Part 2

PLAN OF TOUR. The traveller is advised to draw up a careful programme of his tour before starting. All the places described in the Handbook may be reached by steamer, or partly overland, at any time of the year, but during the winter season (from about the end of October to the middle of May) much greater facilities are offered by excursion-steamers (see pp. xviii, 1, 2), circular tickets, and combined tickets. American travellers may sail direct from New York or Boston to some of the Mediterranean ports (see p. xviii). Travellers from Great Britain may start from London, Liverpool, Southampton, or Dover, or if they dread a long sea-voyage may proceed overland to Marseilles, to Genoa, to Naples, to Brindisi, to Venice, or to Trieste (comp. p. xxiv), and begin their Mediterranean tour from one of these points. Some may prefer the overland route to Spain and Gibraltar, while others again may find it more convenient to travel all the way to Constantinople (Orient Express), to Constantza (Ostend-Vienna Express), or to Odessa (viâ Vienna and Cracow) by railway, and thence explore the Mediterranean from east to west. The railway routes will be found in ‘Bradshaw’s Continental Railway Guide’ or in the German ‘Reichskursbuch’. For the ‘trains de luxe’ services tickets must be obtained from the International Sleeping Car Co. (London, 20 Cockspur St., S.W.; Paris, 3 Place de l’Opéra; New York, 281 Fifth Ave.; Berlin, 69 Unter den Linden). For the sea-routes, see p. xvii; for particulars application should be made to the various companies or their handbooks consulted. Excursion, circular, and combined tickets are issued by Messrs. Thos. Cook & Son, Ludgate Circus, and by other tourist-agents. It may be noted here that the ‘pleasure-cruises’ organized by many of the companies offer great attractions at moderate cost, but at the almost entire sacrifice of personal independence, while the fellow-passengers with whom one is associated for weeks may not always be congenial.

As a general rule it is pleasanter and less expensive to travel with one or more companions than alone. Apart from hotel charges and railway and steamboat fares, the cost for two or three persons is often no greater than for one. Moreover, when off the beaten track the traveller thus escapes from monotonous and monosyllabic conversation with native guides or drivers (comp. pp. xxv, xxvi), and in case of illness or accident he is far more certain of obtaining assistance and relief.

The most useful language in most parts of the Mediterranean is French. In Portugal, Madeira, and the Canary Islands English is much spoken, in Egypt it is the leading language. Italian is very useful in Tunisia, on the coast of Tripolitania and Barca, in Malta, throughout the Levant, in Greece, and at Constantinople. On the other hand a slight knowledge of Arabic will be found most useful throughout the whole of N. Africa, from Morocco to Egypt, and in Palestine and Syria.

Some HINTS ON HEALTH may be of advantage to the inexperienced traveller from the north. As a rule an overcoat or extra wraps should be put on at sundown, though they may often be dispensed with an hour or two later. When heated with walking the traveller should not rest in the shade. In hot climates like those of Egypt and the Sahara he should never remove his pith-helmet or other headgear in the sun. Grey spectacles or grey veils shield the eyes alike from the glare of the sun and from dust. Sunshades also are very desirable in hot weather. As a rule it is advisable to stay within doors during the heat of the day. On the other hand many places on the Mediterranean are cold in winter, Lower Egypt and Cairo being no exceptions. Steamboat passengers, too, will generally find warm clothing very desirable between October and the middle of May. An extra coat or shawl should be donned in museums, churches, mosques, and other buildings with stone pavement, as the air is often very chilly.

When engaging rooms visitors should insist on a southern aspect, which is almost essential for the delicate and highly desirable for the robust. In every case, especially if the rooms do not face due south, they should have a fireplace or else central heating. In the Mediterranean regions, where many of the plainer hotels have stone or brick floors, carpets are essential to comfort.

With regard to diet also a few general hints may be serviceable. Oysters, fish, salads, and tinned meats should be absolutely avoided. Raw fruit, except perhaps oranges and grapes, should be partaken of very sparingly. Ices and iced drinks also are apt to be upsetting. The contents of siphons, lemonade, and other ‘refreshing beverages’ are not unfrequently composed of polluted water. The safest liquids are boiled water, natural mineral waters, tea, coffee, good red wine, and, in moderation, sound English or German beer. Fairly good cognac or even whiskey may be obtained almost everywhere, but for the time-honoured ‘soda’ or ‘potash’ it is safer to substitute boiled or mineral water.

Colds, errors in diet, malaria, and over-exertion are the chief sources of the sharp attacks of illness to which even the hardiest travellers from the north are liable in the ‘sunny south’. Sunstroke is another danger. Against all these the traveller requires to be more on his guard than at home, where his nerves and his digestion are much less liable to be overtaxed. Care and moderation in sight-seeing and touring are therefore hardly less important than attention to diet.

Before the journey is begun a supply of a few simple remedies (see below) may be prepared with the advice of the traveller’s physician. In cases of serious illness one of the properly qualified doctors mentioned in the text should be consulted.

Diarrhoea, which may develop into dysentery, one of the commonest complaints, generally results from catching cold or from eating unwholesome food. The patient should first take a slight aperient and afterwards several doses of bismuth. The diet should be arrowroot (which should always accompany the traveller), rice or some other farinaceous food, and milk; fruit, meat, fatty substances, and alcohol should be avoided. In obstinate cases a change of climate is sometimes the only remedy.

Sprains are best treated with cold compresses; the injured part should be tightly bandaged and given perfect rest. In the case of a snake bite or scorpion sting the wound should be immediately treated with ammonia, or better still, cauterized. Sunstroke is not common in winter, but may easily occur as late as November or as early as April. The usual remedies are rest and shade; cold appliances are used for the head and neck; in case of high temperature these should be iced. The best protection for the head is either a pith-helmet, or a tall perforated straw-hat, with several folds of gauze round it and hanging down over the back of the neck. When the eyes are irritated with glare or dust frequent washing with a weak boracic or zinc lotion affords relief (comp. also p. xv).

Lastly a few simple and well-known remedies, most of which may be obtained in a tabloid form, may be mentioned for other common ailments: cascara sagrada, castor-oil, ‘Tamar Indien’, or Epsom salts for constipation; a zinc or starch dusting-powder for chafed sores due to riding; tincture of arnica, or Elliman’s embrocation, antiseptic wool, collodion, and sticking-plaster, for bruises and wounds; ammonia (sal-ammoniac) or other antidote (muscatol) to stings or bites; disinfectants, carbolic acid, insect-powder; chlorodyne for neuralgia; quinine for cases of fever. Fever, be it noted, especially in malarious regions (Sardinia, Sicily, Algeria, Tunisia, Greece) is propagated by mosquitoes, especially by the female of the Anopheles Claviger. Light curtains round the beds should therefore be used to ward off the attacks of these troublesome insects. At dusk, and at night when the room is lighted, the windows should always be carefully closed. When a bite has been received the inflamed part should be at once rubbed with ammonia.

It should, however, be added, in order to reassure the timid or nervous traveller, that few of these elaborate precautions are necessary except for enterprising explorers who often leave the beaten track or whose tour extends beyond the usual winter season.

II. Money, Passport, Custom House.

MONEY. A small sum of money to start with should be taken in English or French gold, but large sums should always be carried in the form of circular notes, care being observed to keep the notes and the ‘letter of indication’ quite separate. These notes are issued by the London and the Scottish banks and by Messrs. Thos. Cook & Son (Ludgate Circus). The cheques issued by the American Express Companies, by the American Bankers Association, and by the International Mercantile Marine Co. are also convenient. Wherever the traveller lands he will find an ample supply of the small change of the country very needful.

PASSPORTS are not absolutely necessary, except in Turkey and in Russia; but consuls, and sometimes bankers, require more convincing proof of identity than a visiting-card. Passports must be shown at the post-offices also in order to obtain delivery of registered letters.

Passports may be procured in England direct from the Passport Department of the _Foreign Office_, Whitehall (fee 2 _s._), or through any tourist-agent.—In the United States they are obtained from the _Bureau of Citizenship_, State Department, Washington, D.C.—Travellers may generally get their passports _visés_ for Turkey or Russia through one of the steamboat-companies or by applying to their consulate at one of the chief seaports, if they have omitted to take this step before leaving home.

The CUSTOM HOUSE EXAMINATION at the various seaports and frontiers is seldom very rigorous; but the traveller should be careful to declare every new article not intended for personal use; and he should note

## particularly that cigars, tobacco, and cigarettes, weapons and

ammunition (the import of the last four articles being entirely prohibited in Turkey), playing-cards, matches, etc. are liable to a heavy duty almost everywhere. These should therefore be carried in very small quantities or dispensed with altogether. It is rarely worth while carrying large supplies of any dutiable article, as the formalities are tedious and the expenses heavy.

In Turkey a second custom-house examination of luggage takes place when the traveller leaves the country, a small duty being levied on exports, while the export of antiques without the authority of government is forbidden. In Spain, Italy, and Greece also permission must be obtained to carry away works of art. Persons who have made large purchases, or have a superfluity of baggage to send home, had better employ a goods-agent.

III. Steamboats.

All the leading steamboat-companies are mentioned in the Handbook in connection with the different routes. The great Oriental, Australian, and other liners, of 5–12,000 tons’ burden and upwards, touch at very few Mediterranean ports (Gibraltar, Marseilles, Genoa, Naples, Port Said). Travellers desirous of visiting the Portuguese coast, Madeira and the Canary Islands, Algiers, Sardinia, Sicily, Tunisia, Athens, Constantinople, and many other places of interest must generally be content with smaller and often very inferior vessels. The sections of the following brief summary of the chief lines correspond with those into which the Handbook is divided.

FROM THE UNITED STATES TO THE MEDITERRANEAN.—_White Star Line._ From Boston about every three weeks to Gibraltar, Algiers, Naples, and Genoa, in 14–15 days. From New York at irregular intervals to Gibraltar, Naples, and Genoa, in 15–16 days. From Genoa viâ Naples to New York or Boston at irregular intervals. Fares: 1st cl. from New York to Gibraltar, Genoa, or Naples, from 16_l._, according to steamer; from Boston to Gibraltar, Algiers, Genoa, or Naples, from 16_l._ 10_s._; from New York to Villefranche, from 19_l._ 10_s._; 2nd cl. 13_l._

_Hamburg-American Line._ From New York at irregular intervals to Gibraltar, Algiers, Naples (or Palermo), and Genoa, in 13 days, and vice versâ. Fares: 1st cl. from 17_l._ 10_s._, 2nd cl. 13_l._

_North German Lloyd Line._ From New York on most Sat. to Gibraltar, Algiers (not in summer), Naples, and Genoa, in 13 days, returning on most Thursdays. Fares: 1st cl. from $87½, 2nd cl. from $65.

_Cunard Line._ From New York at irregular intervals to Gibraltar, Genoa, Naples, Trieste, and Fiume, in about 20 days, returning viâ Palermo, Naples, and Gibraltar. Fares to Trieste or Fiume, 1st cl. from 16_l._ 10_s._; to Gibraltar, Genoa, or Naples from 14_l._ 10_s._; 2nd cl. fares from 12_l._

Among the regular pleasure-cruises from the United States to the Mediterranean may be mentioned those from Boston organized by the _Bureau of University Travel_; for excursion-steamers from England to the Mediterranean, see pp. 1, 2.

(1). PORTUGUESE COAST (R. 1).

_Pacific Line_ from Liverpool (31 James St.) fortnightly, for La Rochelle-Pallice (for Bordeaux), Corunna, Vigo, Leixões (for Oporto), Lisbon, and St. Vincent (Cape Verde), and thence to S. America. Passengers for Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Mediterranean must of course tranship at Lisbon or St. Vincent.

_Royal Mail Steam Packet Co._, see p. xix.

_Nederland Royal Mail Steamers_ (London office, 2 King William St., E.C.) and _Rotterdam Lloyd_, both fortnightly from Southampton to Lisbon, Tangier, etc.

_Yeoward Bros. Line_, see p. xix.

_Hall Line_, see p. xx.

_Booth Line_ thrice monthly from Liverpool (office in the Tower Building) to Havre, Vigo, Leixões (for Oporto), Lisbon, and Madeira.

_Ellerman Line_ weekly from Liverpool to Lisbon and Oporto.

_Peninsular & Oriental Co._, see p. xx.

_German East African Line_ (London office, 14 St. Mary Axe, E.C.) once every three weeks from Southampton to Lisbon, Tangier, Marseilles, Naples, etc.

_Hamburg-American Line_ (London office, 22 Cockspur St., S.W.) and _Hamburg & South American Co._ several times monthly from Southampton, calling occasionally at Lisbon.

_Royal Holland Lloyd_ monthly from Dover to Boulogne, Corunna, Vigo, Lisbon, etc.

_Compañía Trasatlántica_ (Philippines Line) monthly from Liverpool to Corunna, Vigo, Lisbon, Cadiz, etc.

(2). MADEIRA AND CANARY ISLANDS (RR. 3, 4).

_Union Castle Line_ (London office, 3 Fenchurch St., E.C.) weekly from Southampton to Madeira; also fortnightly from London and Southampton touching alternately at Las Palmas and Teneriffe; also summer tours to Madeira, Las Palmas, and Teneriffe.

_Royal Mail Steam Packet Co._ (London office, 18 Moorgate St., E.C.) fortnightly from Southampton to Vigo, Lisbon, and Madeira; also round voyages from London, see p. xx.

_Peninsular & Oriental Branch Service_ monthly from London (office, 3 East India Ave., E.C.) to Las Palmas.

_Booth Line_, see p. xviii.

_Bucknall Line_ monthly from London (office, 23 Leadenhall St., E.C.) to Teneriffe.

_Aberdeen (Thompson’s) Line_ monthly from London (office, 7 Billiter Square, E.C.) and Plymouth to Teneriffe.

_Aberdeen (Rennie’s) Line_ about once every ten days from London (office, 4 East India Ave., E.C.) to Las Palmas and Teneriffe alternately.

_German East African Line_ (London office, see p. xviii) once every three weeks from Southampton for Las Palmas and Teneriffe.

_Woermann Line_ monthly from Dover to Las Palmas and Teneriffe.

_New Zealand Line_ (London office, 138 Leadenhall St., E.C.) and _Shaw, Savill, & Albion Line_ (London office, 34 Leadenhall St., E.C.), each monthly from London and Plymouth to Teneriffe.

_Yeoward Bros. Line_ weekly from Liverpool (office, 27 Stanley St.) to Lisbon, Teneriffe, and Grand Canary, calling on alternate voyages at Madeira.

_Federal, Houlder, & Shire Lines_ fortnightly from Liverpool, calling at Madeira, Las Palmas, or Teneriffe.

_Natal Line_ fortnightly from London (office, 14 St. Mary Axe, E.C.) to Las Palmas.

_Empreza Nacional de Navegação_ twice monthly, and _Empreza Insulana_ once monthly from Lisbon to Madeira.

(3). GIBRALTAR AND ANDALUSIA (RR. 1, 5, 6 b, 11).

_Peninsular & Oriental Co._ once weekly from London (office, 122 Leadenhall St., E.C.) to Gibraltar, etc. Comp. also p. xx.

_Orient Royal Line_ fortnightly from London (office, 5 Fenchurch St., E.C.) to Gibraltar, etc.

_North German Lloyd_ fortnightly from Southampton (London office, 26 Cockspur St., S.W.).

_Anchor Line_ almost weekly from Liverpool (office, 17 Water St.) or Glasgow (Anchor Line Buildings) to Gibraltar.

_Hall Line_ weekly from London (office, 31 Crutched Friars, E.C.) to Lisbon, Gibraltar, Málaga, and Cadiz.

_Royal Mail Steam Packet Co._, see below.

_Moss Line_ fortnightly (office, 31 James St.) and _Papayanni Line_ (office, 22 Water St.) occasionally from Liverpool to Gibraltar.

_Vapores Correos de Africa_ from Algeciras to Tangier, Cadiz, and Ceuta.

(4). MOROCCO (RR. 13, 14).

_Royal Mail Steam Packet Co._ fortnightly from London (office, see p. xix) to Gibraltar, Tangier, etc., returning viâ Las Palmas, Teneriffe, and Madeira.

_Nederland Royal Mail_ and _Rotterdam Lloyd_, see p. xviii.

_German East African Line_, see p. xviii.

_Peninsular & Oriental Co._ sends ‘Vectis’ or other excursion steamer from London (office, see p. xix) several times in spring and summer to Lisbon, Gibraltar, and Tangier.

_Compañía Trasatlántica_ (Canary Line) calls at Tangier (if required also at Casablanca and Mazagan) once a month on the voyage to and from Barcelona.

_Bland Line_, small cargo-boats thrice weekly from Gibraltar to Tangier; also steamers from Tangier to Tetuán and Larash.

_Oldenburg Portuguese Line_ fortnightly from Tangier to Rabât, Mogador, etc.

_Vapores Correos de Africa_ twice monthly from Tangier to Larash, Rabât, Casablanca, Mazagan, Saffi, and Mogador.

_N. Paquet & Co._ weekly from Tangier to Rabât and Mogador.

_Navigation Mixte_ weekly from Tangier for Melilla, Málaga, and Oran.

_Hungarian Adria_ monthly from Gibraltar to Tangier and Oran.

(5). W. MEDITERRANEAN.

From Gibraltar to Genoa (R. 15a):—_White Star Line_ (from New York or Boston) 2–3 times monthly; _North German Lloyd_ (from Southampton) monthly; _Cunard Line_ (from New York) occasionally; _Lloyd Sabaudo_ (from S. America) once monthly.

From Gibraltar to Algiers (R. 15b):—_North German Lloyd_ fortnightly; the _Hamburg-American_, the _Austrian Lloyd_, and the _German Levant_, all less regularly; _Navigation Mixte_ (_Touache Co._) to Oran (thence to Algiers by rail).

From Gibraltar to Marseilles (R. 17):—_Peninsular & Oriental_ (from London) weekly; _Orient Royal_ (from London) fortnightly.

From Gibraltar to Naples (R. 16):—_Orient Royal_ (from London) fortnightly; _North German Lloyd_ (from Southampton) twice, also (from New York) once or twice monthly; _Cunard_ and _White Star_ (from New York or Boston), each two or three times a month; _Hamburg-American_ (from New York) once or twice a month.

From Marseilles to Naples (R. 23):—_Orient Royal_ (from London) fortnightly; _North German Lloyd_ (from Southampton) fortnightly; _German East African Line_ once in three weeks; _Messageries Maritimes_ fortnightly; _Hungarian Adria_ (cargo-boats) twice weekly.

From Marseilles to Algiers (R. 20):—_Générale Transatlantique_ four times weekly; _Transports Maritimes_, twice weekly; _Navigation Mixte_ (_Touache Co._) weekly, also cargo-boat weekly.

From Marseilles to Tunis (R. 21):—_North German Lloyd_ fortnightly (to Goletta only); _Générale Transatlantique_ once weekly (and thence on to Malta), and viâ Bizerta once weekly; _Navigation Mixte_ (_Touache Co._) once weekly, and cargo-boats viâ Bizerta once weekly.

From Genoa to Naples (R. 24):—_North German Lloyd_ (from Southampton) two or three times a month; _Hamburg-American_ once or twice monthly; _Cunard_ and _White Star_, each once monthly; _Società Nazionale_ three or four times weekly; _Italian Lloyd_ once, twice, or thrice monthly; _La Veloce_ and _Lloyd Sabaudo_, each once monthly; _Hungarian Adria_ twice weekly.

From Genoa to Tunis (R. 25):—_Società Nazionale_ weekly; _North German Lloyd_ fortnightly to Bizerta.

From Naples to Palermo (R. 26):—Steamers of the _Ferrovie dello Stato_ daily; _Società Nazionale_ weekly; _Hungarian Adria_ twice weekly; _Lloyd Sabaudo_ monthly.

From Palermo to Tunis (R. 26):—_Società Nazionale_ weekly, also small cargo-boats weekly; _Navigation Mixte_ (_Touache Co._), cargo-boats weekly.

From Naples to Messina and Syracuse (R. 27):—_Società Nazionale_ thrice weekly to Messina, and once weekly thence to Syracuse; also steamers of the _Ferrovie dello Stato_ weekly from Naples to Messina, and of the _North German Lloyd_ fortnightly from Naples to Catania.

From Tunis or Syracuse to Malta (R. 64):—_Società Nazionale_ six times monthly; _Hungarian Adria_ six times weekly. From London to Malta: _Peninsular & Oriental_ usually weekly. From Liverpool to Naples and Malta: _City Line_ about once monthly.

(6). STEAMERS TO ALGERIA.

From Southampton to Algiers:—_North German Lloyd_ once or twice monthly direct; _Nederland Royal Mail_ fortnightly viâ Lisbon and Tangier.

From Marseilles to Oran (R. 19):—_Générale Transatlantique_ twice weekly; _Transports Maritimes_ once, and cargo-boat once weekly; _Navigation Mixte_ (_Touache Co._) once weekly (also weekly steamers from Cette to Oran).

From Marseilles to Algiers, see p. xxi.

From Gibraltar to Algiers, see p. xx.

From Cartagena to Oran (R. 18):—_Générale Transatlantique_ once weekly.

From Tangier to Oran (R. 18):—_Navigation Mixte_ (_Touache Co._) weekly, also cargo-boats fortnightly; _Hungarian Adria_ once monthly.

(7). STEAMERS TO TUNIS.

From Algiers to Tunis (R. 22):—_Générale Transatlantique_, coasting cargo-boats, once weekly; _German Levant Line_ two or three times a month; _Hungarian Adria_ once monthly to Tunis direct. Several other lines are available for sections of the route.

From Marseilles to Tunis, see p. xxi; from Naples to Palermo, and from Palermo to Tunis, see p. xxi; from Naples to Syracuse, and from Syracuse to Malta and Tunis, see p. xxi.

(8). EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN.

From Tunis to Malta, see p. xxi.

From Tunis to Tripoli (R. 64):—_Società Nazionale_ weekly, and _Navigation Mixte_ (_Touache Co._) weekly, both coasting. (From Algiers to Tripoli direct or viâ Malta, cargo-steamers of the German Levant Line.)

From Tripoli to Malta and Syracuse (R. 64):—_Società Nazionale_ weekly, other boats fortnightly.

From Tripoli to Alexandria (R. 65):—_German Levant Line_, cargo-boats, thrice monthly; _Banco di Roma_ fortnightly.

From Tripoli to Constantinople (R. 66):—_Società Nazionale_ fortnightly.

From Marseilles, Genoa, and Naples to Alexandria (R. 67):—_North German Lloyd_ weekly from Marseilles to Naples and Alexandria; _Messageries Maritimes_ from Marseilles weekly to Alexandria direct; _Società Nazionale_ weekly from Genoa to Leghorn, Naples, and Alexandria.

From Venice to Alexandria (R. 68):—_Società Nazionale_ fortnightly, viâ Ancona, Bari, and Brindisi.

From Trieste to Alexandria (R. 68):—_Austrian Lloyd_ weekly viâ Brindisi, and weekly viâ Gravosa and Brindisi.

Steamers to Port Said (RR. 67, 68):—All the great liners already mentioned and others besides converge at Port Said. Of the companies despatching vessels almost daily from British ports the following are the chief: _Peninsular & Oriental_ (calling at Gibraltar, Marseilles, and Brindisi); _Orient Royal_ and _North German Lloyd_ (calling at Gibraltar, Marseilles, and Naples); _Bibby_ (calling at Marseilles); _City Line_ (calling at Naples and Malta); _British India Line_ (calling occasionally at Marseilles, Genoa, or Naples); _Nederland Royal Mail_ (viâ Genoa); _Rotterdam Lloyd_ (viâ Marseilles); _Queensland Line_; _Japan Mail_ (viâ Marseilles); and _Compañía Trasatlántica_ (viâ Genoa).

Steamers to Palestine and Syria (R. 72):—_Khedivial Mail_, _Austrian Lloyd_, _Russian Steam Navigation & Trading Co._, _Società Nazionale_, all weekly from Alexandria to Port Said, Jaffa, Haifa, and Beirut; _Messageries Maritimes_ fortnightly from Alexandria and Port Said to Beirut direct, and fortnightly calling at Jaffa; _German Levant_, cargo-boats, twice monthly from Alexandria to Jaffa, Haifa, and Beirut.

From Alexandria and Beirut to Smyrna and Constantinople (RR. 72, 75, 76):—_Khedivial Mail_ fortnightly from Alexandria to Port Said, Beirut, Smyrna, and Constantinople; _Russian Steam Navigation & Trading Co._, similar route, weekly; _Messageries Maritimes_ fortnightly from Beirut; _La Phocéenne_ weekly from Alexandria to Smyrna (Constantinople).

Steamers to the Piræus (Athens; RR. 76, 77, 78):—_Khedivial Mail_, _Rumanian Mail_, _Russian Steam Navigation & Trading Co._, all weekly from Alexandria to the Piræus; _North German Lloyd_ fortnightly from Marseilles to Genoa, Naples, Catania, and the Piræus; _Messageries Maritimes_ fortnightly from Marseilles to the Piræus; _Società Nazionale_ weekly from Genoa to Leghorn, Naples, Palermo, Messina, and the Piræus; _Società Nazionale_ also weekly from Venice to Brindisi, Patras, and the Piræus; _Austrian Lloyd_ weekly from Trieste to Patras and the Piræus; also Greek-Oriental and Thessalian lines of the same company, each weekly from Trieste to the Piræus; _Greek Panhellenios Co._ weekly from Trieste to Patras and the Piræus; _Austro-Americana_, New York line (quickest), weekly from Trieste to Patras (for Athens).

From the Piræus (Athens) viâ Smyrna to Constantinople (R. 80):—_Khedivial Mail_ weekly; _North German Lloyd_, _Messageries Maritimes_, both fortnightly; _Austrian Lloyd_ weekly; also _Rumanian Mail_, _Società Nazionale_, and _Austrian Lloyd_ (the three quickest routes), each weekly to Constantinople direct.

(9). BLACK SEA.

From Constantinople to Constantza (R. 82):—_Rumanian Mail_ (quickest) twice weekly; _Austrian Lloyd_ alternate Fridays and alternate Saturdays; _Società Nazionale_ weekly.