Part 48

CINGULUM, sing'g[=u]-lum, _n._ the girdle of an alb. [L.--_cing[)e]re_, to gird.]

CINNABAR, sin'a-bar, _n._ sulphuret of mercury, called vermilion when used as a pigment.--_adj._ vermilion-coloured.--_adjs._ CINNABAR'IC, CINN'ABARINE. [L.,--Gr. _kinnabari_, a dye, from Persian.]

CINNAMON, sin'a-mon, _n._ the spicy bark of a laurel in Ceylon: the tree.--_adj._ cinnamon-coloured.--_adjs._ CINNAM'IC, CINNAMON'IC, obtained from, or consisting of, cinnamon.--_n._ CINN'AMON-STONE, a kind of stone found in Ceylon, of a cinnamon or reddish-brown colour, sometimes cut for jewellery. [L. _cinnamomum_--Heb. _kinnamon_.]

[Illustration]

CINQUE, singk, _n._ the number five as on dice.--_ns._ CINQUE'-CEN'TO (It., 'five hundred'), a phrase sometimes applied, in treating of architecture and art, to the Renaissance period, which began about 1500; CINQUE'-FOIL (_her._), a common bearing representing a flower with five petals borne full-faced and without a stalk: (_bot._) species of plants of the genus _Potentilla_: the five-bladed clover; CINQUE'-PACE (_Shak._), a kind of dance, the pace or movement of which is characterised by five beats.--_n.pl._ CINQUE'-PORTS, the five ancient ports on the south of England lying opposite to France--Sandwich, Dover, Hythe, Romney, and Hastings.--_adj._ CINQUE'-SPOT'TED (_Shak._), having five spots. [Fr.]

CIPHER, s[=i]'f[.e]r, _n._ (_arith._) the character 0: any of the nine figures: anything of little value, whether persons or things: a nonentity: an interweaving of the initials of a name: a secret kind of writing.--_v.i._ to work at arithmetic: to write in cipher: of an organ-pipe, to sound independent of the organ: (_Shak._) to decipher.--_ns._ C[=I]'PHERING; C[=I]'PHER-KEY, a key to a cipher or piece of secret writing. [O. Fr. _cifre_, Fr. _chiffre_--Ar. _sifr_, empty.]

CIPOLIN, sip'[=o]-lin, _n._ a granular limestone containing mica.--Also CIPOLLINO (ch[=e]-pol-l[=e]'n[=o]). [It.,--_cipolla_, an onion.]

CIPPUS, sip'us, _n._ the stocks: a monumental pillar. [L. _cippus_, a post.]

CIRCA, sir'ka, _prep._ and _adv._ about, around. [L.]

CIRCASSIAN, s[.e]r-kash'yan, _adj._ belonging to _Circassia_, a district of Russia, on the north of Mount Caucasus: a kind of light cashmere of silk and mohair--generally CIRCASSIENNE' (Fr. _fem._).

CIRCEAN, s[.e]r-s[=e]'an, _adj._ relating to the beautiful sorceress _Circe_, who transformed the companions of Ulysses into swine by a magic beverage: infatuating and degrading.--Also CIRCAE'AN.

CIRCENSIAN, sir-sen'shi-an, _adj._ relating to the CIRCUS Maximus in Rome, where the games and contests were held.--Also CIRCEN'SIAL (_obs._). [L. _circensis_--_circus_.]

CIRCLE, s[.e]r'kl, _n._ a plane figure bounded by one line every point of which is equally distant from a certain point called the centre: the line which bounds the figure: a ring: a planet's orbit: a series ending where it began: a figure in magic; a company surrounding the principal person: those of a certain class or society.--_v.t._ to move round: to encompass.--_v.i._ to move in a circle: to stand in a circle.--_adjs._ CIR'CINATE; CIR'CLED, circular: encircled.--_ns._ CIR'CLER; CIR'CLET; CIR'CLING, motion in a circle: a revolution.--DRESS' CIR'CLE (see DRESS); FAIR'Y-CIR'CLE, -RING (see FAIRY).--REASONING IN A CIRCLE, assuming what is to be proved as the basis of the argument. [A.S. _circul_--L. _circulus_, dim. of _circus_; allied to A.S. _hring_, a ring.]

CIRCUIT, s[.e]r'kit, _n._ the act of moving round: area, extent: a round made in the exercise of a calling, esp. the round made by the judges for holding the courts of law: the judges making the round: (_Shak._) diadem.--_v.t._ to go round.--_n._ CIRCUITEER', a judge: one who goes on a circuit.--_adj._ CIRC[=U]'ITOUS, round about.--_adv._ CIRC[=U]'ITOUSLY.--_n._ CIRC[=U]'ITY, motion in a circle: an indirect course.--MAKE A CIRCUIT, to go round. [Fr.,--L. _circuitus_--_circu[=i]re_, _circum_, round, _[=i]re_, to go.]

CIRCULAR, s[.e]r'k[=u]-lar, _adj._ round: ending in itself: addressed to a circle of persons.--_n._ a note sent round to a circle or number of persons.--_n._ CIRCULAR'ITY.--_adv._ CIR'CULARLY.--CIRCULAR NOTES, bank-notes issued for the convenience of travellers, being a kind of bill personal to the bearer, who is given also a corresponding 'letter of indication' addressed to foreign bankers.

CIRCULATE, s[.e]r'k[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.t._ to make to go round as in a circle: to spread: to repeat (of decimals).--_v.i._ to move round: to be spread about.--_adj._ CIR'CULABLE, capable of being circulated.--_ns._ CIR'CULANT; CIRCUL[=A]'TION, the act of moving in a circle: the movement of the blood: the sale of a periodical: the publication of a report or of a book: the money in use at any time in a country.--_adjs._ CIR'CULATIVE, CIR'CULATORY, circulating.--_n._ CIR'CULATOR.--CIRCULATING LIBRARY, one where books are circulated among subscribers. [L. _circul[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_.]

CIRCUMAMBAGES, s[.e]r-kum-am'baj-ez, _n.pl._ roundabout ways of speech.--_adj._ CIRCUMAMB[=A]'GIOUS, roundabout in speech.--_ns._ CIRCUMAM'BIENCE, CIRCUMAM'BIENCY.--_adj._ CIRCUMAM'BIENT, going round about.--_n._ CIRCUMBEN'DIBUS, a roundabout method or course: a circumlocution. [L. _circum_, about, _amb[=i]re_, to go round.]

CIRCUMAMBULATE, s[.e]r-kum-am'b[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.i._ to walk round about.--_n._ CIRCUMAMBUL[=A]'TION. [L. _ambul[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to walk.]

CIRCUMCISE, s[.e]r'kum-s[=i]z, _v.t._ to cut off the foreskin according to the Jewish law: (_fig._) to purify.--_p.adj._ CIR'CUMCISED, that has undergone circumcision: purified, chastened.--_ns._ CIR'CUMCISER, one who circumcises; CIRCUMCI'SION, the act of circumcising. [L. _circumcid[)e]re_, _circumcisum_--_caed[)e]re_, to cut.]

CIRCUMDENUDATION, s[.e]r-kum-de-n[=u]d-[=a]'shun, _n._ (_geol._) denudation or erosion round an elevated tract left isolated.

CIRCUMDUCT, s[.e]r'kum-dukt, _v.t._ to lead around or about, to revolve round an imaginary axis so as to describe a cone: (_Scots law_) to close a case to further proof.--_n._ CIRCUMDUC'TION.--_adj._ CIRCUMDUCT'ORY. [L. _circum_, about, _duc[)e]re_, _ductum_, to lead.]

CIRCUMFERENCE, s[.e]r-kum'f[.e]r-ens, _n._ the boundary-line of any round body, esp. of a circle: the line surrounding anything: area: compass: distance round.--_adj._ CIRCUMFEREN'TIAL--_n._ CIRCUMFERENT'OR, an instrument used by surveyors and miners for measuring horizontal angles, consisting of a graduated circle, an index, and a magnetic needle suspended over the centre of a circle--now superseded by the _Theodolite_. [L. _circum_, about, _ferre_, to carry.]

CIRCUMFLECT, s[.e]r'kum-flekt, _v.t._ to mark with a circumflex.--_ns._ CIR'CUMFLEX, an accent (^) denoting a rising and falling of the voice on a vowel or syllable; CIRCUMFLEX'ION, a bending round. [L. _flect[)e]re_, _flexum_, to bend.]

CIRCUMFLUENCE, s[.e]r-kum'fl[=oo]-ens, _n._ a flowing round.--_adj._ CIRCUM'FLUENT, flowing round. [L. _flu[)e]re_, to flow.]

CIRCUMFORANEOUS, s[.e]r-kum-f[=o]-r[=a]'ne-us, _adj._ wandering about as from market to market, vagrant.--Also CIRCUMFORA'NEAN. [L., _circum_, about, _forum_, the forum, market-place.]

CIRCUMFUSE, s[.e]r-kum-f[=u]z', _v.t._ to pour around.--_p.adj._ CIRCUMFUSED'.--_adj._ CIRCUMFUS'ILE, molten.--_n._ CIRCUMF[=U]'SION. [L. _fund[)e]re_, _fusum_, to pour.]

CIRCUMGYRATE, s[.e]r-kum-j[=i]'r[=a]t, _v.i._ to go round and round.--_n._ CIRCUMGYR[=A]'TION.--_adj._ CIRCUMGY'RATORY. [L. _gyr[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to turn.]

CIRCUMJACENT, s[.e]r-kum-j[=a]'sent, _adj._ lying round: bordering on every side.--_n._ CIRCUMJA'CENCY. [L. _jacens_, lying--_jac[=e]re_, to lie.]

CIRCUMLITTORAL, s[.e]r-kum-lit'[=o]-ral, _adj._ adjacent to the shore-line. [L. _circum_, about, _litus_, _litoris_, the shore.]

CIRCUMLOCUTION, s[.e]r-kum-l[=o]-k[=u]'shun, _n._ roundabout speaking: a manner of expression in which many unnecessary words are used.--_v.i._ CIR'CUMLOCUTE, to use circumlocution.--_n._ CIRCUMLOC[=U]'TIONIST, one who practises circumlocution.--_adj._ CIRCUMLOC'UTORY.--CIRCUMLOCUTION OFFICE, a name given by Dickens in _Little Dorrit_ to the government offices, owing to their dilatoriness in attending to business. [L. _loqui_, _locutus_, to speak.]

CIRCUMMURE, s[.e]r-kum-m[=u]r', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to wall round. [L. _murus_, a wall.]

CIRCUMNAVIGATE, s[.e]r-kum-nav'i-g[=a]t, _v.t._ to sail round.--_adj._ CIRCUMNAV'IGABLE, capable of being circumnavigated.--_ns._ CIRCUMNAVIG[=A]'TION; CIRCUMNAV'IGATOR, one who sails round. [See NAVIGATE.]

CIRCUMNUTATION, s[.e]r-kum-n[=u]-t[=a]'shun, _n._ a nodding or turning successively towards all points of the compass, as in the tendrils of plants.--_v.i._ CIRCUMN[=U]'TATE.--_adj._ CIRCUMN[=U]'TATORY. [L. _circum_, about, _nut[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to nod.]

CIRCUMPOLAR, s[.e]r-kum-p[=o]'lar, _adj._ situated round the pole. [See POLAR.]

CIRCUMPOSE, s[.e]r'kum-p[=o]z, _v.t._ to place round.--_n._ CIRCUMPOSI'TION, the act of placing round. [See POSITION.]

CIRCUMSCRIBE, s[.e]r-kum-skr[=i]b', _v.t._ to draw a line round: to enclose within certain limits, to curtail, abridge.--_adj._ CIRCUMSCRIB'ABLE, able to be circumscribed.--_ns._ CIRCUMSCRIB'ER, one who circumscribes; CIRCUMSCRIP'TION, limitation: the line that limits: a circumscribed place.--_adj._ CIRCUMSCRIP'TIVE, marking the external form or outline. [L. _scrib[)e]re_, to write.]

CIRCUMSPECT, s[.e]r'kum-spekt, _adj._ looking round on all sides watchfully: cautious: prudent.--_n._ CIRCUMSPEC'TION, watchfulness: caution: examining.--_adj._ CIRCUMSPEC'TIVE, looking around: wary.--_adv._ CIR'CUMSPECTLY.--_n._ CIR'CUMSPECTNESS. [L. _spec[)e]re_, _spectum_, to look.]

CIRCUMSTANCE, s[.e]r'kum-stans, _n._ the logical surroundings of an action: an accident or event: ceremony: detail: (_pl._) the state of one's affairs.--_v.t._ to place in particular circumstances:--_pa.p._ CIR'CUMSTANCED.--_adj._ CIRCUMSTAN'TIAL, consisting of details: minute.--_n._ CIRCUMSTANTIAL'ITY, the quality of being circumstantial: minuteness in details: a detail.--_adv._ CIRCUMSTAN'TIALLY.--_n.pl._ CIRCUMSTAN'TIALS, incidentals: details.--_v.t._ CIRCUMSTAN'TIATE, to prove by circumstances: to describe exactly.--CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE, evidence which is not positive nor direct, but which is gathered inferentially from the circumstances in the case.--IN GOOD or BAD CIRCUMSTANCES, prosperous or unprosperous; IN, UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES, owing to certain conditions. [L. _stans_, _stantis_, standing--_st[=a]re_, to stand.]

CIRCUMVALLATE, s[.e]r-kum'val-[=a]t, _v.t._ to surround with a rampart.--_n._ CIRCUMVALL[=A]'TION, a surrounding with a wall: a wall or fortification surrounding a town or fort. [L. _vallum_, rampart.]

CIRCUMVENT, s[.e]r-kum-vent', _v.t._ to come round or outwit a person: to deceive or cheat.--_n._ CIRCUMVEN'TION.--_adj._ CIRCUMVENT'IVE, deceiving by artifices. [L. _ven[=i]re_, to come.]

CIRCUMVOLVE, s[.e]r-kum-volv', _v.t._ to roll round.--_v.i._ to revolve:--_pr.p._ circumvolv'ing; _pa.p._ circumvolved'.--_n._ CIRCUMVOL[=U]'TION, a turning or rolling round: anything winding or sinuous. [L. _volv[)e]re_, _volutum_, to roll.]

CIRCUS, s[.e]r'kus, _n._ a circular building for the exhibition of games: a place for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship: a group of houses arranged in the form of a circle: applied to nature, as, e.g., high hills surrounding a plain.--_n._ CIRQUE (s[.e]rk), a circus: a ring of some sort. [L. _circus_; cog. with Gr. _kirkos_.]

CIRRHOPOD, CIRRHOPODA, older forms of CIRRIPED, CIRRIPEDA.

CIRRIPEDA, sir-rip'e-da, CIRRIPEDIA, sir-rip-[=e]'di-a, _n._ a degenerate sub-class of Crustacea, including the numerous forms of _Barnacles_ and _Acorn-shells_.--_n._ CIR'RIPED, one of the Cirripeda. [L. _cirrus_, a tuft of hair, and _pes_, a foot.]

CIRRUS, sir'us, _n._ the highest form of clouds consisting of curling fibres: (_bot._) a tendril: (_zool._) any curled filament:--_pl._ CIRRI (sir'[=i]).--_adjs._ CIRR'ATE, CIRR'IFORM, like a cirrus; CIRR'IGRADE, moving by cirri.--_n._ CIRR'O-C[=U]'MULUS, a fleecy cloud intermediate between the cirrus and cumulus.--_adj._ CIRR'OSE, with tendrils.--_n._ CIRR'O-STR[=A]'TUS, a mottled-looking cloud intermediate between the cirrus and stratus.--_adj._ CIRR'OUS, having a cirrus. [L.]

CISALPINE, sis-alp'in, _adj._ on this side--i.e. on the Roman side--of the Alps.--So CISATLAN'TIC; CISLEITH'AN, on this side the Leitha, which separates the archduchy of Austria and Hungary; CISMON'TANE, on this side the mountains--opp. to _Ultramontane_; CIS'PADANE, on this side the Po; CISPON'TINE, on this side of the bridges, viz. in London, north of the Thames. [L. _cis_, on this side.]

CISELURE, s[=e]z'l[=u]r, _n._ the art or operation of chasing, the chasing upon a piece of metal-work.--_n._ CIS'ELEUR, a chaser. [Fr.]

CISSOID, sis'soid, _n._ a plane curve consisting of two infinite branches symmetrically placed with reference to the diameter of a circle, so that at one of its extremities they form a Cusp (q.v.), while the tangent to the circle at the other extremity is their common asymptote. [Gr. _kissoeid[=e]s_.]

CIST, sist, _n._ a tomb consisting of a stone chest covered with stone slabs.--_adjs._ CIST'ED, containing cists; CIST'IC, like a cist. [See CHEST.]

CISTELLA, sis-tel'a, _n._ the capsular shield of some lichens. [L., dim. of _cista_, a box.]

CISTERCIAN, sis-ter'shan, _n._ one of the order of monks established in 1098 in the forest of Citeaux (_Cistercium_), in France--an offshoot of the Benedictines.

CISTERN, sis't[.e]rn, _n._ any receptacle for holding water or other liquid: a reservoir: in a steam-engine, the vessel surrounding the condenser. [L. _cisterna_, from _cista_, a chest.]

CISTUS, sis'tus, _n._ Rock-rose, a genus of exogenous shrubby plants, cultivated for the beauty of their flowers:--_pl._ CIS'TUSES (-[=e]z) and CIS'TI ('t[=i]). [Low L., from Gr. _kistos_, the rock-rose.]

CISTVAEN. See KISTVAEN.

CIT, sit, _n._ shortened from citizen, and used as a term of contempt:--_fem._ CIT'ESS (_Dryden_). [See CITIZEN.]

CITADEL, sit'a-del, _n._ a fortress in or near a city: the place where the guns are kept in an ironclad man-of-war. [It. _cittadella_, dim. of _citt[`a]_, a city. See CITY.]

CITE, s[=i]t, _v.t._ to call or summon: to summon to answer in court: to quote: to name: to adduce as proof.--_adj._ CIT'ABLE, that can be cited.--_ns._ CIT'AL, summons to appear: (_Shak._) accusation, reproof; CIT[=A]'TION, an official summons to appear: the document containing the summons: the act of quoting: the passage or name quoted; CIT[=A]'TOR, one who cites.--_adj._ CIT'[=A]TORY, having to do with citation, addicted to citation. [L. _cit[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to call, inten. of _ci[=e]re_, _c[=i]re_, to make to go.]

CITHARA, sith'a-ra, _n._ an ancient musical instrument closely resembling the guitar.--_n._ CITH'ARIST, a player on it.--_adj._ CITHARIST'IC.--_ns._ CITH'ER, CITH'ERN, CIT'TERN, a metal-stringed musical instrument, played with a plectrum. [L.,--Gr. _kithara_. A doublet of GUITAR.]

CITIGRADE, sit'i-gr[=a]d, _adj._ moving quickly: applied to a tribe of spiders of remarkably quick motions. [L. _citus_, quick, _gradus_, a step.]

CITIZEN, sit'i-zen, _n._ an inhabitant of a city: a member of a state: a townsman: a freeman:--_fem._ CIT'IZENESS.--_adj._ (_Shak._) like a citizen.--_v.t._ CIT'IZENISE, to make a citizen of.--_ns._ CIT'IZENRY, the general body of citizens; CIT'IZENSHIP, the rights of a citizen. [M. E. _citesein_--O. Fr. _citeain_. See CITY.]

CITOLE, sit'[=o]l, _n._ a small dulcimer used in medieval times. [O. Fr.,--L. _cithara_.]

CITRON, sit'run, _n._ the fruit of the citron-tree, resembling a lemon.--_n._ CIT'RATE, a salt of citric acid.--_adjs._ CIT'REOUS, citrine; CIT'RIC, derived from the citron; CIT'RINE, dark and greenish yellow, like a citron or lemon.--_n._ citrine colour: a rock crystal of this colour.--_ns._ CIT'RON-WOOD, CIT'RUS-WOOD, the most costly furniture-wood of the ancient Romans.--CITRIC ACID, the acid to which lemon and lime juice owe their sourness. [Fr.,--L. _citrus_--Gr. _kitron_, a citron.]

CITTERN. Same as CITHER (q.v. under CITHARA).

CITY, sit'i, _n._ a large town: a town with a corporation.--_n.pl._ CIT'Y-COMMIS'SIONERS, officials who attend to the drainage, &c.--_n._ CIT'Y-MIS'SION, a mission for evangelising the poor classes in the large cities.--_adj._ CIV'IC, pertaining to a city or citizen.--CITY OF GOD, HEAVENLY CITY, &c., the ideal of the Church of Christ in glory; CITY OF REFUGE, by the Jewish law a city where the perpetrator of an accidental murder might flee for refuge.--ETERNAL CITY, Rome; HOLY CITY, Jerusalem.--THE CITY, THE CITY OF LONDON, that part of London where business is principally carried on. [Fr. _cit['e]_, a city--L. _civitas_, the state--_civis_, a citizen.]

CIVE, s[=i]v, _n._ See CHIVE.

CIVET, siv'et, _n._ a perfume obtained from the civet or CIV'ET-CAT, a small carnivorous animal of Africa, India, &c. [Fr. _civette_--Ar. _zabad_.]

CIVIC. See CITY.

CIVIL, siv'il, _adj._ pertaining to the community: having the refinement of city-bred people: polite: commercial, not military: lay, secular, or temporal, not ecclesiastical: pertaining to the individual citizen: (_law_) relating to private relations amongst citizens, and such suits as arise out of these, as opposed to _criminal_: (_theol._) naturally good, as opposed to good through regeneration.--_ns._ CIVIL'IAN, a professor or student of civil law (not canon law): one engaged in civil as distinguished from military and other pursuits; CIV'ILIST, one versed in civil law; CIVIL'ITY, good-breeding: politeness.--_adv._ CIV'ILLY.--_adj._ CIV'IL-SUIT'ED (_Milton_), sombrely clad.--_n._ CIV'ISM, good citizenship, state of being well-affected to the government.--CIVIL DEATH, the loss of all civil and legal but not natural privileges, as by outlawry: CIVIL ENGINEER, one who plans rail-ways, docks, &c., as opposed to a military engineer, or to a mechanical engineer, who makes machines, &c.; CIVIL LAW, as opposed to criminal law: the law laid down by a state regarding the rights of the inhabitants; CIVIL LIST, now the expenses of the sovereign's household only; CIVIL LIST PENSIONS, those granted by royal favour; CIVIL SERVICE, the paid service of the state, in so far as it is not military or naval; CIVIL WAR, a war between citizens of the same state. [L. _civ[=i]lis_--_civis_.]

CIVILISE, siv'il-[=i]z, _v.t._ to reclaim from barbarism: to instruct in arts and refinements.--_adj._ CIV'ILISABLE.--_n._ CIVILIS[=A]'TION, state of being civilised--_p.adj._ CIV'ILISED.--_n._ CIV'ILISER.

CLABBER, klab'[.e]r, _n._ (_Scot._). [Gael. _clabar_, mud.]

CLACHAN, kla'han, _n._ (_Scot._) a small village. [Gael. _clachan_--_clach_, stone.]

[Illustration]

CLACK, klak, _v.i._ to make a sudden sharp noise as by striking: to chatter: to cackle.--_n._ a sharp, sudden sound; sound of voices: an instrument making this kind of noise: (_coll._) the tongue.--_ns._ CLACK'-BOX, the box containing the clack-valve of an engine; CLACK'-DISH (_Shak._), a wooden dish carried by beggars, having a movable cover which they clacked to attract attention; CLACK'ER; CLACK'-VALVE, a valve used in pumps, having a flap or a hinge which lifts up to let the fluid pass, but prevents the fluid from returning by falling back over the aperture. [From the sound.]

CLAD, klad, _pa.t_. and _pa.p._ of CLOTHE.

CLAES, kl[=a]z, _n.pl._ Scotch for CLOTHES.

CLAG, klag, _v.i._ (_prov._) to stick.--_adj._ CLAG'GY, sticky. [Prob. Scand.; Dan. _klag_, mud.]

CLAIM, kl[=a]m, _v.t._ to call for: to demand as a right.--_n._ a demand for something supposed due: right or ground for demanding: the thing claimed.--_adj._ CLAIM'ABLE, that can be claimed.--_n._ CLAIM'ANT, one who makes a claim.--LAY CLAIM TO, to assert a right. [O. Fr. _claimer_--L. _clam[=a]re_, to call out.]

CLAIRAUDIENCE, kl[=a]r-awd'i-ens, _n._ the alleged power of hearing things not present to the senses.--_n._ CLAIRAUD'IENT. [Fr. _clair_--L. _clarus_, clear, and AUDIENCE.]

CLAIR-OBSCURE, CLARE-OBSCURE, kl[=a]r-ob-sk[=u]r'. Same as CHIAROSCURO (q.v.). [Fr. _clair_--L. _clarus_, clear, and Fr. _obscur_--L. _obscurus_, obscure.]

CLAIRSCHACH, kl[=a]r'sh[:a]h, _n._ the old Celtic harp strung with wire.

CLAIRVOYANCE, kl[=a]r-voi'ans, _n._ the alleged power of seeing things not present to the senses.--_n._ CLAIRVOY'ANT, one who is said to have this power. [Fr., _clair_--L. _clarus_, clear, and Fr. _voir_--L. _vid[=e]re_, to see.]

CLAM, klam, _n._ a species of bivalve shellfish: an instrument for holding. [A.S. _clam_, fetter; cf. Ger. _klamm_; Dan. _klamme_.]

CLAM, klam, _v.t._ to clog: to smear; _pr.p._ clam'ming; _pa.p._ clammed.--_n._ dampness.--_adv._ CLAM'MILY.--_n._ CLAM'MINESS.--_adj._ CLAM'MY, sticky: moist and adhesive. [A.S. _claeman_, to anoint; cf. Dut., Dan. _klam_, damp.]

CLAM, klam, _n._ noise produced in ringing a chime of bells at once.--_v.t._ or _v.i._ to produce a clam. [Prob. onomatopoeic.]

CLAMANT, klam'ant, _adj._ calling aloud or earnestly.--_n._ CLAM'ANCY, urgency. [L. _clam[=a]re_, to cry out.]

CLAMBER, klam'b[.e]r, _v.i._ to climb with difficulty, grasping with the hands and feet.--_n._ the act of clambering. [From root of CLUMP; cf. Ger. _klammern_--_klemmen_, to squeeze or hold tightly.]

CLAMJAMPHRIE, klam-jam'fri, _n._ (_Scot._) rubbish: nonsense: rabble. [Der. uncertain.]

CLAMOUR, klam'or, _n._ a loud continuous outcry: uproar; any loud noise.--_v.i._ to cry aloud in demand: to make a loud continuous outcry.--_adj._ CLAM'OROUS, noisy, boisterous.--_adv._ CLAM'OROUSLY.--_ns._ CLAM'-OROUSNESS; CLAM'OURER. [L. _clamor_.]

CLAMP, klamp, _n._ a piece of timber, iron, &c., used to fasten things together or to strengthen any framework: any instrument for holding.--_v.t._ to bind with clamps. [From a root seen in A.S. _clam_, fetter; Dut. _klamp_, a clamp, and akin to Eng. CLIP, CLIMB.]

CLAMP, klamp, _n._ a heavy tread.--_v.i._ to tread heavily. [Prob. from the sound.]

CLAMPER, klam'p[.e]r, _v.t._ to botch up. [Der. unknown; prob. conn. with CLAMP, a piece of timber, &c.]

CLAN, klan, _n._ a tribe or collection of families subject to a single chieftain, bearing the same surname, and supposed to have a common ancestor: a clique, sect: a collective name for a number of persons or things.--_adj._ CLAN'NISH, closely united, like the members of a clan.--_adv._ CLAN'NISHLY.--_ns._ CLAN'NISHNESS; CLAN'SHIP, association of families under a chieftain: feeling of loyalty to a clan; CLANS'MAN, a member of a clan. [Gael. _clann_, offspring, tribe--L. _planta_, a shoot.]

CLANDESTINE, klan-des'tin, _adj._ concealed or hidden: private: sly.--_adv._ CLANDES'TINELY. [L. _clandestinus_--_clam_, secretly.]

CLANG, klang, _v.i._ to produce a sharp, ringing sound.--_v.t._ to cause to clang.--_n._ a sharp, ringing sound, like that made by metallic substances struck together: (_fig._) sound, the cry of some birds.--_n._ CLANG'ING, the sound corresponding to the verb.--_adj._ CLANG'OROUS.--_adv._ CLANG'OROUSLY.--_n._ CLANG'OUR, a clang: a sharp, shrill, harsh sound.--_v.i._ to make a clangour. [L. _clang[)e]re_; Ger. _klang_; formed from the sound.]

CLANK, klangk, _n._ a sharp sound, less prolonged than a clang, such as is made by a chain.--_v.t._ or _v.i._ to make or cause a clank.--_n._ CLANK'ING, the action of the verb _clank_.--_adj._ CLANK'LESS, without clank. [Prob. formed under the influence of CLINK and CLANG.]

CLAP, klap, _n._ the noise made by the sudden striking together of two things, as the hands: a burst of sound: a slap.--_v.t._ to strike together so as to make a noise: to thrust or drive together suddenly: to fasten promptly: to pat with the hand in a friendly manner: to applaud with the hands: to bang: to imprison--e.g. 'to clap one in prison.'--_v.i._ to strike the hands together: to strike together with noise: to applaud:--_pr.p._ clap'ping; _pa.p._ clapped.--_ns._ CLAP'-BOARD, a thin board used in covering wooden houses; CLAP'-BREAD, a kind of hard-baked oatmeal cake; CLAP'-DISH (same as CLACK-DISH); CLAP'-NET, a kind of net which is made to clap together suddenly by pulling a string; CLAP'PER, one who claps: that which claps, as the tongue of a bell: a glib tongue.--_v.t._ CLAP'PER-CLAW, to claw or scratch: (_Shak._) to scold.--_ns._ CLAP'PING, noise of striking: applause; CLAP'-SILL, the bottom part of the frame on which lock-gates shut--called also _Lock-sill_; CLAP'TRAP (_Shak._), a trick to gain applause: flashy display: empty words; CLAPTRAP'PERY.--_adj._ CLAPTRAP'PISH.--CLAP EYES ON, to see; CLAP HANDS (_Shak._), to make an agreement; CLAP HOLD OF, to seize roughly; CLAP UP (_Shak._), to conclude suddenly. [Ice. _klappa_, to pat; Dut. and Ger. _klappen_.]

CLAP, klap, _n._ gonorrhea. [Cf. Dut. _klapoor_.]

CLAQUE, klak, _n._ an institution for securing the success of a public performance, by bestowing upon it preconcerted applause.--_n._ CLAQ'UEUR, a member of the claque. [Fr. _claquer_, to clap.]

CLARABELLA, klar-a-bel'a, _n._ an organ-stop of a sweet fluty tone.

CLARENCE, klar'ens, _n._ a four-wheeled carriage, seated inside for two or more persons. [Named after William IV. when Duke of _Clarence_.]

CLARENCEUX, CLARENCIEUX, klar'en-s[=u], _n._ (_her._) the second king-of-arms in England, so named from the Duke of _Clarence_, son of Edward III.

CLARENDON, klar'en-don, _n._ (_print._) a form of type having a heavy face.

CLARE-OBSCURE. Same as CHIAROSCURO.

CLARET, klar'et, _n._ originally applied to wines of a light-red colour, but now used in England for the dark-red wines of Bordeaux: (_slang_) blood.--_v.i._ to drink claret.--_ns._ CLAR'ET-CUP, a drink made up of iced claret, brandy, sugar, &c.; CLAR'ET-JUG, a fancy jug for holding claret. [Fr. _clairet_--_clair_--L. _clarus_, clear.]

CLARIFY, klar'i-f[=i], _v.t._ to make clear or pure.--_v.i._ to become clear:--_pr.p._ clar'ifying; _pa.p._ clar'ified.--_ns._ CLARIFIC[=A]'TION; CLAR'IFIER, that which clarifies or purifies. [L. _clarus_, clear, and _fac[)e]re_, to make.]

CLARION, klar'i-on, _n._ a kind of trumpet whose note is clear and shrill: the sound of a trumpet, or a sound resembling that of a trumpet.--_ns._ CLAR'INET, CLAR'IONET, a wind-instrument, usually of wood, in which the sound is produced by a single thin reed.--The BASS CLARINET is pitched an octave lower than the ordinary clarinet. [Fr. _clairon_--_clair_--L. _clarus_, clear.]

CLARITY, klar'i-ti, _n._ clearness. [M. E. _clart['e]_--L. _claritas_.]

CLARTY, klar'ti, _adj._ (_Scot._) sticky and dirty. [Der. unknown.]

CLARY, kl[=a]r'i, _n._ a biennial with clammy stem, large, heart-shaped, rough, doubly crenate leaves, and whorls of pale-blue flowers in loose terminal spikes, with large coloured bracts. [Low L. _sclarea_. Origin unknown.]

CLASH, klash, _n._ a loud noise, such as is caused by the striking together of weapons: opposition: contradiction: (_Scot._) chatter, country talk.--_v.i._ to dash noisily together: to meet in opposition: to act in a contrary direction: to disagree: (_Scot._) to gossip.--_v.t._ to strike noisily against.--_n._ CLASH'ING, a striking against: opposition. [Formed from the sound, like Ger. and Sw. _klatsch_.]

CLASP, klasp, _n._ a hook for fastening: an embrace.--_v.t._ to fasten with a clasp: to enclose and hold in the hand or arms: to embrace.--_ns._ CLASP'ER, that which clasps: the tendril of a plant; CLASP'ING; CLASP'-KNIFE, a knife the blade of which folds into the handle. [M. E. _clapse_, from the root of A.S. _clyppan_, to embrace. See CLIP.]