Part 47

CHOKE, ch[=o]k, _v.t._ to throttle: to suffocate: to stop or obstruct: to suppress.--_v.i._ to be choked or suffocated.--_n._ the action of choking.--_n._ CHOKE'-BORE, the bore of a gun when narrowed at the muzzle so as to concentrate the shot: a shot-gun so bored.--_v.t._ to bore in such a way.--_n._ CHOKE'-CHERR'Y, a name given to certain nearly allied species of cherry, natives of North America, whose fruit, though at first rather agreeable, is afterwards astringent in the mouth.--_adj._ CHOKED, suffocated, clogged.--_n._ CHOKE'DAMP, the carbonic acid gas given off by coal which accumulates in coal-mines, and may suffocate those exposed to it.--_adj._ CHOKE'-FULL (see CHOCK-FULL).--_ns._ CHOK'ER, one who chokes: a neckerchief; CHOK'ING, suffocation.--_adj._ smothering.--_adj._ CHOK'Y, tending to choke: inclined to choke.--CHOKE OFF, to put an end to, as if by choking; CHOKE UP, to obstruct completely, to suffocate.--WHITE CHOKER, a white neckerchief worn by clergymen, &c. [Prob. from sound.]

CHOKY, ch[=o]'ki, _n._ a prison: a toll-station. [Hind.]

CHOLAEMIA, CHOLEMIA, ko-l[=e]'mi-a, _n._ a morbid accumulation of the constituents of bile in the blood.--_adj._ CHOLAE'MIC. [Gr. _chol[=e]_, bile, _haima_, blood.]

CHOLAGOGUE, kol'a-gog, _n._ a purgative causing evacuations of bile.--_adj._ CHOLAGOG'IC. [Gr. _chol[=e]_, bile, _ag[=o]gos_, leading.]

CHOLER, kol'[.e]r, _n._ the bile: (_Shak._) biliousness: anger, irascibility.--_adj._ CHOL'ERIC, full of choler: passionate. [Fr.,--L.,--Gr. _cholera_--_chol[=e]_, bile.]

CHOLERA, kol'[.e]r-a, _n._ a highly infectious and deadly disease characterised by bilious vomiting and purging.--_adj._ CHOLER[=A]'IC.--BRITISH CHOLERA, an acute catarrhal affection of the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestines. [Gr. _cholera_.]

CHOLESTERINE, ko-les'te-rin, _n._ a substance occurring abundantly in bile and biliary calculi, probably a monovalent alcohol.--_adj._ CHOLESTER'IC. [Gr. _chol[=e]_, bile, _stereos_, solid.]

CHOLIAMB, k[=o]'li-amb, _n._ a variety of iambic trimeter, having a trochee for an iambus as the sixth foot.--_adj._ CHOLIAM'BIC. [L.,--Gr. _ch[=o]liambos_--_ch[=o]los_, lame, _iambos_, iambus.]

CHOLTRY, ch[=o]l'tri, _n._ a khan or caravansary for travellers: a shed used as a place of assembly.--Also CHOUL'TRY. [Malayalam.]

CHONDRIFY, kon'dri-f[=i], _v.t._ to convert into cartilage.--_v.i._ to be converted into cartilage.--_n._ CHONDRIFIC[=A]'TION. [Gr. _chondros_, cartilage.]

CHONDROID, kon'droid, _adj._ cartilaginous.--_ns._ CHON'DRIN, the proper substance of cartilage; CHONDR[=I]'TIS, inflammation of cartilage; CHONDROGEN'ESIS, the formation of cartilage.--_adj._ CHONDROGENET'IC.--_ns._ CHONDROG'RAPHY, a description of the cartilages; CHONDROL'OGY, the knowledge of the cartilages.

CHONDROPTERYGIAN, kon-drop-te-rij'i-an, _adj._ gristly-finned, belonging to the _Chondropterygii_, a group of fishes variously defined in different systems. [Gr. _chondros_, cartilage, _pterygion_, dim. of _pteryx_, a wing.]

CHOOSE, ch[=oo]z, _v.t._ to take one thing in preference to another: to select.--_v.i._ to will or determine: to think fit:--_pa.t._ ch[=o]se; _pa.p._ ch[=o]s'en.--_ns._ CHOOS'ER (_Shak._), one who chooses; CHOOS'ING, choice: selection.--CANNOT CHOOSE, can have no alternative.--NOT MUCH TO CHOOSE BETWEEN, each about equally bad.--PICK AND CHOOSE, to select with care. [A.S. _c['e]osan_, Dut. _kiesen_.]

CHOP, chop, _v.t._ to cut with a sudden blow: to cut into small pieces: (_Milton_) to change: to exchange or barter: (_Milton_) to trade in: to bandy words.--_v.i._ to change about: to shift suddenly, as the wind.--_n._ a blow: a piece cut off: a slice of mutton or pork, containing a rib: a change: vicissitude.--_ns._ CHOP'-HOUSE, a house where mutton-chops and beef-steaks are served: an eating-house; CHOP'PER, one who or that which chops: a cleaver; CHOP'PING-KNIFE, a knife for chopping or mincing meat.--_adj._ CHOP'PY, full of chops or cracks: running in irregular waves--also CHOP'PING.--CHOP AND CHANGE, to buy and sell: to change about; CHOP AT, to aim a blow at; CHOP IN, to break in, interrupt; CHOP LOGIC, to dispute in logical terms: to bandy words; CHOP UP, to cut into small pieces.--A CHOP-LOGIC (_Shak._), a contentious fellow. [A form of CHAP.]

CHOP, chop, _n._ the chap or jaw, generally used in _pl._: a person with fat cheeks: the mouth of anything, as a cannon.--_adj._ CHOP'-FALL'EN, lit. having the chop or lower jaw fallen down: cast-down: dejected. [See CHAP (3).]

CHOP, chop, _n._ in China and India, an official mark or seal: a license or passport which has been sealed. [Hind. _chh[=a]p_, seal, impression.]

CHOPIN, chop'in, _n._ an old French liquid measure containing nearly an English imperial pint: a Scotch measure containing about an English quart. [O. Fr. _chopine_, Old Dut. _schoppe_; Scot. _chappin_, Ger. _schoppen_, a pint.]

CHOPINE, chop-[=e]n', chop'in, _n._ a high clog or patten introduced into England from Venice during the reign of Elizabeth. [Sp. _chapin_.]

CHOPPING, chop'ing, _adj._ stout, strapping, plump.

CHOP-STICKS, chop'-stiks, _n.pl._ two small sticks of wood, ivory, &c., used by the Chinese instead of knife and fork. [_Chop_, a corr. of _kih_, quick.]

CHORAGUS, ko-r[=a]'gus, _n._ in Athens, the person appointed to organise the chorus: the leader of a choir.--_adj._ CHORAG'IC, pertaining to a choragus.--CHORAGIC MONUMENT, a small temple on which were dedicated the tripods given in the Dionysian contests to the victorious chorus. [Gr. _chor[=e]gos_--_choros_, chorus, and _agein_, to lead.]

CHORAL, CHORALE. See CHOIR.

CHORD, kord, _n._ (_mus._) the simultaneous and harmonious union of sounds of a different pitch.--The COMMON CHORD is a note with its third and perfect fifth reckoned upwards. [Formed from ACCORD.]

CHORD, kord, _n._ the string of a musical instrument: (_fig._) of the emotions: (_geom._) a straight line joining the extremities of an arc: a straight line joining any two points in the curve of a circle, ellipse, &c. [L. _chorda_--Gr. _chord[=e]_, an intestine.]

CHOREA, ko-r[=e]'a, _n._ St Vitus's dance, a nervous disease causing irregular and involuntary movements of the limbs or face. [L.,--Gr. _choreia_, a dancing.]

CHOREE, k[=o]'r[=e], _n._ a trochee.--Also CHOR[=E]'US. [L.,--Gr.]

CHOREOGRAPHY. See CHORUS.

CHOREPISCOPAL, k[=o]-re-pis'ko-pal, _adj._ pertaining to a local or suffragan bishop. [Gr. _ch[=o]ra_, place.]

CHORIAMB, k[=o]'ri-amb, _n._ a metrical foot of four syllables, the first and last long, the two others short.--_adj._ and _n._ CHORIAM'BIC. [Gr. _choriambos_--_choreios_, a trochee, _iambos_, iambus.]

CHORION, k[=o]'ri-on, _n._ the outer foetal envelope: the external membrane of the seeds of plants:--_pl._ CH[=O]'RIA.--_adj._ CH[=O]'ROID. [Gr.]

CHOROGRAPHY, k[=o]-rog'ra-fi, _n._ the description of the geographical features of a particular region.--_adjs._ CHOROGRAPH'IC, -AL; CHOROLOG'ICAL.--_ns._ CHOROL'OGIST; CHOROL'OGY, the science of the geographical distribution of plants and animals.

CHORUS, k[=o]'rus, _n._ a band of singers and dancers, esp. in the Greek plays: a company of singers: that which is sung by a chorus: the combination of several voices in one simultaneous utterance: the part of a song in which the company join the singer.--_adj._ CHOREOGRAPH'IC.--_ns._ CHOREOG'RAPHY, CHOROG'RAPHY, the notation of dancing.--_adj._ CH[=O]'RIC.--_ns._ CH[=O]'RIST, CHOR'ISTER, a member of a choir. [L.,--Gr. _choros_, dance.]

CHOSE, CHOSEN. See CHOOSE.

CHOUGH, chuf, _n._ a kind of jackdaw which frequents rocky places on the seacoast. [A.S. _c['e]o_; from the cry of the bird. See CAW.]

CHOULTRY. See CHOLTRY.

CHOUSE, chows, _n._ (_obs._) a cheat: one easily cheated: a trick.--_v.t._ to cheat, swindle. [Prob. from Turk. _chaush_, a messenger or envoy.]

CHOUT, chowt, _n._ one-fourth part of the revenue extorted by the Mahrattas as blackmail: blackmail, extortion. [Hind. _chauth_, the fourth part.]

CHOW-CHOW, chow'-chow, _n._ a mixture of food such as the Chinese use, e.g. preserved pickles.--_adj._ miscellaneous, mixed. [Pigeon-English.]

CHOWDER, chow'd[.e]r, _n._ a dish made of a mixture of fish and biscuits. [Fr. _chaudi[`e]re_, a pot.]

CHOWRY, chow'ri, _n._ an instrument used for driving away flies. [Hindi, _chaunri_.]

CHREMATISTIC, kr[=e]-ma-tis'tik, _adj._ pertaining to finance.--_n._ CHREMATIS'TICS, the science of wealth. [Gr.,--_chr[=e]ma_, a thing.]

CHOY-ROOT. See SHAYA-ROOT.

CHRESTOMATHY, kres-tom'a-thi, _n._ a book of selections from foreign languages, usually for beginners.--_adjs._ CHRESTOMATH'IC, -AL. [Gr. _chr[=e]stos_, useful, _mathein_, to know.]

CHRISM, krizm, _n._ consecrated or holy oil: unction: confirmation: chrisom. (q.v.).--_adj._ CHRIS'MAL, pertaining to chrism.--_n._ a case for containing chrism: a pyx: a veil used in christening.--_ns._ CHRIS'MATORY, a vessel for containing chrism; CHRIS'OM, a white cloth laid by the priest on a child newly anointed with chrism after its baptism: the child itself.--CHRISOM CHILD (_Shak._), a child still wearing the chrisom cloth: an innocent child. [O. Fr. _chresme_ (Fr. _chr[^e]me_)--Gr. _chrisma_, from _chriein_, _chrisein_, to anoint.]

CHRIST, kr[=i]st, _n._ the Anointed, the Messiah.--_ns._ CHRIST-CROSS-ROW (kris'-kros-r[=o]), the alphabet, from the use in horn-books of having a cross at the beginning; CHR[=I]ST'S-THORN, a kind of prickly shrub common in Palestine and south of Europe, so called because supposed to have been the plant from which the crown of thorns was made.--_v.t._ CHRISTEN (kris'n), to baptise in the name of Christ: to give a name to.--_ns._ CHRIS'TENDOM, that part of the world in which Christianity is the received religion: the whole body of Christians; CHRIS'TENING, the ceremony of baptism; CHR[=I]ST'HOOD, the condition of being the Christ or Messiah; CHRIST'IAN, a follower of Christ: (_coll._) a human being.--_adj._ relating to Christ or His religion: being in the spirit of Christ.--_v.t._ CHRIST'IANISE, to make Christian: to convert to Christianity.--_ns._ CHRIST'IANISM, CHRISTIAN'ITY, the religion of Christ: the spirit of this religion.--_adjs._ CHRIST'IAN-LIKE, CHRIST'IANLY.--_ns._ CHRIST'IANNESS, CHRIST'LINESS.--_adjs._ CHRIST'LESS, CHRIST'LY.--CHRISTIAN ERA, the era counted from the birth of Christ; CHRISTIAN NAME, the name given when christened, as distinguished from the surname. [A.S. _crist_--Gr. _Christos_--and _chriein_, _chrisein_, to anoint.]

CHRISTADELPHIAN, kris-ta-del'fi-an, _n._ a member of a small religious body holding conditional immortality, denying a personal devil, &c.--sometimes called _Thomasites_ from Dr John _Thomas_ of Brooklyn (1805-71). [Lit. 'Brethren of Christ,' Gr. _Christos_, Christ, and _adelphos_, brother.]

CHRISTMAS, kris'mas, _n._ an annual festival, originally a mass, in memory of the birth of Christ, held on the 25th of December.--_ns._ CHRIST'MAS-BOX, a box containing Christmas presents: a Christmas gift; CHRIST'MAS-CARD, a card, more or less ornamented, sent from friend to friend at this season; CHRIST'MAS-EVE, the evening before Christmas; CHRIST'MAS-ROSE, or -FLOW'ER, the _Helleborus niger_, flowering in winter; CHRIST'MAS-TREE, a tree, usually fir, set up in a room, and loaded with Christmas presents. [CHRIST and MASS.]

CHRISTOLOGY, kris-tol'o-ji, _n._ that branch of theology which treats of the nature and person of Christ.--_adj._ CHRISTOLOG'ICAL.--_n._ CHRISTOL'OGIST. [Gr. _Christos_, and _logia_, a discourse.]

CHRISTOM, kris'um, _n._ (_Shak._). Same as CHRISOM, under CHRISM (q.v.).

CHRISTOPHANY, kris-tof'a-ni, _n._ an appearance of Christ to men. [Gr. _Christos_, and _phainein_, to appear.]

CHROMATIC, kr[=o]-mat'ik, _adj._ relating to colours: coloured: (_mus._) relating to notes in a melodic progression, which are raised or lowered by accidentals, without changing the key of the passage, and also to chords in which such notes occur.--_ns._ CHR[=O]M'ATE, a salt of chromic acid; CHR[=O]MAT'ICS, the science of colours.--_v.t._ CHR[=O]'MATISE, to impregnate with a chromate.--_ns._ CHR[=O]MATOG'RAPHY, a treatise on colours; CHR[=O]MATOL'OGY, the science of colours, or a treatise thereon; CHR[=O]MAT'OPHORE, one of the pigment-cells in animals: one of the granules in protoplasm: one of the brightly coloured bead-like bodies in the oral disc of certain actinias, &c.; CHR[=O]MATOP'SIA, coloured vision; CHR[=O]'MATROPE, an arrangement in a magic-lantern by which effects like those of the kaleidoscope are produced; CHR[=O]'MATYPE, CHR[=O]'MOTYPE, a photographic process by which a coloured impression of a picture is obtained.--_adj._ relating to the chromatype.--_ns._ CHR[=O]ME, CHR[=O]'MIUM, a metal remarkable for the beautiful colours of its compounds.--_adj._ CHR[=O]M'IC.--_ns._ CHR[=O]'MITE, a mineral consisting of oxide of chromium and iron; CHR[=O]'MO-LITH'OGRAPH, or merely CHR[=O]'MO, a lithograph printed in colours; CHR[=O]'MOLITHOG'RAPHY; CHR[=O]'MOSPHERE, a layer of incandescent red gas surrounding the sun through which the light of the photosphere passes--also CHR[=O]MAT'OSPHERE; CHR[=O]'MO-TYPOG'RAPHY, typography in colours; CHR[=O]'MO-XY'LOGRAPH, a picture printed in colours from wooden blocks; CHR[=O]'MO-XYLOG'RAPHY.--CHROMATIC SCALE, a scale proceeding by semitones; CHROMIC ACID, an acid of chromium, of an orange-red colour, much used in dyeing and bleaching. [Gr. _chr[=o]matikos_--_chr[=o]ma_, colour.]

CHRONIC, -AL, kron'ik, -al, _adj._ lasting a long time: of a disease, deep seated or long continued, as opposed to _acute_.--_n._ CHRON'IC, chronic invalid. [Gr. _chronikos_--_chronos_, time.]

CHRONICLE, kron'i-kl, _n._ a bare record of events in order of time: a history: (_pl._) name of two of the Old Testament books: a story, account.--_v.t._ to record.--_n._ CHRON'ICLER, a historian. [O. Fr. _chronique_--L.--Gr. _chronika_, annals--_chronos_, time.]

CHRONOGRAM, kron'o-gram, _n._ an inscription in which the time or date of an event is given by certain of the letters printed larger than the rest. [Gr. _chronos_, time, _gramma_, a letter--_graphein_, to write.]

CHRONOGRAPH, kron'o-graf, _n._ a chronogram: an instrument for taking exact measurements of time, or for recording graphically the moment or duration of an event.--_ns._ CHRONOG'RAPHER, a chronicler; CHRONOG'RAPHY, chronology. [Gr. _chronos_, time, _graphein_, to write.]

CHRONOLOGY, kron-ol'o-ji, _n._ the science of time.--_ns._ CHRONOL'OGER, CHRONOL'OGIST.--_adjs._ CHRONOLOG'IC, -AL.--_adv._ CHRONOLOG'ICALLY. [Gr. _chronos_, time, _logia_, a discourse.]

CHRONOMETER, kron-om'e-t[.e]r, _n._ an instrument for measuring time: a watch.--_adjs._ CHRONOMET'RIC, -AL.--_n._ CHRONOM'ETRY, the art of measuring time by means of instruments: measurement of time. [Gr. _chronos_, and _metron_, a measure.]

CHRONOSCOPE, kron'[=o]-sk[=o]p, _n._ an instrument for measuring very short intervals of time, esp. with projectiles.

CHRYSALIS, kris'a-lis, CHRYSALID, kris'a-lid, _n._ a term originally applied to the golden-coloured resting stages in the life-history of many butterflies, but sometimes extended to all forms of pupae or nymphs: the shell whence the insect comes:--_pl._ CHRYSAL'IDES (i-d[=e]z).--_adjs._ CHRYS'ALID, CHRYS'ALINE, CHRYS'ALOID. [Gr. _chrysallis_--_chrysos_, gold.]

CHRYSANTHEMUM, kris-an'the-mum, _n._ a genus of composite plants to which belong the corn marigold and ox-eye daisy. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _anthemon_, flower.]

CHRYSELEPHANTINE, kris-el-e-fan'tin, _adj._ noting the art of making statues jointly of gold and ivory. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _elephantinos_, made of ivory--_elephas_, _-antos_, ivory.]

CHRYSOBERYL, kris'o-ber-il, _n._ a mineral of various shades of greenish-yellow or gold colour. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, and BERYL.]

CHRYSOCOLLA, kris-[=o]-kol'a, _n._ a silicate of protoxide of copper, bluish-green. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _kolla_, glue.]

CHRYSOCRACY, kri-sok'ra-si, _n._ the rule of wealth. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _kratein_, to rule.]

CHRYSOLITE, kris'[=o]-l[=i]t, _n._ a yellow or green precious stone. [Gr. _chrysos_, and _lithos_, a stone.]

CHRYSOPHAN, kris'[=o]-fan, _n._ an orange-coloured bitter substance found in rhubarb.--_adj._ CHRYSOPHAN'IC. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _phan[=e]s_, appearing.]

CHRYSOPHILITE, kri-sof'i-l[=i]t, _n._ a lover of gold.

CHRYSOPHYLL, kris'[=o]-fil, _n._ the yellow colouring matter in the green chlorophyl pigment of plants.--Also _Xanthophyl_. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _phyllon_, a leaf.]

CHRYSOPRASE, kris'o-pr[=a]z, _n._ a variety of chalcedony: (_B._) a yellowish-green stone, nature unknown. [Gr. _chrysos_, and _prason_, a leek.]

CHRYSOTYPE, kris'o-t[=i]p, _n._ a process of taking pictures by photography, on paper impregnated with a neutral solution of chloride of gold. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _typos_, impression.]

CHTHONIAN, th[=o]'ni-an, _adj._ pertaining to the under world, subterranean.--Also CHTHON'IC. [Gr. _chth[=o]n_, the ground.]

CHUB, chub, _n._ a small fat river-fish.--_adjs._ CHUBBED, CHUB'BY, short and thick, plump; CHUB'-FACED, plump-faced.--_n._ CHUB'BINESS.

CHUBB, chub, _n._ a patent lock invented by _Chubb_, a locksmith in London--much used for safes, &c.--Also CHUBB'-LOCK.

CHUCK, chuk, _n._ the call of a hen: a chicken (dim. CHUCK'IE): a word of endearment.--_v.i._ to call, as a hen. [A variety of CLUCK.]

CHUCK, chuk, _n._ a gentle blow, as under the chin: (_coll._) a toss or throw; any game of pitch and toss.--_v.t._ to pat gently, as under the chin: to toss: to pitch.--_n._ CHUCK'-FAR'THING, a game in which a farthing is chucked into a hole. [Fr. _choquer_, to jolt; allied to SHOCK.]

CHUCK, chuk, _n._ a pebble or small stone: a game with such stones, often called CHUCK'IES: an instrument for holding an object so that it can be rotated, as upon the mandrel of a lathe. [Der. uncertain; cf. It. _cioco_, a block, stump.]

CHUCK-FULL. Same as CHOCK-FULL (q.v. under CHOCK).

CHUCKLE, chuk'l, _n._ a kind of laugh: the cry of a hen.--_v.t._ to call, as a hen does her chickens: to caress.--_v.i._ to laugh in a quiet, suppressed manner, indicating derision or enjoyment.--_n._ CHUCK'LING. [Akin to CHUCK, to call.]

CHUCKLE, chuk'l, _adj._ clumsy.--_n._ CHUCK'LE-HEAD, a loutish fellow. [Prob. CHOCK, a log.]

CHUFF, chuf, _n._ a clown: a surly fellow.--_n._ CHUF'FINESS, boorishness.--_adj._ CHUF'FY, coarse and surly. [M. E. _chuffe_, _choffe_, a boor (origin unknown), conn. with Scotch _coof_, akin to Ice. _kueif_.]

CHUM, chum, _n._ a chamber-fellow: friend or associate, chiefly among schoolboys and students.--_v.i._ and _v.t._ to occupy, or to put one into, the same room with another.--_n._ CHUM'MAGE, the quartering of two or more persons in one room: a fee demanded from a new chum.--_adj._ CHUM'MY, sociable.--_n._ a chimney-sweeper's boy: a chum. [Perh. a mutilation of CHAMBER-FELLOW.]

CHUMP, chump, an end lump of wood: a blockhead: the head.--OFF HIS CHUMP--out of his mind.

CHUNK, chungk, _n._ a thick piece of anything, as wood, bread, &c. [Perh. related to CHUCK.]

CHURCH, church, _n._ a house set apart for Christian worship: the whole body of Christians: the clergy: any particular sect or denomination of Christians: any body professing a common creed, not necessarily Christian.--_v.t._ to perform with any one the giving of thanks in church, more esp. of a woman after childbirth, or of a newly-married couple on first appearing at church after marriage.--_ns._ CHURCH'-ALE, a strong ale brewed for a church festival: the festival at which the ale was drunk; CHURCH'-BENCH (_Shak._), a seat in the porch of a church; CHURCH'-COURT, a court for deciding ecclesiastical causes, a presbytery, synod, or general assembly; CHURCH'-G[=O]'ING, the act of going to church, esp. habitually; CHURCH'ING, the first appearance of a woman in church after childbirth; CHURCH'ISM, adherence to the forms or principles of some church.--_adj._ CHURCH'LESS, not belonging to a church: (_Tennyson_) without church approval.--_ns._ CHURCH'MAN, a clergyman or ecclesiastic: a member or upholder of the established church; CHURCH'-RATE, an assessment for the sustentation of the fabric, &c., of the parish church; CHURCH'-SERV'ICE, the form of religious service followed in a church, order of public worship, a book containing such; CHURCH'-TEXT, a thin and tall form of black-letter print; CHURCHWAR'DEN, an officer who represents the interests of a parish or church: a long clay-pipe; CHURCH'WAY, the public way or road that leads to the church; CHURCH'WOMAN, a female member of the Anglican Church.--_adj._ CHURCH'Y, obtrusively devoted to the church.--_n._ CHURCH'YARD, the burial-ground round a church.--CHURCH HISTORY, the description of the course of development through which the church as a whole, as well as its special departments and various institutions, has passed, from the time of its foundation down to our own day; CHURCH MILITANT, the church on earth in its struggle against evil; CHURCH TRIUMPHANT, the portion of the church which has overcome and left this world.--VISIBLE and INVISIBLE CHURCH (see VISIBLE). [A.S. _circe_ (Scot, _kirk_; Ger. _kirche_)--Gr. _kyriakon_, belonging to the Lord--_Kyrios_, the Lord.]

CHURL, churl, _n._ a rustic, labourer: an ill-bred, surly fellow.--_adj._ CHURL'ISH, rude: surly: ill-bred.--_adv._ CHURL'ISHLY.--_n._ CHURL'ISHNESS. [A.S. _ceorl_, a countryman; Ice. _karl_, Ger. _kerl_, a man; Scot. _carl_.]

CHURN, churn, _n._ a machine used for the production of butter from cream or from whole milk.--_v.t._ to agitate cream so as to obtain butter.--_v.i._ to perform the act of churning.--_ns._ CHURN'-DRILL, a drill worked by hand, not struck with the hammer, a jumper; CHURN'ING, the act of making butter: the quantity of butter made at once; CHURN'-STAFF, the plunger used in an upright churn: the sun-spurge. [A.S. _cyrin_; Ice. _kirna_, a churn; Dut. and Ger. _kernen_, to churn.]

CHURR, ch[.e]r, _n._ a low sound made by certain birds.--_v.i._ to make this sound. [Prob. imit.]

CHURRUS, chur'us, _n._ the resinous exudation of _Cannabis indica_, which, in its milder preparations, known as _bhang_, &c., is used as a narcotic and intoxicant. [Hind. _charas_.]

CHUSE, ch[=oo]z, _v.t._ a form of CHOOSE.

CHUT, chut, _interj._ an expression of impatience.

CHUTE, sh[=oo]t, _n._ a waterfall, rapid: a channel down which to pass water, logs, rubbish, &c. [Fr. _chute_, a fall.]

CHUTNEE, CHUTNY, chut'ne, _n._ an East Indian condiment, a compound of mangoes, chillies, or capsicum, and lime-juice, &c. [Hind. _chatni_.]

CHYLE, k[=i]l, _n._ a white fluid drawn from the food while in the intestines.--_adjs._ CHYL[=A]'CEOUS, CHYLIF'IC, CHYL'OUS; CHYLIFAC'TIVE, having the power to make chyle.--_n._ CHYLIFIC[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ CHYL'IFY, to convert, or be converted, into chyle.--_n._ CHYL[=U]'RIA, a discharge of milky urine. [Fr.,--Gr. _chylos_, juice--_cheein_, to pour.]

CHYME, k[=i]m, _n._ the pulp to which the food is reduced in the stomach.--_n._ CHYMIFIC[=A]'TION, the act of being formed into chyme.--_v.t._ CHYM'IFY, to form into chyme.--_adj._ CHYM'OUS. [Gr. _chymos_, from _cheein_.]

CHYMICAL, CHYMISTRY, obsolete forms of CHEMICAL, CHEMISTRY.

CHYND, ch[=i]nd, _p.adj._ (_Spens._) cut into chines.

CIBOL, sib'ol, _n._ a variety of onion. [Fr. _ciboule_ (Sp. _cebolla_)--Low L. _cepola_, dim. of L. _cepa_, an onion.]

CIBORIUM, si-b[=o]'ri-um, _n._ (_R.C. Church_) a vessel nearly resembling a chalice, with an arched cover, in which the Host is deposited: a canopy supported on four pillars over the high altar:--_pl._ CIB[=O]'RIA. [L., a drinking-cup--Gr. _kib[=o]rion_, the seed-vessel of the Egyptian bean.]

CICADA, si-k[=a]'da, CICALA, si-k[=a]'la, _n._ an insect remarkable for its chirping sound. [L. _cicada_.]

CICATRIX, sik-[=a]'triks, or sik'a-triks, _n._ the scar over a wound after it is healed--also CIC'ATRICE: scar in the bark of a tree: (_Shak._) mark, impression.--_ns._ CICATRIC'ULA, the germinating point in the yolk of an egg; CICATRIS[=A]'TION, the process of healing over.--_v.t._ CIC'ATRISE, to help the formation of a cicatrix on a wound or ulcer: to scar.--_v.i._ to heal. [Fr.,--L. _cicatrix_, a scar.]

CICELY, sis'e-li, _n._ a genus of umbelliferous plants nearly allied to chervil. [L. and Gr. _seseli_.]

CICERONE, chich-er-[=o]'ni, or sis-e-r[=o]'ne, _n._ one who shows strangers the curiosities of a place: a guide.--_v.i._ to act as cicerone.--_adjs._ CICER[=O]'NIAN, CICERON'IC.--_ns._ CICER[=O]'NIANISM, the character of Cicero's Latin style; CICERON'ISM, CICERON'AGE, CICERONE'SHIP, the function of a guide. [It.,--L. _Cicero_, the Roman orator.]

CICISBEO, ch[=e]-ch[=e]s-b[=a]'o, _n._ a married woman's gallant or _cavaliere servente_ in Italy:--_pl._ CICISBE'I.--_n._ CICISB[=E]'ISM. [It.]

CICLATOUN. See CHECKLATON.

CICUTA, si-k[=u]'ta, _n._ a genus of umbelliferous plants with poisonous roots--_water-hemlock_ or _cowbane_. [L., hemlock.]

CID, sid, _n._ a chief, captain, a hero, from the famous 11th-cent. Castilian warrior against the Moors, styled _el Cid Campeador_, whose real name was Rodrigo, or Ruy, Diaz (i.e. 'son of Diego'). The name _Cid_ is the Ar. _seid_, _seiyid_, lord.

CIDER, s[=i]'d[.e]r, _n._ a drink made from apples.--_ns._ C[=I]'DER-AND, a mixture of cider and other spirits; C[=I]'DER-CUP, a drink of sweetened cider, with other ingredients; C[=I]'DERKIN, an inferior cider. [Fr. _cidre_--L.,--Gr. _sikera_, strong drink--Heb. _shakar_, to be intoxicated.]

CI-DEVANT, s[=e]-de-vong', _adj._ former. [Fr.]

CIEL. See CEIL.

CIERGE. See CERGE.

CIGAR, si-g[:a]r', _n._ a roll of tobacco-leaves for smoking.--_n._ CIGARETTE', a little cigar made of finely-cut tobacco rolled in thin paper. [Sp. _cigarro_.]

CILIA, sil'i-a, _n.pl._ hair-like lashes borne by cells.--_adjs._ CIL'IARY, CIL'I[=A]TE, CIL'I[=A]TED, CILIF'EROUS, having cilia; CIL'I[=I]FORM, very thin and slender like cilia. [L. _cilium_, pl. _cilia_, eyelids, eyelashes.]

CILICE, sil'is, _n._ hair-cloth: a penitential garment made of hair-cloth.--_adj._ CILIC'IOUS. [L.,--Gr. _kilikion_, a cloth made of Cilician goat's hair.]

CIMAR. Same as SIMAR.

CIMBRIC, sim'brik, _adj._ pertaining to the ancient _Cimbri_, a people from central and northern Europe, crushed by Marius, 101 B.C.--Also CIM'BRIAN. [Sometimes made Celtic by a desperate analogy with the name _Cymry_.]

CIMEX, si-meks', _n._ a bug.--_adjs._ CIMIC'IC, CIMIC'IOUS.--_n._ CIMICIF'UGA, the genus of bugworts or bugbanes, natural order _Ranunculaceae_. [L. _cimex_.]

CIMIER, s[=e]-my[=a]', _n._ the crest of a helmet. [Fr.]

CIMMERIAN, sim-[=e]'ri-an, _adj._ relating to the _Cimmerii_, a tribe fabled to have lived in perpetual darkness: extremely dark.

CIMOLITE, sim'[=o]-l[=i]t, _n._ a species of clay, or hydrous silicate of aluminium, used as fuller's earth. [Gr. _kim[=o]lia_, prob. from _Kim[=o]los_, an island of the Cyclades.]

CINCH, sinch, _n._ a saddle-girth.--_v.i._ to tighten the cinch. [Sp. _cincha_--L. _cingula_.]

CINCHONA, sin-k[=o]'na, _n._ a genus of trees, yielding the bark so much valued in medicine, from which the most important alkaloids, quinine and its congeners, are obtained--also called _Peruvian bark_.--_adjs._ CINCHON[=A]'CEOUS, CINCHON'IC.--_n._ CIN'CHONINE, an alkaloid obtained from the bark of several species of cinchona.--_adj._ CINCHONIN'IC.--_n._ CINCHONIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ CIN'CHONISE, to bring under the influence of cinchona or quinine.--_n._ CIN'CHONISM, a morbid state due to overdoses of cinchona or quinine. [Said to be so named from the Countess of _Chinchon_, who was cured of a fever by it in 1638.]

CINCTURE, singk't[=u]r, _n._ a girdle or belt: a moulding round a column.--_v.t._ to gird, encompass.--_adjs._ CINCT, surrounded; CINC'TURED, having a cincture. [L. _cinctura_--_cing[)e]re_, _cinctum_, to gird.]

CINDER, sin'd[.e]r, _n._ the refuse of burned coals: anything charred by fire: (_slang_) some strong stimulant put in tea, soda-water, &c.--_ns._ CINDEREL'LA, a scullery-maid; CINDEREL'LA-DANCE, an early dancing-party ending at midnight--from the nursery tale.--_adj._ CIN'DERY. [A.S. _sinder_, scoriae, slag.]

CINEMATOGRAPH. See KINEMATOGRAPH.

CINENCHYMA, si-neng'ki-ma, _n._ laticiferous tissue, consisting of irregularly branching and anastomosing vessels.--_adj._ CINENCHYM'ATOUS. [Gr. _kinein_, to move, _engchyma_, infusion.]

CINERARIA, sin-e-r[=a]'ri-a, _n._ a genus of plants, with flowers of various colours, chiefly belonging to South Africa, but also grown in greenhouses in Britain and elsewhere. [L. _cinerarius_--_cinis_, _cineris_, ashes.]

CINERARY, sin'e-ra-ri, _adj._ pertaining to ashes.--_ns._ CINER[=A]'TION; CINER[=A]T'OR; CIN[=E]'REA, gray or cellular, as distinguished from white or fibrous, nerve tissue.--_adjs._ CIN[=E]'REAL; CIN[=E]'REOUS, ashy-gray; CINERES'CENT, becoming ashy-gray; CINERI'TIOUS, ashy-gray: pertaining to gray nerve tissue. [L. _cinereus_, ashy--_cinis_, _cineris_, ashes.]

CINGALESE, sing'ga-l[=e]z, _n._ a native of Ceylon.--_adj._ belonging to Ceylon.