Part 13

APPOS[=I]TE, ap'poz-[=i]t, _adj._ adapted: suitable.--_adv._ AP'POSITELY.--_n._ AP'POSITENESS. [L. _appositus_, pa.p. of _appon[)e]re_, to put to--_ad_, to, _pon[)e]re_, to put.]

APPOSITION, ap-poz-ish'un, _n._ the act of adding: state of being placed together or against: juxtaposition: (_gram._) the annexing of one noun to another, in the same case or relation, in order to explain or limit the first: also used of a public disputation by scholars, and still the word in use for the 'Speech Day' at St Paul's School, London.--_adjs._ APPOSI'TIONAL; APPOS'ITIVE, placed in apposition. [See APPOSITE.]

APPRAISE, ap-pr[=a]z', _v.t._ to set a price on: to value with a view to sale: to estimate the amount and quality of anything.--_adj._ APPRAIS'ABLE.--_ns._ APPRAIS'AL, appraisement; APPRAISE'MENT, a valuation: estimation of quality; APPRAIS'ER, one who values property: one who estimates quality. [Late in appearing; for some time used in the same sense as _praise_. Perh. formed on analogy of the synonymous PRIZE, APPRIZE.]

APPRECIATE, ap-pr[=e]'shi-[=a]t, _v.t._ to estimate justly, to be fully sensible of all the good qualities in the thing judged: to estimate highly: to raise in value, to advance the quotation or price of, as opposed to _depreciate_.--_v.i._ to rise in value.--_adj._ APPR[=E]'CIABLE.--_adv._ APPR[=E]'CIABLY.--_n._ APPRECI[=A]'TION, the act of setting a value on, also specially of a work of literature or art: just--and also favourable--estimation: rise in exchangeable value: increase in value.--_adjs._ APPR[=E]'CIATIVE, APPR[=E]'CIATORY, implying appreciation.--_n._ APPRECI[=A]'TOR, one who appreciates, or estimates justly. [L. _appreti[=a]tus_, pa.p. of _appreti[=a]re_--_ad_, to, and _pretium_, price.]

APPREHEND, ap-pre-hend', _v.t._ to lay hold of: to seize by authority: to be conscious of by means of the senses: to lay hold of by the intellect: to catch the meaning of: to consider or hold a thing as such: to fear.--_n._ APPREHENSIBIL'ITY.--_adj._ APPREHENS'IBLE.--_n._ APPREHEN'SION, act of apprehending or seizing: arrest: (_arch._) conscious perception: conception: ability to understand: fear: (_obs._) sensitiveness, sensibility to.--_adj._ APPREHENS'IVE, pertaining to the laying hold of sensuous and mental impressions: intelligent, clever: having an apprehension or notion of: fearful: anticipative of something adverse.--_n._ APPREHENS'IVENESS. [L. _apprehend[)e]re_--_ad_, to, _prehend[)e]re_, _-hensum_, to lay hold of.]

APPRENTICE, ap-prent'is, _n._ one bound to another to learn a trade or art: one learning the rudiments of anything, a novice.--_v.t._ to bind as an apprentice.--_ns._ APPRENT'ICEHOOD (_Shak._), apprenticeship; APPRENT'ICESHIP, the state of an apprentice: a term of practical training: specially, a period of seven years.--TO SERVE APPRENTICESHIP, to undergo the training of an apprentice. [O. Fr. _aprentis_, _aprendre_, to learn--L. _apprehend[)e]re_. See APPREHEND.]

APPRISE, ap-pr[=i]z', _v.t._ to give notice: to inform. [Fr. _apprendre_, pa.p. _appris_--L. _adprend[)e]re_. See APPREHEND.]

APPRIZE, -ISE, a-pr[=i]z', _v.t._ (_Scots law_) to put a selling price on: to value, appreciate.--_n._ APPRIZ'ER, a creditor for whom an appraisal is made. [O. Fr. _apriser_--_[`a]_, to, and _prisier_, to price, prize. See APPRAISE, PRAISE, and PRIZE.]

APPROACH, ap-pr[=o]ch', _v.i._ to draw near: to draw nigh (of time or events): to come near in quality, condition, &c.: (_arch._) to come into personal relations with a person.--_v.t._ to come near to: to resemble: attain to: to bring near in any sense.--_n._ a drawing near to in military attack, in personal relations: access: a path or avenue: approximation: (_pl._) trenches, &c., by which besiegers strive to reach a fortress.--_n._ APPROACHABI'LTY.--_adj._ APPROACH'ABLE. [O. Fr. _aprochier_, Low L. _adpropiare_--L. _ad_, to, _prope_, near.]

APPROBATION, ap-prob-[=a]'shun, _n._ formal sanction: approval: (_Shak._) confirmation.--_v.t._ AP'PROBATE, to approve authoritatively (_obs._ except in U.S.): (_Scots law_) to approve of as valid.--_adjs._ AP'PROBATORY, AP'PROBATIVE, of or belonging to one who approves.--TO APPROBATE AND REPROBATE, a phrase in Scotch law which means that no one can be permitted to accept and reject the same deed or instrument, analogous in the law of England to Election. [See APPROVE.]

APPROOF, ap-pr[=oo]f', _n._ trial, proof: sanction, approbation.

APPROPINQUATE, ap-pro-pink'w[=a]t, _v.i._ to come near to.--_ns._ APPROPINQU[=A]'TION, APPROPIN'QUITY. [L. _appropinqu[=a]re_, to approach--_ad_, to, and _propinquus_, near (_prope_).]

APPROPRIATE, ap-pr[=o]'pri-[=a]t, _v.t._ to make the private property of any one: to take to one's self as one's own: to set apart for a purpose: (_arch._) to select as suitable (with _to_).--_adj._ set apart for a

## particular purpose: peculiar: suitable.--_adv._ APPROPRIATELY.--_ns._

APPR[=O]'PRIATENESS; APPROPRI[=A]'TION, the act of appropriating: in Church law, the making over of a benefice to an owner who receives the tithes, but is bound to appoint a vicar for the spiritual service of the parish: in Constitutional law, the principle, that supplies granted by parliament are only to be expended for particular objects specified by itself.--_adj._ APPR[=O]'PRIATIVE.--_ns._ APPR[=O]'PRIATIVENESS; APPR[=O]'PRIATOR, one who appropriates.--APPROPRIATION CLAUSE, a clause in a parliamentary bill, allotting revenue to any special purpose or purposes. [L. _appropri[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ad_, to, _proprius_, one's own. See PROPER.]

APPROVE, a-pr[=oo]v', _v.t._ to show, demonstrate (also reflexively): to sanction or ratify: to think well of, to be pleased with, to commend: (_Shak._) to put to the trial, hence also, to convict upon proof.--_v.i._ to judge favourably, to be pleased (with _of_).--_adj._ APPROV'ABLE, deserving approval--_ns._ APPROV'AL, the act of approving: approbation; APPROV'ER, one who approves: (_law_) an accomplice in crime admitted to give evidence against a prisoner.--_adv._ APPROV'INGLY. [O. Fr. _aprover_--L. _approb[=a]re_--_ad_, to, and _prob[=a]re_, to test or try--_probus_, good.]

APPROVE, a-pr[=oo]v', _v.t._ (_law_) to turn to one's profit, increase the value of. [Confused with APPROVE, but from O. Fr. _aproer_, _approuer_--_[`a]_, to (L. _ad_), and _pro_, _prou_, advantage. See PROW-ESS.]

APPROVEN, ap-pr[=oo]v'n, old _pa.p._ of APPROVE.

APPROXIMATE, ap-proks'im-[=a]t, _adj._ nearest or next: approaching correctness.--_v.t._ to bring near.--_v.i._ to come near, to approach.--_adv._ APPROX'IMATELY.--_n._ APPROXIM[=A]'TION, an approach: a result in mathematics not rigorously exact, but so near the truth as to be sufficient for a given purpose.--_adj._ APPROX'IMATIVE, approaching closely. [L. _approxim[=a]re_, _-atum_--_ad_, to, _proximus_, nearest, superl. of _prope_, near.]

APPUI, ap-w[=e]', _n._ the reciprocal action between the mouth of the horse and the rider's hand.--_vs.t._ APPUI, APPUY, to support, e.g. to post troops in order to support.--POINT D'APPUI, a point at which troops form as a base of operations. [O. Fr. _apuyer_--Low L. _appodia-re_--L. _ad_, to, and _podium_, support (Fr. _puy_, a hill).]

APPULSE, ap-puls', _n._ a striking against: the approach of a planet to a conjunction with the sun or a star.--_n._ APPUL'SION.--_adj._ APPUL'SIVE. [L. _appuls-us_--_appell-[)e]re_, _ad_, towards, _pell-[)e]re_, to drive.]

APPURTENANCE, ap-pur'ten-ans, _n._ that which appertains to: an appendage or accessory: (_law_) a right belonging to a property.--_adj._ and _n._ APPUR'TENANT. [O. Fr. _apurtenance_. See APPERTAIN.]

APRICATE, ap'ri-k[=a]t, _v.i._ to bask in the sun.--_v.t._ (_rare_) to expose to sunlight.--_n._ APRIC[=A]'TION. [L. _appricat-_, _apric[=a]ri_, to bask in the sun, _apricus_, open to the sun.]

APRICOT, [=a]'pri-kot, _n._ a fruit of the plum kind, roundish, pubescent, orange-coloured, of a rich aromatic flavour--older form A'PRICOCK. [Port. _albricoque_ (Fr. _abricot_)--Ar. _al-birquq_. But _b[=i]rquq_ is a corr. of Late Gr. _praikokion_, which is simply the L. _praecoquum_ or _praecox_, early ripe; the form is perh. due to a fancied connection with L. _apricus_, sunny. See PRECOCIOUS.]

APRIL, [=a]'pril, _n._ the fourth month of the year.--_n._ A'PRIL-FOOL, one sent upon a bootless errand on the 1st of April, perhaps a relic of some old Celtic heathen festival. In Scotland called _gowk_ (a cuckoo, a fool). [L. _Aprilis_, usually regarded as from _aperire_, as the month when the earth opens to bring forth new fruits.]

A PRIORI, [=a] pri-[=o]'r[=i], a term applied to reasoning from what is prior, logically or chronologically, e.g. reasoning from cause to effect; from a general principle to its consequences; even from observed fact to another fact or principle not observed, or to arguing from pre-existing knowledge, or even cherished prejudices; (_Kant_) from the forms of cognition independent of experience.--_ns._ APRI[=O]'RISM, APRI[=O]'RITY; APRI[=O]'RIST, one who believes in Kant's view of a priori cognition. [L. _a_, _ab_, from, _priori_, abl. of _prior_, preceding.]

APRON, [=a]'prun, _n._ a cloth or piece of leather worn before one to protect the dress, or as part of a distinctive official dress, as by Freemasons, &c.--aprons of silk or the like are often worn by ladies for mere ornament: the short cassock ordinarily worn by English bishops: anything resembling an apron in shape or use, as a gig-apron, &c.--_v.t._ to cover with, as with an apron.--_adj._ A'PRONED.--_ns._ A'PRON-MAN (_Shak._), a man who wears an apron, a mechanic; A'PRON-STRING, a string by which an apron is attached to the person.--TO BE TIED TO A WOMAN'S APRON-STRINGS, to be bound to a woman as a child is bound to its mother. [O. Fr. _naperon_--_nappe_, cloth, tablecloth--L. _mappa_, a napkin.]

APROPOS, a-pro-p[=o]', _adv._ to the purpose: appropriately: in reference to (with _to_ and _of_).--_adj._ opportune. [Fr. _[`a] propos_. See PROPOSE.]

APSE, aps, _n._ an arched semicircular or polygonal recess at the east end of the choir of a church--here, in the Roman basilica, stood the praetor's chair.--_adj._ AP'SIDAL.--_n._ APSID'IOLE, a secondary apse, as one of the apses on either side of the central or main apse in a church of triapsidal plan. [See APSIS.]

APSIS, ap'sis, _n._ one of the two extreme points in the orbit of a planet, one at the greatest, the other at the least distance from the sun: one of the two points in the orbit of a satellite--one nearest to, the other farthest from, its primary; corresponding, in the case of the moon, to the perigee and apogee:--_pl._ APSIDES (ap'si-d[=e]z).--_adj._ AP'SIDAL. [L. _apsis_--Gr. _hapsis_, a connection, an arch--_hapt-ein_, to connect. See APT.]

APT, apt, _adj._ liable: ready for or prone to anything: prompt, open to impressions (with _at_).--_adv._ APT'LY.--_n._ APT'NESS. [L. _apt-us_, fit, suitable, apposite; cog. with Gr. _hapt-ein_.]

APTEROUS, ap't[.e]r-us, _adj._ without wings.--_adj._ AP'TERAL, without wings: (_archit._) without lateral columns. [Gr. _a_, neg., _pteron_, a wing.]

APTERYX, ap't[.e]r-iks, _n._ a bird found in New Zealand, wingless and tailless, reddish-brown, about the size of a large hen. [Gr. _a_, neg., _pteryx_, wing.]

APTITUDE, apt'i-t[=u]d, _n._ fitness: tendency: readiness, teachableness, talent (with _for_). [Low L. _aptitudo_--L. _apt-us_.]

APTOTE, ap't[=o]t, _n._ a noun without any variation of cases. [Gr. _apt[=o]tos_--_a_, priv., _pt[=o]sis_, a falling, a case--_pipt-ein_, to fall.]

APYRETIC, a-pir-et'ik, _adj._ without pyrexia or fever, especially of those days in which the intermission of fevers occurs in agues--_n._ APYREX'IA. [Gr. _a_, neg., and _pyretos_, fever.]

AQUA-FORTIS, [=a]'kwa-for'tis, _n._ nitric acid, a powerful solvent, hence used figuratively.--_ns._ AQUAFORT'IST, one who prepares etchings or engravings by means of aqua-fortis; A'QUA-MIRAB'ILIS, a preparation distilled from cloves, nutmeg, ginger, and spirit of wine; A'QUA-R[=E]'GIA, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, so called because it dissolves the royal metal, gold; A'QUA TOFA'NA, a poisonous fluid (prepared from arsenic) made in Palermo in the 17th cent. by a woman _Tofana_; A'QUA-VI'TAE, an old name for alcohol, used of brandy, whisky, &c.; cf. Fr. _eau de vie_, and _usquebaugh_. [L. _aqua_, water, _fortis_, strong.]

AQUAMARINE, [=a]'kwa-ma-r[=e]n', _n._ the beryl.--_adj._ bluish-green, sea-coloured. [L. _aqua_, water, _mar[=i]na_--_mare_, the sea.]

AQUARELLE, ak-wa-rel', _n._ water-colour painting, or a painting in water-colours.--_n._ AQUAREL'LIST. [Fr.,--It. _acquerella_, _acqua_--L. _aqua_.]

AQUARIUM, a-kw[=a]'ri-um, _n._ a tank or series of tanks for keeping aquatic animals, usually made mostly of glass, filled with either fresh or salt water, having rocks, plants, &c. as in nature: an artificial pond or cistern for cultivating water-plants:--_pl._ AQU[=A]'RIUMS, AQU[=A]'RIA. [L.--_aqua_, water.]

AQUARIUS, a-kw[=a]'ri-us, _n._ the water-bearer, the eleventh sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about 21st January, so called from the constellation of the same name, supposed to represent a man holding his left hand upward, and pouring with his right water from a vase into the mouth of the Southern Fish. [L.--_aqua_, water.]

AQUATIC, a-kwat'ik, _adj._ relating to water: living or growing in water.--_n.pl._ AQUAT'ICS, amusements on the water, as boating, &c.

AQUATINT, [=a]'kwa-tint, _n._ a mode of etching on copper, by which imitations are produced of drawings in Indian ink, &c.--also AQUATINT'A.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ A'QUATINT, to engrave in aquatint. [It. _acqua tinta_--L. _aqua_, water, and _ting[)e]re_, _tinctum_, to wet, to colour.]

AQUEDUCT, ak'we-dukt, _n._ an artificial channel for conveying water, most commonly understood to mean a bridge of stone, iron, or wood for conveying water across a valley: also a bridge carrying a canal for the purposes of navigation. [L. _aqua_, water--_duc[)e]re_, _ductum_, to lead.]

AQUEOUS, [=a]'kwe-us, _adj._ watery: deposited by water.--_adv._ A'QUEOUSLY.--AQUEOUS HUMOUR, the watery fluid which fills the space between the cornea and the crystalline lens in the eye; AQUEOUS ROCKS, in geology, rocks composed of matter deposited by water.

AQUIFEROUS, ak-wif'[.e]r-us, _adj._ bearing water. [L. _aqua_, water, _fero_, I bear.]

AQUIFORM, [=a]'kwi-form, _adj._ having the form of water. [L. _aqua_, water, and FORM.]

AQUILINE, ak'wil-in, or -[=i]n, _adj._ relating to or like the eagle: curved or hooked, like an eagle's beak. [L. _aquila_.]

AQUILON, ak'wi-lon, _n._ (_Shak._) the north wind. [L. _aquilo_, _-onis_.]

ARAB, ar'ab, _n._ a native of Arabia: an Arab horse, noted for its gracefulness and speed: a neglected or homeless boy or girl--usually STREET or CITY ARAB.--_adj._ of or belonging to Arabia.--_adj._ AR[=A]B'IAN, relating to Arabia.--_n._ a native of Arabia.--_adj._ AR'ABIC, relating to Arabia, or to its language.--_n._ the language of Arabia.--_ns._ AR'ABISM, an Arabic idiom; AR'ABIST, one skilled in the Arabic language or literature; AR'ABY, a poetical form of _Arabia_. [L. _Arabs_, _Arab-em_--Gr. _Araps_.]

ARABA, ar-[:a]'ba, _n._ a heavy screened wagon used by the Tartars.--Also AR'BA and AR[=O]'BA. [Ar. and Pers. _ar[=a]bah_.]

[Illustration]

ARABESQUE, ar'ab-esk, _adj._ after the manner of Arabian designs.--_n._ a fantastic painted or sculptured ornament among the Spanish Moors, consisting of foliage and other parts of plants curiously intertwined.--_adj._ AR'ABESQUED, so ornamented. [Fr.--It. _arabesco_; _-esco_ corresponding to Eng. _-ish_.]

ARABINE, ar'ab-in, _n._ the essential principle of gum-arabic.

ARABLE, ar'a-bl, _adj._ fit for ploughing or tillage. [L. _arabilis_--_ara-re_, cog. with Gr. _aro-ein_, to plough, A.S. _erian_, Eng. EAR (v.t.), Ir. _araim_.]

ARACHNIDA, a-rak'ni-da, _n.pl._ a sub-class of Tracheate Arthropoda, embracing spiders, scorpions, mites, &c., first separated by Lamarck from the Insecta of Linnaeus.--_adj._ ARACH'NIDAN.--_n._ and _adj._ ARACH'NOID, like a cobweb.--_adjs._ ARACHNOI'DAL, ARACHNOLOG'ICAL.--_n._ ARACHNO'LOGIST, one who devotes himself to the study of arachnida.--ARACHNOID MEMBRANE, one of the three coverings of the brain and spinal cord, situated between the dura-mater and the pia-mater, non-vascular, transparent, thin. [Gr. _arachn[=e]_, spider.]

ARAGONITE, ar'a-gon-[=i]t, _n._ a variety of calcium carbonate. [_Aragon_, in Spain.]

ARAISE, a-r[=a]z', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to raise from the dead. [Pfx. _a-_, and RAISE.]

ARAMAIC, ar-a-m[=a]'ik, _adj._ relating to _Aramaea_, the whole of the country to the north-east of Palestine, or to its language--also ARAM[=E]'AN, AR'AMITE.--_n._ ARAM[=A]'ISM, an Aramaic idiom.

ARANEIFORM, ar-a-n[=e]'i-form, _adj._ in the form of a spider.--_adj._ ARAN[=E]'IDAN.--_n._ ARANEOL'OGIST = ARACHNOL'OGIST.--_adj._ ARAN'EOUS, like a spider's web. [L. _ar[=a]nea_, spider, and FORM.]

ARAPHOROSTIC, ar-af-or-os'tik, _adj._ (_Lytton_) seamless.--Also AROPHOS'TIC. [Formed from Gr. _arraphos_, unsewed--_a_, neg., and _hropt-ein_, to sew.]

ARAUCARIA, ar-aw-k[=a]'ri-a, _n._ a genus of lofty evergreen trees of the natural order Coniferae or Pines, natives of S. America and Australasia. [_Arauco_, name of a province, whence _Araucania_, a district in S. Chili.]

ARBALEST, [:a]r'bal-est, _n._ a crossbow of steel or horn used in war and the chase--also AR'BALIST, AR'BLAST, ARC[=U]'BALIST.--_ns._ AR'BALISTER, AR'BALESTER, one armed with an arbalest. [O. Fr. _arbaleste_--L. _arcuballista_--_arcus_, bow, and _ballista_, engine for throwing missiles.]

ARBITER, [:a]r'bit-[.e]r, _n._ one chosen by parties in controversy to decide between them: a judge having absolute power of decision: an arbitrator: umpire:--_fem._ AR'BITRESS.--_ns._ AR'BITRAGE, exercise of the functions of the arbiter; ARBIT'RAMENT, ARBIT'REMENT, the decision of an arbiter: determination: choice.--_v.i._ AR'BITRATE, to act as an arbiter: to determine.--_ns._ ARBITR[=A]'TION; AR'BITR[=A]TOR (same as ARBITER):--_fem._ AR'BITR[=A]TRIX.--ARBITRATION OF EXCHANGE, the determination of the rate of exchange between two currencies when there are one or more intermediate places through which the operations must pass.--TO SUBMIT TO ARBITRATION, to defer a matter of private, public, or international controversy to the judgment of certain persons selected. [L.--_ar_ = _ad_, to, and _bit-[)e]re_ (cog. with Gr. _bai-nein_), to go or come; sig. one who comes to look on, a witness, a judge.]

ARBITRARY, [:a]r'bi-trar-i, _adj._ not bound by rules: despotic, absolute, arising from accident rather than from rule, varying, uncertain.--_adv._ AR'BITRARILY.--_n._ AR'BITRARINESS. [L. _arbitrarius_, arbiter.]

ARBLAST. See ARBALEST.

ARBOR, [:a]r'bur, _n._ the Latin word for tree.--_adjs._ ARBOR[=A]'CEOUS, ARB[=O]R'EAL, of tree-like character.--_n._ ARBOR-DAY, in many of the United States, a day yearly set apart for the general planting of trees by school children--in Canada, the first Friday in May.--_adj._ ARB[=O]R'EOUS, of or belonging to trees.--_ns._ ARBORES'CENCE, ARBORIS[=A]'TION, tree-like growth.--_adj._ ARBORES'CENT, growing or formed like a tree: (_archit._) branching like a tree.--_ns._ AR'BORET (_obs._), shrubbery: (_Spens._) a little tree, shrub; ARBOR[=E]'TUM, a place in which specimens of trees and shrubs are cultivated:--_pl._ ARBOR[=E]'TA.--_adj._ ARBORICUL'TURAL.--_ns._ AR'BORICULTURE, forestry, the culture of trees, esp. timber-trees; ARBORICUL'TURIST; AR'BORIST, one who studies trees.--_adj._ AR'BOROUS, formed by trees.--ARBOR VITAE, a popular name of several evergreen shrubs of the genus Thuja. When the human cerebellum is cut vertically, a tree-like appearance seen receives this name.

ARBOR, [:a]r'bur, _n._ the main support of a machine: an axis or spindle on which a wheel revolves. [L.]

ARBOUR, [:a]r'bur, _n._ an enclosed seat in a garden, covered with branches of trees, plants, &c.: a bower: a shaded walk.--_adj._ AR'BOURED. [See HARBOUR.]

ARBUTE, [:a]r'b[=u]t, _n._ the strawberry-tree: an evergreen shrub, which bears a scarlet fruit somewhat resembling the strawberry.--Also AR'BUTUS. [L. _arbutus_, akin to _arbor_, tree.]

ARC, [:a]rk, _n._ a segment of a circle or other curve. [O. Fr.--L. _arcus_, a bow.]

ARCADE, [:a]rk-[=a]d', _n._ a row of arches supported by columns--the Gothic counterpart to the classical colonnade: the row of piers, or columns and arches, by which the aisles are divided from the nave of a church, or by which cloisters are enclosed: a walk arched over: a long arched gallery lined with shops on both sides. [Fr.--L. _arcata_, arched. See ARCH.]

ARCADIAN, ark-[=a]d'i-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Arcadia_ (_poet._ AR'CADY), a district in Greece whose people were primitive in manners and given to music and dancing: pastoral: simple, innocent.--_n._ ARCAD'IANISM.--_adv._ ARCAD'IANLY.

ARCANUM, [:a]rk-[=a]n'um, _n._ a secret: a mystery: a secret remedy or elixir:--_pl._ ARCAN'A.--_adj._ ARCANE' (_rare_). [L.--_arcanus_--_arca_, a chest.]

ARCATURE, ar-ka-t[=u]r, _n._ French for arcade, a small arcade: a blind arcade for decorating wall spaces.

ARCH, [:a]rch, _n._ a concave construction of stones or other materials, built or turned on a centering over an open space, so as by mutual pressure to support each other and sustain a superincumbent weight.--_v.t._ to cover with an arch: to bend into the form of an arch.--_p.adj._ ARCHED, made with an arch, or like an arch.--_ns._ ARCH'LET, a little arch; ARCH'WAY, an arched or vaulted passage, esp. that leading into a castle.--ARCHES, or COURT OF ARCHES, the ecclesiastical court of appeal for the province of Canterbury, formerly held at the church of St-Mary-le-Bow (or 'of the Arches'), from the arches that support its steeple. [O. Fr.,--L. _arca_, chest.]

ARCH, [:a]rch, _adj._ cunning: waggish: roguish: shrewd, now mostly of women and children.--_adv._ ARCH'LY.--_n._ ARCH'NESS. [Derived from the prefix _arch-_, in its use in words like _arch_-rogue, &c.]

ARCH, [:a]rch ([:a]rk in _archangel_), _adj._ used as a prefix, now chiefly as an intensive in an odious sense: the first or chief.--_ns._ ARCH'-EN'EMY, a chief enemy: Satan--also ARCH'-FOE; ARCH'-FIEND, the supreme fiend: Satan; ARCH'-FL[=A]'MEN, a chief flamen or priest; ARCH-HE'RESY; ARCH'-HE'RETIC, a leader of heresy; ARCH'-MOCK' (_Shak._), the height of mockery; ARCH'-P[=I]'RATE, a chief pirate; ARCH'-P[=O]'ET, a chief poet: (_obs._) a poet-laureate; ARCH'-PREL'ATE, a chief prelate; ARCH'-PRIEST', a chief priest: in early times, a kind of vicar to the bishop--later, a rural dean: the title given to the superiors appointed by the Pope to govern the secular priests sent into England from the foreign seminaries during the period 1598-1621; ARCH'-TRAIT'OR, a chief traitor, sometimes applied esp. to the devil, or to Judas. [A.S. _arce_, _aerce_, through L. from Gr. _archi_, cog. with _arch-ein_, to begin.]

ARCHAEOLOGY, [:a]rk-e-ol'oj-i, _n._ a knowledge of ancient art, customs, &c.: the science which deduces a knowledge of past times from the study of their existing remains.--_adj._ ARCHAEOLOG'ICAL.--_adv._ ARCHAEOLOG'ICALLY.--_n._ ARCHAEOL'OGIST. [Gr. _archaios_, ancient--_arch[=e]_, beginning, and _logos_, discourse.]

ARCHAEOPTERYX, [=a]r-k[=e]-op't[.e]r-iks, _n._ the oldest known fossil bird, found in the Jurassic limestone of Bavaria, having a long bony tail of twenty vertebrae. [Gr. _archaios_, ancient, _pteryx_, wing.]

ARCHAIC, -AL, [:a]rk-[=a]'ik, -al, _adj._ ancient: obsolete, esp. of language.--_adj._ ARCHAEAN ([:a]rk-[=e]'an), of or belonging to the earliest zoological period.--_n._ ARCHAEOG'RAPHY.--_adj._ ARCHAEOZ[=O]'IC. (Gr. _z[=o][=e]_, life), pertaining to the era of the earliest living beings on the earth.--_adv._ ARCH[=A]'ICALLY.--_n._ ARCH[=A]'ICISM.--_v.t._ AR'CH[=A]ISE, to imitate the archaic.--_ns._ ARCH[=A]'ISM, an archaic or obsolete word or phrase; ARCH[=A]'IST (_Mrs Browning_).--_adj._ ARCH[=A]IS'TIC, affectedly or imitatively archaic. [Gr. _archaikos_--_archaios_, ancient--_arch[=e]_, beginning.]

ARCHANGEL, [:a]rk-[=a]n'jel, _n._ an angel of the highest order.--_adj._ ARCHANGEL'IC. [ARCH, chief, and ANGEL.]

ARCHBISHOP, [:a]rch-bish'up, _n._ a chief bishop: a metropolitan bishop who superintends the conduct of the suffragan bishops in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese.--_n._ ARCHBISH'OPRIC. [ARCH, chief, and BISHOP.]

ARCHDEACON, [:a]rch-d[=e]'kn, _n._ a chief deacon: the ecclesiastical dignitary having the chief supervision of a diocese or part of it, next under the bishop--the 'bishop's eye.'--_ns._ ARCHDEAC'ONRY, the office, jurisdiction, or residence of an archdeacon; ARCHDEAC'ONSHIP, the office of an archdeacon.--_adj._ ARCHID[=I]AC'ONAL.--_n._ ARCHID[=I]AC'ONATE. [ARCH, chief, and DEACON.]

ARCHDIOCESE, [:a]rch-d[=i]'o-s[=e]z, _n._ the diocese of an archbishop. [ARCH, chief, and DIOCESE.]

ARCHDUKE, [:a]rch-d[=u]k', _n._ a duke of specially exalted rank: a prince of Austria:--_fem._ ARCHDUCH'ESS.--_adj._ ARCHD[=U]'CAL.--_ns._ ARCHDUCH'Y, ARCHDUKE'DOM, the territory of an archduke or archduchess. [ARCH, chief, and DUKE.]

ARCHER, [:a]rch'[.e]r, _n._ one who shoots with a bow and arrows:--_fem._ ARCH'ERESS.--_ns._ ARCH'ER-FISH, an acanthopterygious fish of India which catches insects by shooting water at them from its mouth; ARCH'ERY, the art of shooting with the bow: a company of archers. [O. Fr. _archier_--L. _arcari-um_, _arcus_, a bow.]

ARCHETYPE, [:a]rk'e-t[=i]p, _n._ the original pattern or model, a prototype.--_adj._ ARCHETYP'AL. [Gr. _archetypon_, _archi-_, and _typos_, a model.]

ARCHIEPISCOPAL, [:a]rk-i-ep-is'kop-al, _adj._ belonging to an archbishop.--_ns._ ARCHIEPIS'COPACY, ARCHIEPIS'COPATE, dignity or province of an archbishop. [See EPISCOPAL.]

ARCHIL, [:a]r'kil, _n._ a colouring substance obtained from various species of lichens. [Corrupt form of ORCHIL--O. Fr. _orchel_, _orseil_ (Fr. _orseille_)--It. _orcello_, origin undetermined.]

ARCHILOCHIAN, [:a]r-ki-l[=o]'ki-an, _adj._ pertaining to the Greek lyric poet _Archilochus_ of Paros (714-676 B.C.), the supposed originator of iambic metre, noted for the bitterness of his satire--hence the proverbial phrases, 'Archilochian bitterness' and 'Parian verse:' a _lesser Archilochian verse_ = a dactylic hexameter alternating with a penthemim; a _greater Archilochian_, a verse consisting of four dactyls and three trochees.

ARCHIMAGE, [:a]r'ki-m[=a]j, _n._ a chief magician or enchanter. [Gr. _archi-_, chief, and L. _magus_, a magician.]

ARCHIMANDRITE, [:a]r-ki-man'dr[=i]t, _n._ in the Greek Church, the superior of a monastery, an abbot: sometimes the superintendent of several monasteries. [Late Gr. _archimandrit[=e]s_--pfx. _archi_, first, and _mandra_, an enclosure, a monastery.]

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ARCHIMEDEAN, [:a]rk-i-me-d[=e]'an, _adj._ pertaining to _Archimedes_, a celebrated Greek mathematician of Syracuse (287-212 B.C.).--ARCHIMEDEAN SCREW, a machine for raising water, in its simplest form consisting of a flexible tube bent spirally round a solid cylinder, the ends of which are furnished with pivots, so as to admit of the whole turning round its axis.--PRINCIPLE OF ARCHIMEDES, a fundamental law in Hydrostatics, that a body when immersed in a fluid weighs less than it does _in vacuo_ by the weight of the fluid it displaces.

ARCHIPELAGO, [:a]rk-i-pel'a-g[=o], _n._ the chief sea of the Greeks, or the Aegean Sea: a sea abounding in small islands, also a group of such islands:--_pl._ ARCHIPEL'AGOES.--_adj._ ARCHIPELAGIC (-aj'ik). [An Italian compound from Gr. _archi-_, chief, _pelagos_, sea.]

ARCHITECT, [:a]rk'i-tekt, _n._ a master-builder: one who designs buildings and superintends their erection: a maker: any contriver, as the Creator.--_adjs._ ARCHITECTON'IC, pertaining to architecture: constructive: controlling, having direction: (_metaph._) pertaining to the arrangement of knowledge.--_n._ the science of architecture: the systematic arrangement of knowledge.--_adj._ ARCHITECT'URAL.--_n._ ARCHITECT'URE, the art or science of building: structure: in specific sense, one of the fine arts, the art of architecture--also used of any distinct style, e.g. Gothic, Byzantine architecture. [Gr. _architekt[=o]n_--_archi-_, chief, and _tekt[=o]n_, a builder.]

ARCHITRAVE, [:a]rk'i-tr[=a]v, _n._ (_archit._) the lowest division of the entablature resting immediately on the abacus of the column: collective name for the various parts, jambs, lintels, &c. which surround a door or window.--_p.adj._ ARCH'ITRAVED. [It. from Gr. _archi-_, chief, and L. _trab-em_, _trabs_, a beam.]

ARCHIVES, [:a]rk'[=i]vz, _n._ the place in which government records are kept: (_pl._) public records--also figuratively in both senses.--_adj._ ARCH'IVAL, pertaining to, or contained in, archives or records.--_n._ ARCH'IVIST, a keeper of archives or records. [Fr.--Gr. _archeion_, magisterial residence--_arch[=e]_, government.]