Part 40
(_a._) #quamvīs sint hominēs quī Cn. Carbōnem ōderint, tamen hī dēbent quid metuendum sit cōgitāre#, _V._ 1, 39, _though there may be men who hate Carbo, still these men ought to consider what they have to fear_. #nōn enim possīs, quamvīs excellās#, _L._ 73, _you may not have the power, however eminent you may be_. This use begins with Cicero and Varro, and gets common in late writers. Not in Livy. (_b._) #illa quamvīs rīdicula essent, sīcut erant, mihī̆ tamen rīsum nōn mōvērunt#, _Fam._ 7, 32, 3, _droll as this really was, it nevertheless did not make me laugh_. #quamvīs enim multīs locīs dīcat Epicūrus, sīcutī dīcit, satis fortiter dē dolōre, tamen nōn id spectandum est quid dīcat#, _Off._ 3, 117, _even though Epicurus really does speak in many places pretty heroically about pain, still we must not have an eye to what he says_. In the Augustan poets rarely, and often in Tacitus, the younger Pliny, and late writers, the subjunctive, without a parenthetical phrase introduced by #ut# or the like, is used of an action denoted as real: as, #expalluit notābiliter, quamvīs palleat semper#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 5, 13, _he grew pale perceptibly, though he is always a pale man_. #maestus erat, quamvīs laetitiam simulāret#, Ta. 15, 54, _sad he was, though he pretended to be gay_.
1906. #quamvīs#, _even if_, _though_, is also sometimes used with the indicative (1900): as,
#erat dignitāte rēgiā, quamvīs carēbat nōmine#, N. 1, 2, 3, _he had the authority of a king, though not the title_. #quamvīs tacet Hermogenēs, cantor est#, H. _S._ 1, 3, 129, _though he open not his mouth, Hermogenes remains a singer still_. This use occurs twice in Lucretius, once in Cicero, Nepos, and Livy each, in Varro, in the Augustan poets, and sometimes in late writers. Not in Tacitus, Pliny the younger, Juvenal, Martial, or Suetonius.
1907. It may be mentioned here that the indefinite adverb #quamlibet#, _however you please_, is used in subjunctive clauses of concession or permission (1904) once or twice by Lucretius, Ovid, and Quintilian. Velleius has it with the participle, a construction sometimes found with #quamvīs# in late writers.
#tamquam.#
1908. #tamquam#, _just as_, introduces an indicative protasis in periods of comparison.
The #tam# properly belongs to the apodosis and is attracted to the protasis. #tamquam# has sometimes as correlative #sīc# or #ita#.
#tē hortor ut tamquam poētae bonī solent, sīc tū in extrēmā parte mūneris tuī dīligentissimus sīs#, _QFr._ 1, 1, 46, _I urge you to be very particular at the end of your task, just as good poets always are_. #tamquam philosophōrum habent disciplinae ex ipsīs vocābula, parasītī ita ut Gnathōnicī vocentur#, T. _Eu._ 263, _that so parasites may be called Gnathonites even as schools of philosophy are named from the masters_. Usually, however, #ut# (1944) or #quemadmodum# is used in this sense; and #tamquam# occurs oftenest in abridged sentences (1057),
## particularly to show that an illustration is untrue or figurative: as,
#Odyssīa Latīna est sīc tamquam opus aliquod Daedalī#, _Br._ 71, _the Odyssey in Latin is, you may say, a regular work of Daedalus_. #oculī tamquam speculātōrēs altissimum locum obtinent#, _DN._ 2, 140, _the eyes occupy the highest part, as a sort of watchmen_.
1909. In late writers, especially in Tacitus, #tamquam# is often used to introduce a reason or motive, or a thought indirectly expressed: as,
#invīsus tamquam plūs quam cīvīlia agitāret#, Ta. 1, 12, _hated on the ground that his designs were too lofty for a private citizen_ (1725). #lēgātōs increpuit, tamquam nōn omnēs reōs perēgissent#, Plin. _Ep._ 3, 9, 36, _he reproved the embassy ‘for not having completed the prosecution of all the defendants’_ (1852, 1725). #suspectus tamquam ipse suās incenderit aedīs#, J. 3, 222, _suspected of having set his own house afire_.
1910. For #tamquam# instead of #tamquam sī#, see 2118; with a
## participle, 2121.
#antequam#, #priusquam#.
1911. #antequam# and #priusquam# accompany both the indicative and the subjunctive.
#ante# and #prius# properly belong to the apodosis, and regularly stand with it if it is negative; but otherwise they are usually attracted to the protasis.
#antequam# is very seldom found in old Latin, and it is in general much rarer than #priusquam#, except in Tacitus.
IN GENERAL STATEMENTS.
1912. In general present statements, #antequam# and #priusquam# regularly introduce the perfect indicative or the present subjunctive: as,
#membrīs ūtimur priusquam didicimus cuius ea causā ūtilitātis habeāmus#, _Fin._ 3, 66, _we always use our limbs before we learn for what purposes of utility we have them_ (1613). #priusquam lūcet, adsunt#, Pl. _MG._ 709, _before ’tis light they’re always here_; here #lūcet# is equivalent to #inlūxit#. #ante vidēmus fulgōrem quam sonum audiāmus#, Sen. _QN._ 2, 12, 6, _we always see the flash before we hear the sound_. #priusquam sēmen mātūrum siet, secātō#, Cato, _RR._ 53, _always cut before the seed is ripe_ (1575). With the perfect subjunctive in the indefinite second person (1030): as, #hoc malum opprimit antequam prōspicere potuerīs#, _V._ 1, 39, _this calamity always overwhelms you before you can anticipate it_ (1731, 1558). For #prius quam#, _sooner than_, see 1897.
1913. The future indicative is used a few times in general statements by old and late writers, and the perfect subjunctive after a negative clause rarely by Tacitus: as, #bovēs priusquam in viam agēs, pice cornua īnfima unguitō#, Cato, _RR._ 72, _always smear the hoofs of your oxen with pitch before you drive them on the road_ (1625, 1577). #deū̆m honor prīncipī nōn ante habētur quam agere inter hominēs dēsierit#, Ta. 15, 74, _divine honours are not paid to an emperor before he has ceased to live among men_. Cicero has the perfect subjunctive in a definition: thus, #prōvidentia, per quam futūrum aliquid vidētur antequam factum sit#, _Inv._ 2, 160, _foresight is the faculty through which a future event is seen before it has taken place_. He also has the present indicative once: _Div._ 1, 120.
1914. In general past statements #antequam# and #priusquam# introduce the subjunctive imperfect or pluperfect; but this use is very rare: as, #dormīre priusquam somni cupīdō esset#, S. _C._ 13, 3, _a-sleeping always before they felt sleepy_. #ita saepe magna indolēs virtūtis, priusquam rē̆ī pūblicae prōdesse potuisset, extīncta est#, _Ph._ 5, 47, _thus character of unusual promise was oftentimes cut off, before it could do the government any good_.
IN PARTICULAR STATEMENTS.
1915. In particular present or future statements, #antequam# and #priusquam# introduce a present, either indicative or subjunctive; in future statements the future perfect is also used, and regularly when the main verb is future perfect: as,
#antequam ad sententiam redeō, dē mē pauca dīcam#, _C._ 4, 20, _before I come back to the motion, I will say a little about myself_ (1593). #est etiam prius quam abīs quod volo loquī#, Pl. _As._ 232, _there’s something else I want to say before you go_. #antequam veniat in Pontum, litterās ad Cn. Pompēium mittet#, _Agr._ 2, 53, _before he reaches Pontus, he will send a letter to Pompey_. #prius quam ad portam veniās, est pistrīlla#, T. _Ad._ 583, _there’s a little bakery just before you get to the gate_. #nihil contrā disputābō priusquam dīxerit#, _Fl._ 51, _I will not argue to the contrary before he has spoken_ (1626). #neque prius, quam dēbellāverō, absistam#, L. 49, 39, 9, _and I will not leave off before I have brought the war to an end_. #sī quid mihī̆ acciderit priusquam hōc tantum malī vīderō#, _Mil._ 99, _if anything shall befall me before I see this great calamity_. #neque prōmittō quicquam neque respondeō prius quam gnātum vīderō#, T. _Ph._ 1044, _I’m not promising anything nor making any answer before I see my son_ (1593). Tacitus uses neither the present indicative nor the future perfect.
1916. In old Latin the future and the perfect subjunctive also occur: as,
#prius quam quoiquam convīvae dabis, gustātō tūte prius#, Pl. _Ps._ 885, _before you help a single guest, taste first yourself_; but Terence does not use the future, and it is found only once or twice later. #nūllō pactō potest prius haec in aedīs recipī, quam illam āmīserim#, Pl. _MG._ 1095. _on no terms can I take my new love to the house, before I’ve let the old love drop_; but usually the perfect subjunctive is due to indirect discourse.
1917. In particular past statements #antequam# and #priusquam# introduce the perfect indicative, especially when the apodosis is negative. The imperfect subjunctive rarely occurs, chiefly in late writers.
(_a._) #omnia ista ante facta sunt quam iste Ītaliam attigit#, _V._ 2, 161, _all these incidents occurred before the defendant set foot in Italy_. #neque prius fugere dēstitērunt quam ad Rhēnum pervēnērunt#, 1, 53, 1, _and they did not stay their flight before they fairly arrived at the Rhine_. #prius quam hinc abiīt quīndecim mīles minās dederat#, Pl. _Ps._ 53, _the captain had paid down fifteen minae before he left here_. (_b._) #nec prius sunt vīsī quam castrīs adpropinquārent#, 6, 37, 2, _they were not seen before they drew near to the camp_. This use of the imperfect subjunctive, not to be confounded with that mentioned in 1919, is not found in old Latin or in Cicero. It is found in Nepos and Livy.
1918. The present indicative also occurs in particular past statements in old Latin: as, #is priusquam moritur mihi dedit#, Pl. _Cu._ 637, _before he died he gave it me_. The indicative imperfect occurs four times in Livy and once in late Latin, the pluperfect once in old Latin and once in Cicero.
1919. When the action of the protasis was forestalled, or when action conceivable or purpose is expressed, #antequam# and #priusquam# regularly introduce the imperfect subjunctive in particular past statements: as,
#plērīque interfectī sunt, priusquam occultum hostem vidērent#, L. 35, 29, 3, _most of them were slain before they could see the hidden enemy_. #antequam verbum facerem, dē sellā surrēxit#, _V._ 4, 147, _before I could utter a word he arose from his seat_. #pervēnit priusquam Pompēius sentīre posset#, Caes. _C._ 3, 67, 4, _he arrived before Pompey should be able to learn of his coming_ (1725). The present and perfect subjunctive occur rarely, generally when the main clause contains a present of vivid narration (1590). The imperfect is not found in old Latin.
1920. The perfect indicative or imperfect subjunctive with #antequam# is often used attributively with nouns denoting time: as,
#fābulam docuit, annō ipsō ante quam nātus est Ennius#, _Br._ 72, _he exhibited a play just a year before Ennius was born_. #ducentīs annīs ante quam Rōmam caperent, in Ītaliam Gallī trānscendērunt#, L. 5, 33, 5, _two hundred years before they took Rome, the Gauls crossed over to Italy_. The pluperfect also occurs, when the main verb is pluperfect: as, #Stāiēnus bienniō antequam causam recēpisset, sescentīs mīllibus nummūm sē iūdicium conruptūrum dīxerat#, _Clu._ 68, _Stajenus had said two years before he undertook the case, that he would bribe the court for six hundred thousand sesterces_.
1921. The pluperfect subjunctive is rarely introduced by #antequam# or #priusquam# except in indirect discourse: as,
#antequam dē meō adventū audīre potuissent, in Macedoniam perrēxī#, _Pl._ 98, _before they should be able to hear of my arrival, I proceeded to Macedonia_ (1725). #āvertit equōs in castra priusquam pābula gustāssent Trōiae Xanthumque bibissent#, V. 1, 472, _he drave the horses off to camp, or ever they should taste of Troja’s grass and Xanthus drink_ (1725).
1922. It may be mentioned here that #postrīdiē quam# and #prīdiē quam# occur a few times in Plautus and Cicero with the indicative; #postrīdiē quam# with the indicative in Suetonius; and #prīdiē quam# with the subjunctive in Livy, Valerius Maximus, and Suetonius.
#posteā quam# or #postquam#.
#ubī̆#, #ut#, #cum prīmum#, #simul atque#.
1923. With #posteā quam#, #postquam# (#posquam#), _after_, the following words may conveniently be treated: #ubī̆#, #ut#, _when_; #ubī̆ prīmum#, #ut prīmum#, #cum prīmum#, _when first_, and in Plautus #quom extemplō#; #simul atque# (or #ac#, less frequently #et# or #ut#, or #simul# alone), _at the same time with_, _as soon as_.
#postquam#, #ubī̆#, #ut#, #cum prīmum#, #simul atque#, accompany the indicative.
For examples of the use of tenses, see 1924-1934.
1924. In clauses introduced by #posteā quam# or #postquam#, the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive, found a dozen times in the manuscripts of Cicero’s works and elsewhere, is generally corrected in modern editions or usually the conjunctive particle is emended to #posteā quom# (#cum#). But the subjunctive may of course be used with this and the other particles mentioned in 1923 for special reasons, as with the indefinite second person (1731), by attraction (1728), and in indirect discourse (1725). For the subjunctive of repeated past action with #ubī̆# and #ut#, see 1932. The infinitive of intimation occurs in Tacitus (1539): as, #postquam exuī aequālitās, prōvēnēre dominātiōnēs#, Ta. 3, 26, _after equality between man and man was dropped, there came a crop of tyrants_.
1925. In narration the perfect indicative is regularly used in clauses introduced by #postquam#, #ubī̆#, #ut#, #cum prīmum#, #simul atque# (1739): as,
#postquam tuās litterās lēgī, Postumia tua mē convēnit#, _Fam._ 4, 2, 1, _after I read your letter, your Postumia called on me_. #postquam aurum abstulimus, in nāvem cōnscendimus#, Pl. _B._ 277, _after we got away the money, we took ship_. #ubī̆ ad ipsum vēnī dēvorticulum, cōnstitī#, T. _Eu._ 635, _when I came exactly to the side street, I pulled up_. #ubī̆ sē diūtius dūcī intellēxit, graviter eōs accūsat#, 1, 16, 5, _when he came to see that he was put off a good while, he takes them roundly to task_. #quī ut perōrāvit, surrēxit Clōdius#, _QFr._ 2, 3, 2, _when he had finished speaking, up jumped Clodius_. #ut abiī abs tē, fit forte obviam mihi Phormiō#, T. _Ph._ 617, _when I left you, Phormio happened to fall in my way_. #crīmen eius modī est, ut, cum prīmum ad mē dēlātum est, ūsūrum mē illō nōn putārem#, _V._ 5, 158, _the charge is of such a sort that, when first it was reported to me, I thought I should not use it_. #cum prīmum Crētae lītus attigit, nūntiōs mīsit#, L. 37, 60, 4, _as soon as he touched the shore of Crete, he sent messengers_. #ut prīmum loquī posse coepī, inquam#, _RP._ 6, 15, _as soon as I began to be able to speak, I said_. #quem simul atque oppidānī cōnspexērunt, mūrum complēre coepērunt#, 7, 12, 5, _as soon as the garrison espied him, they began to man the wall_. #at hostēs, ubī̆ prīmum nostrōs equitēs cōnspexērunt, impetū factō celeriter nostrōs perturbāvērunt#, 4, 12, 1, _but as soon as the enemy caught sight of our cavalry, they attacked and threw our men into disorder_. The conjunction #simul atque# is very rarely found in old Latin.
1926. The present indicative of vivid narration (1590) sometimes occurs: as,
#postquam iam puerī septuennēs sunt, pater onerāvit nāvim magnam#, Pl. _Men. prol._ 24, _after the boys were seven year olds, their father freighted a big ship_. #quid ait, ubi mē nōminās#, T. _Hau._ 303, _what sayeth she when you name me?_ #ubī̆ neutrī trānseundī initium faciunt, Caesar suōs in castra redūxit#, 2, 9, 2, _neither party taking the initiative in crossing, Caesar marched his men back to camp_. Verbs of perceiving, especially #videō#, occur oftenest in this use, which is common in Plautus and Terence: as, #postquam videt nūptiās adparārī, missast ancilla īlicō#, T. _Andr._ 513, _after she sees a marriage on foot, her maid is sent forthwith_. #abeō ab illīs, postquam videō mē lūdificārier#, Pl. _Cap._ 487, _seeing myself made game of, I leave them_. #quem posteā quam videt nōn adesse, ardēre atque furere coepit#, _V._ 2, 92, _seeing that the man does not appear, he began to rage and fume_. #ubī̆ hoc videt, init cōnsilium importūnī tyrannī#, _V._ 5, 103, _seeing this, he adopted the policy of a savage tyrant_. Plautus uses also #quom extemplō#. Such protases often take on a causal sense (see also 1930).
1927. The present or perfect with #postquam# or #ut# is sometimes used in expressions equivalent to an emphasized accusative or ablative of time, the main verb being #est# or #sunt#: as, #septingentī sunt annī postquam inclita condita Rōma est#, E. in Varro, _RR._ 3, 1, 2, _’tis seven hundred years since glorious Rome was founded_. #domō ut abiērunt hic tertius annus#, Pl. _St._ 29, _this is the third year since they left home_. #annus est octāvus ut imperium obtinēs#, Ta. 14, 53, _it is the eighth year since you acquired empire_. For a similar use of #cum#, see 1871.
1928. The pluperfect with #postquam#, denoting resulting state (1615), occurs less frequently: as,
#tum cum P. Āfricānus, posteā quam bis cōnsul fuerat, L. Cottam in iūdicium vocābat#, _Caecil._ 69, _at the time when Africanus, after he had twice been consul, was bringing Cotta to judgement_. #postquam omnium oculōs occupāverat certāmen, tum āversam adoriuntur Rōmānam aciem#, L. 22, 48, 4, _when every eye was fairly riveted on the engagement, that instant they fell upon the Romans in the rear_. Not in Plautus, once in Terence, and rare in classical writers.
1929. The pluperfect, less frequently the perfect, with #postquam# is used attributively with nouns denoting time.
In this use #post# is often separated from #quam#, and two constructions are possible: (_a._) Ablative: #annō post quam vōta erat aedēs Monētae dēdicātur#, L. 7, 28, 6, _the temple of Moneta is dedicated a year after it was vowed_. Without #post#: #quadringentēsimō annō quam urbs Rōmanā condita erat, patriciī cōnsulēs magistrātum iniēre#, L. 7, 18, 1, _four hundred years after Rome town was founded, patrician consuls entered into office_. (_b._) Accusative, with an ordinal, and #post# as a preposition, or, sometimes, #intrā#: #post diem tertium gesta rēs est quam dīxerat#, _Mil._ 44, _the deed was done the next day but one after he said it_. See 2419.
1930. The imperfect with #postquam# expresses action continuing into the time of the main action. Such a protasis, especially when negative, usually denotes the cause of the main action: as,
#Appius, postquam nēmō adībat, domum sē recēpit#, L. 3, 46, 9, _Appius, finding that nobody presented himself, went back home_. #posteā quam ē scaenā explōdēbātur, cōnfūgit in huius domum#, _RC._ 30, _after being repeatedly hissed off the stage, he took refuge in my client’s house_.
In old Latin this use is found only once, in Plautus; it is most common in Livy, but occurs frequently in Tacitus. So occasionally the present, generally when the main action is present (see also 1926): as, #postquam nec ab Rōmānīs vōbīs ūlla est spēs, nec vōs moenia dēfendunt, pācem adferō ad vōs#, L. 21, 13, 4, _now that it has become plain that you have no hope from the Romans, and that your walls are no protection to you, I bring peace unto you_. #postquam līberast, ubī̆ habitet dīcere admodum incertē sciō#, Pl. _E._ 505, _now that she’s free, I’m quite too ill informed to say where she lives_. #quae omnia intellegit nihil prōdesse, posteā quam testibus convincitur#, _V._ 5, 103, _he knows that all this is fruitless, now that he is being refuted by witnesses_. The perfect with #postquam# or #ut# occurs occasionally in this use with the present in the main clause: as, #animus in tūtō locōst, postquam iste hinc abiīt#, Pl. _Ps._ 1052, _my mind is easy, now that fellow’s gone_. #nam ut in nāvī vecta’s, crēdō timida ‘s#, Pl. _B._ 106, _for after your voyage, of course you’re nervous_.
1931. #postquam# and #ut# have sometimes the meaning of _ever since_ or _as long as_: as,
#postquam nātus sum, satur numquam fuī#, Pl. _St._ 156, _since I was born I’ve never had enough to eat_. #tibī̆ umquam quicquam, postquam tuos sum, verbōrum dedī?# Pl. _Most._ 925, _have I once ever cheated you as long as I have been your slave?_ #neque meum pedem intulī in aedīs, ut cum exercitū hinc profectus sum#, Pl. _Am._ 733, _I have n’t set foot in the house ever since I marched out with the army_. #ut illōs dē rē pūblicā librōs ēdidistī, nihil ā tē posteā accēpimus#, _Br._ 19, _we have had nothing from you since you published the work On the State_.
#ubī̆#, #ut#, #simul atque#.
1932. #ubī̆#, #ut#, or #simul atque# (#ac#) often introduces a clause denoting indefinite or repeated action: as,
#adeō obcaecat animōs fortūna, ubī̆ vim suam refringī nōn vult#, L. 5, 37, 1, _so completely does fortune blind the mind when she will not have her power thwarted_. #ubī̆ salūtātiō dēflūxit, litterīs mē involvō#, _Fam._ 9, 20, 3, _when my callers go, I always plunge into my book_ (1613). #omnēs profectō mulierēs tē amant, ut quaeque aspexit#, Pl. _MG._ 1264, _all the ladies love you, every time one spies you_. #simul atque sē īnflēxit hīc rēx in dominātum iniūstiōrem, fit continuō tyrannus#, _RP._ 2, 48, _for the moment our king turns to a severer kind of mastery, he becomes a tyrant on the spot_. #Messānam ut quisque nostrūm vēnerat, haec vīsere solēbat#, _V._ 4, 5, _any Roman, who visited Messana, invariably went to see these statues_ (1618). #hostēs, ubī̆ aliquōs singulārēs cōnspexerant, adoriēbantur#, 4, 26, 2, _every time the enemy saw some detached parties, they would charge_. The imperfect in this use is not common in classical writers, and occurs but once, with #ubī̆#, in old Latin; the pluperfect is rare before the silver age. Clauses with #ut# generally contain some form of #quisque# (2396). Plautus uses #quom extemplō# with the present and perfect. The subjunctive is found with #ubī̆# and #ut quisque# in cases of repeated past action (1730).
1933. #ubī̆#, #ut#, or #simul atque# rarely introduces an imperfect or pluperfect of definite time: as,
#quid ubi reddēbās aurum, dīxistī patrī#, Pl. _B._ 685, _what did you tell your father when you were returning the money?_ #ubī̆ lūx adventābat, tubicinēs sīgna canere#, S. _I._ 99, 1, _when daylight was drawing on, the trumpeters sounded the call_. #ubī̆ nēmō obvius ībat, plēnō gradū ad hostium castra tendunt#, L. 9, 45, 14, _finding nobody came to meet them, they advanced double quick upon the enemy’s camp_ (1930). The use of these tenses referring to definite time is very rare in old Latin, and found only with #ut# in Cicero.
1934. #ubī̆# or #simul atque#, referring to definite time, introduces the future or future perfect, when the apodosis is also future: as,
#simul et quid erit certī, scrībam ad tē#, _Att._ 2, 20, 2, _as soon as there is anything positive, I will write to you_. #ego ad tē statim habēbō quod scrībam, simul ut vīderō Cūriōnem#, _Att._ 10, 4, 12, _I shall have something to write you, as soon as ever I see Curio_. #nam ubī̆ mē aspiciet, ad carnuficem rapiet continuō senex#, Pl. _B._ 688, _when the old man sees me, he’ll hurry me off to Jack Ketch without any ado_. #ubi prīmum poterit, sē illinc subdūcet#, T. _Eu._ 628, _she’ll steal away as soon as she can_. Plautus has also #quom extemplō# in this use, and Pliny the Younger #ut primum#.
#utī# or #ut#.
1935. The relative adverb #utī# or #ut# (711) is found in the oldest Latin in the form #utei#, but #ut# was the prevalent form even in the time of Plautus. As a conjunctive particle, it accompanies both the indicative and the subjunctive. For #ut# in wishes, see 1540; in questions, 1568.
WITH THE INDICATIVE.
(A.) #ut#, _where_.
1936. #utī# or #ut# in the rare signification of _where_, accompanies the indicative: as, #atque in eōpse adstās lapide, ut praecō praedicat#, Pl. _B._ 815, _and there you stand right on the auction block, just where the crier always cries_. #sīve in extrēmōs penetrābit Indōs, lītus ut longē resonante Eōā tunditur undā#, Cat. 11, 2, _or shall he pierce to farthest Ind, where by the long-resounding eastern wave the strand is lashed_. In classical Latin, #ut# in this sense is used only by the poets, as here and there in Lucilius, Catullus, Cicero’s _Aratēa_, and Vergil. #ubī̆# is the word regularly used. For #ut#, _when_, see 1923.
(B.) #ut#, _as_.
1937. The indicative is used in the protasis of a comparative period introduced by #utī# or #ut#, _as_.