr. _advis_ (Fr. _avis_)--L. _ad visum_, according to what is seen or seems best.]

ADVIEW. Same as AVIEW.

ADVISE, ad-v[=i]z', _v.t._ to give advice or counsel to: to recommend: to inform (usually with _of_).--_v.i._ to consult (_with_): (_obs._) to deliberate:--_pr.p._ adv[=i]s'ing; _pa.p._ adv[=i]sed'.--_ns._ ADVISABIL'ITY, ADVIS'ABLENESS.--_adj._ ADVIS'ABLE, that may be advised or recommended: prudent: expedient: open to advice.--_adv._ ADVIS'ABLY.--_adjs._ ADVIS'ATORY (_rare_); ADVISED', cautious: deliberate, as in _well-advised_ and _ill-advised_.--_adv._ ADVIS'EDLY, intentionally.--_ns._ ADVIS'EDNESS, deliberate consideration: prudent procedure; ADVISE'MENT (_obs._ or _arch._), counsel, deliberation; ADVIS'ER, one who advises or gives advice; ADVIS'ING (_Shak._), counsel, advice. [O. Fr. _aviser_, from _advis_ or _avis_. See ADVICE.]

ADVOCACY, ad'vo-ka-si, _n._ the function of an advocate: a pleading for: defence. [See ADVOCATE.]

ADVOCATE, ad'vo-k[=a]t, _n._ an intercessor or defender: one who pleads the cause of another, esp. in a court of law in Scotland and France.--_v.t._ to plead in favour of: to recommend.--_ns._ ADVOC[=A]'TION; AD'VOCATOR.--LORD ADVOCATE, the first law-officer of the crown and public prosecutor of crimes for Scotland. [O. Fr. _avocat_--L. _advocatus_--_advoc[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ad_, to, _voc[=a]re_, to call: to call in (another to help, as in a lawsuit or in sickness).]

ADVOUTRER, ad-vow'tr[.e]r, _n._ (_obs._) an adulterer:--_fem._ ADVOU'TRESS. [See ADVOUTRY.]

ADVOUTRY, ad-vow'tri, _n._ (_obs._) adultery. [O. Fr. _avoutrie_--L. _adulterium_.]

ADVOWSON, ad-vow'zun, _n._ the right of patronage or presentation to a church benefice.--_n._ ADVOWEE', one who has the right of advowson. [O. Fr. _avoeson_--L. _advocation-em_, right of the patron--L. _advocatus_, a patron.]

ADYNAMIC, [=a]-di-nam'ik, _adj._ without strength: (_phys._) characterised by the absence of force. [Gr. _a_, neg., and _dynamis_, strength.]

ADYTUM, ad'i-tum, _n._ the most sacred part of a heathen temple: the chancel of a church:--_pl._ AD'YTA. [L.--Gr. _adyton_--_a_, neg., and _dyein_, to enter.]

ADZE, ADZ, adz, _n._ a carpenter's tool consisting of a thin arched blade with its edge at right angles to the handle. [A.S. _adesa_; ultimate origin unknown.]

AE, [=a], or y[=a], modern Scotch form of A.S. _['a]n_, one, used as an adjective.

AEDILE, EDILE, [=e]'d[=i]l, _n._ a magistrate in ancient Rome who had the charge of public buildings, games, markets, police, &c.--_n._ AE'DILESHIP. [L. _aed[=i]lis_, _aedes_, _-is_, a building.]

AEGIS, [=e]'jis, _n._ (_orig._) a shield given by Jupiter to Minerva: anything that protects. [L.--Gr. _a['i]gis_.]

AEGLOGUE, an archaic form of ECLOGUE.

AEGROTAT, [=e]'gr[=o]-t[:a]t, _n._ in the English universities, a medical certificate of inability from illness to attend lectures or examinations.--_n._ AEGER ([=e]'j[.e]r), sick, the word used at Oxford and Cambridge in excusing absence on account of illness, hence a note certifying a student to be _aeger_ or sick. [L., 'he is sick,' 3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of _aegrot[=a]re_, to be sick; _aeger_, sick.]

AENEID, [=e]'n[=e]-id, _n._ an epic poem written by Virgil, the hero of which is Aeneas. [L. _Aeneis_, _-idos_.]

AEOLIAN, [=e]-[=o]'li-an, _adj._ pertaining to or acted on by the wind: aerial: of Aeolis or Aeolia, a district of Asia Minor colonised by the Greeks.--Also AE'[=O]LIC. [_Aeolus_, the god of the winds.]

AEOLIPILE, [=e]-ol'i-p[=i]l, _n._ an instrument consisting of a hollow ball of metal partly filled with water, and having a small orifice through which steam escapes on the application of heat, thus turning the ball. It is the first instrument on record for showing the power of steam. [From L. _Aeolus_, and _pila_, ball.]

AEON, EON, [=e]'on, _n._ a period of time, an age or one of a series of ages, eternity: the personification of an age, a power emanating from the supreme Deity, with its share in the creation and government of the universe.--_adj._ AE[=O]'NIAN, eternal. [Gr. _ai[=o]n_.]

AERATE, [=a]'[.e]r-[=a]t, _v.t._ to put air into: to supply, or cause to mix, with carbonic acid or other gas, as AERATED WATERS.--_ns._ A'ERATOR, an apparatus for such purpose; AER[=A]'TION, exposure to the action of air: the mixing or saturating with a gas: the oxygenation of the blood by respiration. [L. _aer_, air.]

AERIAL, [=a]-[=e]r'i-al, _adj._ belonging to the air: inhabiting or existing in the air: elevated, lofty, ethereal.--_ns._ AERIAL'ITY, AER'IALNESS.--_adv._ AER'IALLY.