Chapter 10 of 72 · 3988 words · ~20 min read

Part 10

471. (1.) Stems in a guttural mute, #-g-# or #-c-#, are declined as follows:

In the nominative and accusative, neuters have no case ending in the singular, and #-a# in the plural. In the other cases they have the same case endings as gender stems.

472. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-g-#, with nominative #-x#, genitive #-gis#, are:

#-ex#, #-egis# #grex#, M., (F.), _herd_; #aquilex#, M., _spring-hunter_, _hydraulic engineer_. #-ēx#, #-ēgis# #rēx#, M., _king_; #interrēx#, _regent_; #lēx#, F., _law_; and N. and Ac. #exlēx#, #exlēgem#, _beyond the law_, adjective. #-ex#, #-igis# #rēmex#, M., _oarsman_. #-ī̆x#, #-ī̆gis# #strī̆x#, F., _screech-owl_. #-ūnx#, #-ūgis# #coniūnx# (122, _e_) or #coniux#, M., F., _spouse_. #-ūx#, #-ūgis# #frūx#, F., _fruit_.

473. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-c-#, with nominative #-x#, genitive #-cis#, are:

#-ax#, #-acis# #fax#, F., _torch_, no G. Pl. in good writers (430). #-āx#, #-ācis# #pāx#, F., _peace_, Pl. only N. and Ac. #pācēs#; #līmāx#, F., _snail_. #-ex#, #-ecis# #faenisex#, M., _haycutter_; #nex#, F., _murder_; #precī#, D., F., _prayer_, no N., usually plural. #-ēx#, #-ēcis# #vervēx#, M., _wether_; #allēx#, F., _fish-pickle_, also #allēc#, Ne. #-ex#, #-icis# Masculines mostly: #apex#, _point_; #cārex#, F., _rush_; #caudex# or #cōdex#, _block_, _book_; #cīmex#, _bug_; #cortex#, M., F., _bark_; #culex#, _gnat_; #forfex#, M., F., _shears_; #frutex#, _shrub_; #īlex#, F., _holm-oak_; #illex#, M., F., _seducer_; #imbrex#, _tile_; #latex#, _fluid_; #mūrex#, _purple-shell_; #obice#, Ab., M., F., _bar_, no N.; #paelex#, F., _concubine_, #pollex#, _thumb_; #pūlex#, _flea_; #pūmex#, _pumice-slone_; #rāmex#, _blood-vessel_; #rumex#, _sorrel_; #silex#, M., F., _flint_; #sōrex#, _shrew-mouse_; #vortex# or #vertex#, _whirl_; #vītex#, F., _a shrub_. Also some compounds: as, #iūdex#, _juror_; #artifex#, _artisan_; #auspex#, _bird-viewer_. #-ix#, #-icis# Feminines mostly: #appendix#, _addition_; #calix#, M., _cup_; #filix#, _fern_; #fulix#, _gull_; #fornix#, M., _arch_; #larix#, _larch_; #pix#, _pitch_, no G. Pl. (430); #salix#, _willow_; #vārix#, _swollen vein_; #vicis#, G., _change_, no N., D., or G. Pl. (430). #-īx#, #-īcis# Feminines: #cervīx#, _neck_; #cicātrīx#, _scar_; #cornīx#, _crow_; #cŏ̄turnīx# (62), _quail_; #lōdīx#, _blanket_; #rādīx#, _root_; #struīx#, _heap_. Also #coxendīx#, _hip_, later #coxendix#, #coxendicis#. #-ōx#, #-ōcis# #vōx#, F., _voice_. #-ux#, #-ucis# #crux#, F., _cross_; #dux#, M., F., _leader_; #nux#, F., _nut-tree_, _nut_; #trādux#, M., _vinelayer_.

474. (2.) Stems in a dental mute, #-d-# or #-t-#, are declined as follows:

475. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-d-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-dis#, are:

#-as#, #-adis# #vas#, M., F., _personal surety_, no G. Pl. (430). #-aes#, #-aedis# #praes#, M., _bondsman_. #-es#, #-idis# #obses#, M., F., _hostage_; #praeses#, M., F., _overseer_. #*dēses#, _slothful_, adjective. #-ēs#, #-edis# #pēs#, M., _foot_. #-ēs#, #-ēdis# #hērēs#, M., F., _heir_; #exhērēs#, _disinherited_, adjective; #mercēs#, F., _reward_. #-is#, #-idis# Feminines: #capis#, _cup_; #cassis#, _helmet_; #cuspis#, _spear-point_; #prōmulsis#, _appetizer_; #lapis#, M., _stone_. #-ōs#, #-ōdis# #custōs#, M., F., _guard_. #-aus#, #-audis# #laus#, F., _praise_. #-us#, #-udis# #pecus#, F., _beast_, _head of cattle_. #-ūs#, #-ūdis# Feminines: #incūs#, _anvil_; #palūs#, _swamp_, nominative once in Horace #palus#, as from an #-o-# stem; #subscūs#, _dovetail_.

476. #sēdēs#, F., _seat_, has an #-s-# stem, namely #-ēs# (236), in the nominative, and #sēd-# in the other cases (401); G. Pl. #sēdum#, once #sēdium# (Vell. Pat.). The only example of a neuter stem in #-d-#, with nominative #-r#, genitive #-dis#, is #cor# (171, 2), _heart_, #cordis#, no G. Pl. (430).

477. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-t-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-tis#, are:

#-as#, #-atis# #anas#, F., _duck_; G. Pl. also #anitum# (Cic.), and Ac. Pl. #anitēs# (Plaut.). #-ās#, #-ātis# #aetās#, F., _age_; also numerous other feminines in #-tās# (262). #-es#, #-etis# #interpres#, M., F., _go-between_; #seges#, F., _crop_; #teges#, F., _mat._ #-es#, #-itis# Masculines mostly: #ames#, _net-pole_; #antistes#, M., F., _overseer_; #caespes#, _sod_; #comes#, M., F., _companion_; #eques#, _horseman_; #fōmes#, _tinder_; #gurges#, _whirlpool_; #hospes#, M., F., _guest-friend_; #līmes#, _path_; #merges#, F., _sheaf_; #mīles#, M., F., _soldier_; #palmes#, _vine-sprout_; #pedes#, _man afoot_, _infantry_; #poples#, _hough_; #stīpes#, _trunk_; #termes#, _bough_; #trāmes#, _by-path_; #dīves#, _rich_; #sōspes#, _safe_; #superstes#, _surviving_; #caelite#, Ab., _occupant of heaven_, no N., adjectives. #-ēs#, #-etis# #abiēs#, F., _fir_; #ariēs#, M., _ram_; #pariēs#, M., _wall_. #-ēs#, #-ētis# Feminines: #quiēs# and #requiēs#, _rest_, no D., Ac. often #requiem#, Ab. usually #requiē# (603); #inquiēs#, _unrest_, N. only. #-os#, #-otis# #compos#, _master of_, adjective. #-ōs#, #-ōtis# #nepōs#, M., _grandson_, _profligate_; #sacerdōs#, M., _priest_; #cōs#, F., _whetstone_, no G. Pl. (130); #dōs#, F., _dowry_, no G. Pl. in good writers (430); #dōtum# once (Val. Max.), and #dōtium# in the jurists. #-ūs#, #-ūtis# Feminines: #iuventūs#, _youth_; #salūs#, _existence_; #senectūs#, _old age_; #servitūs#, _slavery_, all singular only; and #virtūs#, _virtue_, with a plural.

478. #vātēs#, _bard_, has an #-s-# stem, namely #-ēs# (236), in the nominative, and #vāt-# in the other cases (401); G. Pl. #vātum#, but thrice #vātium# (Cic.). The only example of a neuter stem in #-t-#, with nominative #-t#, genitive #-tis#, is #caput#, _head_, #capitis#, and its compounds #occiput#, _back of the head_ and #sinciput#, _jole_. #lac#, Ne., _milk_, #lactis#, has in old and late Latin nominative and accusative #lacte#, #lact# once in Varro (171, 2); acc. #lactem# occurs in Petronius once and later.

479. (3.) Stems in a labial mute, #-b-# or #-p-#, are declined as follows:

mūniceps, _burgess_, stem mūnicip-, M., F.

Singular: N. #mūniceps#, G. #mūnicipis#, D. #mūnicipī#, Ac. #mūnicipem#, Ab. #mūnicipe#. Plural: N. #mūnicipēs#, G. #mūnicipum#, D. #mūnicipibus#, Ac. #mūnicipēs#, Ab. #mūnicipibus#.

480. Examples of stems in #-b-# or #-p-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-bis# or #-pis#, are:

#-ebs#, #-ibis# #caelebs#, _unmarried_, adjective, the only stem in #-b-#. #----#, #-apis# #dapis#, G., F., _feast_, N. and D. S., and G. Pl. not used (430). #-eps#, #-ipis# #adeps# or #adips#, M., F., _fat_, no G. Pl; #forceps#, M., F., _pincers_; #mūniceps#, _burgher_. #particeps#, _sharing_, and #prīnceps#, _first_, adjectives. #-eps#, #-upis# #auceps#, _fowler_; #manceps#, _contractor_, #mancupis# or #mancipis#. #----#, #-ipis# #stipis#, G., F., _small change_, no N. #-ops#, #-opis# #Ops#, F., old #Opis# (Plaut.), _goddess of power_; #opis#, G., F., _help_, no N., D. once only, Pl. #opēs#, _means_ (418).

[Errata: 472 ... #-ūx#, #-ūgis# #-ux# 473b ... #cōdex#, _block_, _book_; _book_: 477b ... #trāmes#, _by-path_; _by-path_.]

II. STEMS IN A CONTINUOUS CONSONANT.

481. (1.) Stems in #-l-# and #-n-# are declined as follows:

482. Examples of stems in #-l-#, with nominative #-l#, genitive #-lis#, are:

#-āl#, #-alis# #sāl#, M., _salt_, sometimes Ne. in the singular; no G. Pl. (430). #-el#, #-ellis# #fel# (171, 1), Ne., _gall_; #mel#, Ne., _honey_; plural only #fella#, #mella#. #-il#, #-ilis# #mūgil#, M., _mullet_; #pūgil#, M., _boxer_; #vigil#, M., _watchman_. #-ōl#, #-ōlis# #sōl#, M., _sun_, no G. Pl. (430). #-ul#, #-ulis# #cōnsul#, _consul_; #praesul#, _head dancer_; #exsul#, _exile_.

483. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-n-#, with nominative #-en#, genitive #-inis#, are:

#flāmen#, M., _priest_; #pecten#, M., _comb_; #tībīcen#, M., _piper_; #tubicen#, M., _trumpeter_; #sanguen#, Ne., _blood_. Many neuters in #-men# (224): as, #certāmen#, _contest_.

484. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-n-#, with nominative #-ō#, genitive #-ōnis#, are:

Many masculine concretes: as, #pugiō#, _dagger_; words of the agent (211): as, #praedō#, _robber_; and family names: as, #Cicerō#. Feminine abstracts in #-iō# (227), and many in #-tiō# or #-siō# (228): as, #opīniō#, _notion_; #cōgitātiō#, _thought_.

485. (_c._) Examples of stems in #-n-#, with nominative #-ō#, genitive #-inis#, are:

Masculines: #Apollō#; #cardō#, _hinge_; #ōrdō#, _rank_; #turbō#, _whirlwind_. #homo#, M., F., _human being_; #nēmō#, _nobody_; for G. and Ab., #nūllī̆us# and #nūllō# are generally used; #margō#, M., F., _brink_. Feminines: #grandō#, _hail_; #harundō#, _reed_; #hirundō#, _swallow_; #hirūdō#, _leech_; #testūdō#, _tortoise_; #virgō#, _maiden_. Many in #-dō#, #-dinis# (225), #-gō#, #-ginis# (226), and #-tūdō#, #-tūdinis# (264): as, #cupīdō#, also M., _desire_; #imāgō#, _likeness_; #sōlitūdō#, _loneliness_.

486. #sanguī̆s#, M., _blood_, stem #sanguin-#, takes #-s# in the nominative (171, 4). #canis#, M., F., _dog_, stem #can-#, and #īuvenis#, M., F., _young person_, stem #iuven-#, have the nominative formed like that of #-i-# stems. For #senex#, _old man_, see 500.

487. (2.) Stems in #-r-# and #-s-# are declined as follows:

488. Many stems in #-r-# ended originally in #-s-#, which became #-r-# between two vowels, and in some words in the nominative also (154): as, #flōs#, M., _flower_, G. #*flōsis#, #flōris#; #honōs#, M., _honour_, G. #honōris#, N. #honor#.

489. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-r-#, with nominative #-r#, genitive #-ris#, are:

#-ar#, #-aris# #baccar#, Ne., _a plant_; #iūbar#, Ne., rarely M., _bright sky_, no Pl. #-ār#, #-aris# #lār#, M., _household god_; G. Pl. #larum#; two or three times #larium#. #-ār#, #-arris# #fār# (171, 1), Ne., _spelt_; Pl. only N. and Ac. #farra#. #-er#, #-eris# Masculines: #acipēnser#, _sturgeon_; #agger#, _mound_; #ānser#, rarely F., _goose_; #asser#, _pole_; #carcer#, _jail_; #later#, _brick_; #mulier#, F., _woman_; #passer#, _sparrow_; #vōmer#, _ploughshare_. Neuters: #cadāver#, _corpse_; #tūber#, _swelling_; #ūber#, _breast_; #verberis#, G., _lash_, no N., generally Pl.; #acer#, _maple_, and some other plant names: see 573. #pauper#, _poor_, adjective. #-ter#, #-tris# #accipiter#, M., _hawk_; #frāter#, M., _brother_; #māter#, F., _mother_; #pater#, M., _father_. #-ēr#, #-ēris# #vēr#, Ne.; no Pl. #-or#, #-oris# #aequor#, Ne., _sea_; #marmor#, Ne., _marble_; #arbor#, F., _tree_. #-or#, #-ōris# #olor#, M., _swan_; #soror#, F., _sister_; #uxor#, F., _wife_. Many masculines in #-or# for #-ōs# (237): as, #odor#, _smell_; and in #-tor#, #-tōris# (205): as, #amātor#, _lover_. Also gender comparatives of adjectives: as, #trīstior# (346), M., F., _sadder_. #-ur#, #-oris# Neuters: #ebur#, _ivory_; Pl. only #ebora#; #rōbur#, _heart of oak_; Pl. #rōbora# common, #rōborum# and #rōboribus# twice each. Also #femur#,_thigh_, #femoris# or #feminis#, and #iecur#, _liver_, #iecoris#, #iecineris#, or #iocineris#. #-ur#, #-uris# #augur#, M., F., _augur_; #furfur#, M., _bran_; #turtur#, M., F., _turtle-dove_; #voltur# or #vultur#, M., _vulture_. Neuters: #fulgur#, _lightning_; #guttur#, rarely M., _throat_; #murmur#, _murmur_; #sulpur#, _sulphur_. #cicur#, _tame_, adjective. #-ūr#, #-ūris# #fūr#, M., _thief_.

490. #volucris#, F., _bird_, stem #volucr-#, has its nominative formed like that of #-i-# stems.

491. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-s-#, or #-r-# for #-s-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-ris#, are:

#-aes#, #-aeris# #aes#, Ne., _copper_, _bronze_; in the Pl. only #aera# and #aerum# are usual. #-ēs#, #-eris# #Cerēs#. #pūbēs#, _mangrown_; #impūbēs#, _immature_, adjectives; for the last more commonly #impūbis#, like #brevis# (630). #-is#, #-eris# #cinis#, M., _ashes_; #cucumis#, M., _cucumber_, also with #-i-# stem; #pulvis#, M., _dust_; #vōmis#, M., _ploughshare_. #-ōs#, #-oris# #arbōs#, F., _tree_. #-ōs#, #-ōris# Masculines: #flōs#, _flower_; #mōs#, _custom_; #rōs#, _dew_, no G. Pl. (430); #lepōs#, _grace_; #honōs# or #honor#, _honour_, and some old Latin words for later #-or#: as, #odōs# or #odor#, _smell_ (489). #ōs#, Ne., _mouth_, _face_, no G. Pl. (430). #-us#, #-eris# Neuters: #acus#, _husk_; #foedus#, _treaty_; #fūnus#, _funeral_; #genus#, _race_; #glŏ̄mus# (134), _clew_; #holus#, _green stuff_; #latus#, _side_; #mūnus#, _gift_; #onus#, _burden_; #opus#, _work_; #pondus#, _weight_; #raudus# or #rūdus#, _piece of copper_; #scelus#, _crime_; #sīdus#, _constellation_; #ulcus#, _sore_; #vellus#, _fleece_; #vīscus#, _bowel_, usually plural; #volnus# or #vulnus#, _wound_. Also #Venus#, F., and #vetus#, _old_, adjective. #-us#, #-oris# Neuters: #corpus#, _body_; #decus#, _grace_; #dēdecus#, _disgrace_; #facinus#, _deed_; #faenus#, _interest_; #frīgus#, _cold_; #lītus#, _shore_; #nemus#, _grove_; #pectus#, _breast_; #pecus#, _flock_; #penus#, _store_; #pignus#, _pledge_; #stercus#, _dung_; #tempus#, _time_; #tergus#, _back_. Also #lepus#, M., _hare_. #-us#, #-ōris# Neuter comparatives of adjectives: as, #trīstius# (346), _sadder_. #-ūs#, #-ūris# Neuters: #crūs#, _leg_; #iūs#, _right_, Pl. #iūra#, G. Pl. twice only (Plaut.; Cato), no D. or Ab. Pl.; #iūs#, _broth_, #pūs#, _pus_, #rūs#, _country_, #tūs#, _frankincense_, Pl. only N. and Ac. #iūra#, &c. #tellūs#, F., _earth_.

492. #vās#, Ne., _vessel_, _utensil_, retains the #s# between two vowels: G. #vāsis#, D. #vāsī#, Ab. #vāse#, plural N. and Ac. #vāsa#; the G. #vāsōrum#, and D. and Ab. #vāsis#, are formed from an #-o-# stem, #vāso-# (401). #mēnsis#, M., _month_, #mēnsis#, has its nominative formed like that of #-i-# stems; G. Pl. #mēnsum#, sometimes #mēnsuum# or #mēnsium#. #os# (171, 1) Ne., _bone_, #ossis#, has no G. Pl. in good writers (430): #ossium# late.

493. The two neuters #vīrus#, _gall_, _poison_, and #volgus# or #vulgus#, _the crowd_, have #-o-# stems, except in the nominative and accusative (401), and no plural: thus, N. and Ac. #volgus#, G. #volgī#, D. and Ab. #volgō#. A masculine accusative #volgum# is sometimes found. The Greek neuter #pelagus#, _the deep_, has also G. #pelagī#, D. and Ab. #pelagō#, Pl. N. and Ac. #pelagē# (508).

[Erratum: 489a ... Also #femur#, _thigh_ #femur# _thigh_]

III. STEMS IN #-u-# OR #-v-#.

494. Four substantives with stems in #-ū-# or #-v-#, #grūs#, F., _crane_, #gruis#; #sūs#, M., F., _sow_, _swine_, #suis#; #bōs#, M., F., _ox_, _cow_, #bovis#; and #nix#, F., _snow_, #nivis#, follow the consonant declension; also the genitive #Iovis#, and the other oblique cases of #Iuppiter# (500). But #sūs# has in the plural dative and ablative #suibus#, #sūbus#, or #subus#; #bōs# has in the plural genitive #boum# or #bovum#, rarely #bovom# (107, _c_), and in the dative and ablative #bōbus#, or oftener #būbus#; #nix# has no genitive plural in good writers (430): #nivium# late, once #nivum#.

SINGULAR CASES.

495. (1.) The nominative singular of gender stems in a mute is formed by adding #-s# to the stem (422): as,

#rēg-#, _king_, N. #rēx# (164, 1); #duc-#, _leader_, N. #dux# (135, 1); #custōd-#, _guard_, N. #custōs# (171, 5); #aetāt-#, _age_, N. #aetās# (171, 5); #caelib-#, _unmarried_, N. #caelebs# (54); #mūnicip-#, _burgher_, N. #mūniceps#. #hiem-#, _winter_, the only stem in #-m-#, N. #hiemps# (167) or #hiems#, also takes #-s#.

496. (2.) Stems in a continuous consonant, #-l-#, #-n-#, #-r-#, or #-s-#, and neuters have no nominative suffix (422, 423): as,

#cōnsul-#, _consul_, N. _cōnsul_; #flāmin-#, _special priest_, N. #flāmen#; #agger-#, _mound_, N. #agger#; #iūr-# for #iūs-#, _right_, N. #iūs#.

For #cor#, _heart_, see 476; #lacte#, #lac#, _milk_, 478; #sanguī̆s#, _blood_, 486; #-s# in neuter adjectives, 612.

497. (_a._) Stems in #-ōn-# drop #-n-# in the nominative; stems in #-in-# for #-on-# drop #-n-#, and end in #-ō#: as,

#leōn-#, _lion_, N. #leō#; #imāgin-# for #imāgon-#, _likeness_, N. #imāgō#.

498. (_b._) Stems of one syllable in #-r-# for #-s-# usually retain #-s# in the nominative: as, #flōr-# for #flōs-#, M., _flower_, N. #flōs#; #iūr-# for #iūs-#, Ne., _right_, N. #iūs#. Some of more than one syllable also retain #-s#: see 491; but in others #-s# is changed to #-r#, and in masculines a preceding #ō# is shortened: as, #odōs#, _smell_, #odor#. #lepōs#, _grace_, retains #-ōs#.

499. (_c._) Four stems in #-er-# for #-is-# have the nominative singular in #-is#: #cinis#, _ashes_, #cineris#; #cucumis#, _cucumber_, #cucumeris# or #cucumis#; #pulvī̆s#, _dust_, #pulveris#; and #vōmis#, oftener #vōmer#, _ploughshare_, #vōmeris#.

500. The following have the nominative singular formed from a different stem from that of the other cases (401):

#iter#, _journey_, #itineris#, stems #iter-#, #itiner-#; #Iuppiter# (389) #Iovis#; #supellēx#, _furniture_, #supellēctilis# (545); #senex#, _old man_, _man of forty or more_, #senis#, stems #senec-#, #sen-#. For #sēdēs#, _seat_, see 476; #vātēs#, _bard_, 478. #canis#, _dog_, N. also #canēs# (Plaut. Enn., Lucil.), #iuvenis#, _young_ or _middle-aged person_ (486), #volucris#, _bird_ (490), and #mēnsis#, _month_ (492), have their nominatives formed like those of #-i-# stems.

501. An old dative in #-ē# is sometimes retained in set phrases (507): as, #aerē#, _money_; #iūrē#, _right_. See 98.

502. Substantives have rarely an ablative in #-ī# or #-ei# like #-i-# stems: as, #capitī# (Catull.), _head_, for #capite#; #dōtei# (Plaut.), _dowry_, for #dōte#. Substantives used as adjectives have sometimes #-ī#: as #artificī manū#, _with artist hand_; but often #-e#: as, #ālite lāpsū#, _with winged glide_. For #-ē# in old Latin there is no certain evidence.

503. Adjectives in the comparative degree have sometimes an ablative in #-ī#: as, #meliōrī#, better, for #meliōre#. Adjectives ‘of one ending’ with consonant stems (624) have always #-e#, except #vetus#, _old_, which has sometimes #veterī#.

504. Town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in #-ī#: as, #Karthāginī#, _at Carthage_; #rūrī#, _a-field_, _in the country_.

[Erratum: 502 ... as, #ālite lāpsū#, _with winged glide_ as.]

PLURAL CASES.

505. The nominative and accusative plural masculine and feminine have rarely #-īs#, like stems in #-i-#: as #sacerdōtīs#, _priests_; #meliōrīs#, _better_. For #-ā# in neuters in old Latin, see 130, 2.

506. The genitive plural of stems in #-tāt-# (262) is sometimes #-ium#, like that of #-ī-# stems: as, #cīvitātium#, _communities_; #voluptātium#, _pleasures_ (Cic.); but chiefly in or after the Augustan age. #mēnsis#, _month_, has #mēnsum#, but often #mēnsuum#, sometimes #mēnsium#. #āles#, _bird_, has sometimes #ālituum# in hexameter verse. For the dative and ablative #-būs#, see 2505.

507. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:

N. MVNICIPES; #-ō# for #-ōs# (66): MAIO, i.e. #maiōs# or #maior#. G. #-es#, as early as 218 B.C.: SALVTES; #-us#, from 186 to 100 B.C.: NOMINVS; #-u# (66): CAESARV. D. #-ei#: VIRTVTEI, soon after 290 B.C.; HEREDEI, 45 B.C.; #-ē#, disappeared sooner than #-ei# except in set phrases (501), but is equally old: IVNONE; IOVRE. Ac. #-e# (61): APICE. Ab. #-īd# (426): CONVENTIONID, i.e. #cōntiōne#; #-ei#: VIRTVTEI; #-ī#: HEREDI. Plural: N. #-īs#: IOVDICIS. G. #-om#: POVMILIONOM; #-ium#: MVNICIPIVM. D. #-ebus#: TEMPESTATEBVS. Ac. #-īs#: MVNICIPIS.

GREEK NOUNS.

508. Greek appellatives of the consonant declension occasionally retain Greek case endings: as, #lampas#, _torch_, G. #lampados#, Ac. #lampada#. Plural: N. #lampades#, Ac. #lampadas#. #āēr#, _air_, has usually the accusative #āera#, and #aethēr#, _upper air_, always has #aethera#. In the plural nominative and accusative, #cētus#, _swimming monster_, #melos#, _strain of music_, and #pelagus# (493), _the deep_, have #-ē#: as, #cētē#. Genitive #-ōn#, rare: as, #epigrammatōn#, _epigrams_. Dative and ablative #-matīs# from words in #-ma#, #-matis#: as, #poēmatīs#, _poems_ (401).

509. Greek proper names of the consonant declension are usually declined like Latin ones in old Latin and prose. From Vergil and Propertius on, Greek case endings grow more and more frequent, especially in poetry; they are best learned for every name from the dictionary; the commonest forms are:

Genitive #-os#: as, #Pān#, #Pānos#; #-ūs#, with nominative #-ō#: as, #Mantō#, #Mantūs#. Dative #-i#, rare: as, #Mīnōidi#. Accusative #-a#, common with names of persons in poetry, not in prose, more common with those of places, and even in prose: as, #Acheronta#; always #Pāna#; #-ō#, with feminines in #-ō#, #-ūs#: as, #Dīdō#. Vocative: #Pallās#, #Pallā#; in old Latin the nominative is commonly used instead of the vocative. Plural: Nominative #-es#: as, #Arcades#. Dative #-sin#, rare: as, #Lēmniasin#. Accusative #-as#, very common: as, #Lelegas#; in prose, #Macedonas#; also in words not Greek: as, #Allobrogas# (Caes.).

510. Names in #-eus#, like #Orpheus#, are usually declined like #-o-# stems (449). They have less frequently Greek forms: as, G. #Orpheos#, D. #Orphei# or #Orphī#, Ac. #Orphea#. Accusative rarely #-ēa#: as, #Ī̆lonēa#.

511. Some names in #-ēs# have the genitive in #-is# or #-ī# and the accusative in #-em# or #-ēn# (401): as, #Sōcratēs#, G. #Sōcratis# or #Sōcratī#, Ac. usually #Sōcratem#, also #Sōcratēn#. #Achillēs# and #Ulixēs# have in the genitive #-eī#, #-e͡i#, or #-ī#. Names in #-clēs# have rarely the accusative #-clea#: as, #Periclea#.

512. Some names in #-is# have forms either from a stem in #-id-#, or from one in #-i-#: as, #Paris#, G. #Paridis#, D. #Paridī#, Ac. #Paridem#, #Parim# or #Parin#, V. #Pari#.

STEMS IN -i- AND MIXED STEMS.

_The Third Declension._

Genitive singular #-is#, genitive plural #-i-um#.

513. Stems in #-i-# include both substantives and adjectives, gender words and neuters.

For the gender of substantives, see 570.

514. The nominative of gender stems in #-i-# ends usually in #-s# (or #-x#), sometimes in #-l# or #-r#; that of neuter substantives has no suffix, and ends usually in #-e#, sometimes in #-l# or #-r#.

515. Most stems in #-i-# have as many syllables in the nominative as in the genitive.

Such words are called _Parisyllabic_ words, or _Parisyllables_: as, nominative #cīvis#, _citizen_, two syllables; genitive #cīvis#, _of a citizen_, also two syllables.

516. Stems in #-i-# are declined in the main like consonant stems, but have #-im# in the accusative of some substantives, and #-ī# in the ablative of adjectives, of some gender substantives, and of neuters; in the plural they have #-ium# in the genitive, #-īs# often in the accusative of gender words, and #-ia# in the nominative and accusative neuter.

I. PARISYLLABLES.

517. (1.) Parisyllabic gender stems in #-i-# with the nominative in #-is# are declined as follows: